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THE PRIMATOLOGY, WILDLIFE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION FIELD SCHOOL Syllabus Draft Syllabus 2014 Rutgers Faculty Director: Program Director: Administrative Directors: Field Directors: Instructors: Program Location: Program Duration: Websites: Dr. Ryne Palombit (Rutgers University) Dr. Luca Morino (Rutgers University) Dr. Erin Vogel (Rutgers University); Dr. Samuel Kasiki (KWS); Dr. Tom Kariuki (IPR) Dr. Luca Morino (Rutgers University); Dr. Purity Kiura (NMK) Ellen Meulman; Dr. Kimberley Hockings; Dr. Alfreda Ibui; Peter Fundi; Stan Kivai Kenya 1-27 August, 2013 http://primate.rutgers.edu/ https://studyabroad.rutgers.edu/index.cfm?FuseAction=Programs.ViewProgram&Program_ID=10072 Course Description & Objectives The Primatology, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Field School (PWEC) offers its participants a unique opportunity to learn about wildlife biodiversity across a range of diverse East African habitats. Two features separate this field school from any other, in Africa or the rest of the world: - A strong focus on primate field studies. Participants will observe and collect data on 10 primate species, including some of the most endangered species on earth. - The exploration of a variety of habitats. Students will discover and conduct research in environments ranging from the mangroves on the Indian Ocean, to the dry savannas of the Laikipia plateau, to the riverine forest along the Tana River. This provides an unparalleled breadth of experience. In addition to the scientific component, student will also be exposed to specific conservation problems, current debates, and emerging innovative solutions that are contextually and culturally different than any they will find elsewhere. The academic profile of the PWCFS is guaranteed by qualified and committed instructors. Last year’s additions to the teaching staff expand the range of expertise we offer and strengthen the theoretical component. The logistical coordination is assured by a core of highly experienced staff, which has been working together successfully in the field for the past five seasons. The itinerary – largely the same as last year’s – is designed around instructional requirements, logistic considerations, safety concerns, and past students’ feedback. For each site we visit, a set of preparatory readings, lectures, and practical activities will optimize the learning 1 experience. Building on the past curricula, and adding recent literature, novel field methodologies and theoretical frameworks will ensure the high standards of this Field School. The objectives of the course are: 1. To gain an understanding of principles of animal behavior by using primates as a model 2. To appreciate the great variation in the ecology and behavior of African mammals, and primates specifically, in a variety of habitats 3. To acquire all the necessary tools to become an independent field researcher 4. To learn current methods in field primatology and wildlife ecology Requirements Overall course assessment will be evaluated based on the following: Research Project – 30% o An independent study conducted at Tana River, including proposal writing, field data collection, analysis Final Exam – 30% o Exam will cover all the activities and lectures Field Notebook – 25% o It will include notes on all activities, discussions, lectures, field exercises, data sheets Participation – 10% Final presentation – 5% o Brief oral presentation of your project Textbook and readings Required Martin P, Bateson P, 2007. Measuring Behavior: An Introductory Guide. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge Published articles, lecture notes, and other material will be provided for students online to print and bring with them to Kenya Recommended Strier K, 2010. Primate Behavioral Ecology. Pearson Education, Inc. Boston Estes R, 1999. The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores and Primates. Chelsea Green, Vermont Setchell JM, Curtis DJ, 2011. Field and Laboratory Methods in Primatology: A Practical Guide. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge Cowlishaw G, Dunbar RIM, 2000. Primate Conservation Biology. U. Chicago Press, Chicago. Recommended bird guides: Stevenson and Fanshawe (2006); Zimmerman et al. (1999) List of Activities and Readings 2 Date Location ug 1 Nairobi g 2-5 Activities - Introduction to Kenya Wildlife Services - Introduction to Institute of Primate Research Mugie Ranch - Introduction to Field school - Field data collection methods I - o Vegetation sampling techniques I o Identification of flora and fauna of the savanna biome o Measuring animal abundance and density o Spatial orientation, GPS, GIS and remote sensing exercise Conservation I - o Ethnobotany I (traditional human plant use and animal plant use) o Threats and challenges specific to the Laikipia District o Local anti-poaching efforts (ranger patrolling, blood-hound unit) Behavioral ecology theory I - o Extant worldwide primate diversity and taxonomy o Basics of socioecology and nutritional ecology o Predation and infanticide Becoming a scientist I o o o o Critical reading Project example: lion project Vegetation sample preservation Scientific method Readings Student package Kabiri N. 2010. The political economy of wildlife conservation and decline in Kenya. J Environm and Developm 19: 424-445. Birkett A, 2002. The impact of giraffe, rhino and elephant on the habitat of a black rhino sanctuary in Kenya. Afr J Ecol 40: 276-282. Chapman CA, Wrangham R, 1994. Indices of habitat-wide fruit abundance in tropical forests. Biotropica 26: 160-171. Fichtel C, 2012. Predation: Male strategies and female counterstrategies. In: The Evolution of Primate Societies, (J.C. Mitani, J. Call, P.M. Kappeler, R.A. Palombit & J.B. Silk, eds.), pp. 169-194. University of Chic1ago Press, Chicago Ganzhorn JU, 2011. Habitat description and phenology, In: Field and laboratory methods in primatology edited by J.M. Setchell and D.B. Curtis, Cambridge University press. pp. 40-56 (plant methods) Georgiadis NJ, Olwero, JGN., Ojwang’, G & Romañach, SS. 2007. Savanna herbivore dynamics in a livestock-dominated landscape: I. Dependence on land use, rainfall, density, and time. Biol. Conserv., 137:461-472. Georgiadis NJ, Ihwagi F, Olwero JGN, Romañach SS, 2007. Savanna herbivore dynamics in a livestock-dominated landscape. II: Ecological, conservation, and management implications of predator restoration. Biol. Conserv., 137:473-483 Markham AC, Altmann J, 2008. Remote monitoring of primates using automated GPS technology in open habitats. AJP 70: 1-5. Ibui AK, 2009b. Meru knowledge and use of non-medicinal plants. In: Indigenous knowledge, belief and practice of wild plants in Meru: past and present humanplant relations in East Africa. VDM Verlag, pp 195- 214 [Summary]. Ogutu JO, Dublin HT, 2002. Demography of lions in relation to prey and habitat in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Afr J Ecol 40, 120-129 Palombit, RA. 2012. Infanticide: Male strategies and female counterstrategies. In: The Evolution of Primate Societies, (J.C. Mitani, J. Call, P.M. Kappeler, R.A. Palombit & J.B. Silk, eds.), pp. 432-468. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Tatman S, Stevens-Wood B, Smith VBT. 2000. Ranging behavior and habitat usage in black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis, in a Kenyan sanctuary. Afr J Ecol 38: 163172. Western D, Groom R, Worden J. 2009a. The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of pastoral lands on wildlife in an African savanna ecosystem. 3 g 6-9 10-11 Twala Research Station Mt. Kenya Conservancy Program assignment: Write down 3 research questions for potential projects based on the examples discussed - Field data collection methods II - o Vegetation sampling techniques II o Identification of flora and fauna o Primate behavioral data collection Behavioral ecology theory II - o Wild baboon (in collaboration with Prof. Shirley Strum) Conservation II - o Ethnobotany II o Invasive species o Relocation of ‘problem animals’ o Human-wildlife coexistence and sustainable development o Role-play exercise on human-wildlife conflict o Maasai community’s daily activities Becoming a scientist II - o Practice ecosystem identification o Practice animal identification and socioecology o Practice behavioral data collection on baboons o Responsible conduct in animal research Behavioral ecology theory III - o Primate/human evolution Field data collection methods III o Behavioral endocrinology Biological Conservation 142: 2538-2546. Western D, Russell S, and Cuthill I. 2009b. The status of wildlife in protected areas compared to non-protected areas of Kenya. PLOS One 4: e6140. Martin and Bateson, 2011. Chapter 3: Getting started. Martin and Bateson, 2011. Chapter 4: Individuals and groups. Martin and Bateson, 2011. Chapter 5: Recording methods. Fuentes A, Hockings KJ, 2010. The ethnoprimatological approach in primatology. AJP 71: 1-7. Palombit, RA. 2013. Papio anubis, Olive baboon In: The Mammals of Africa (Butynski TM, Kingdon J & Kalina J, eds.), pp.233-239. London: Bloomsbury Strum SC. 2005. Measuring success in primate translocation: a baboon case study. Am J Primatol 65: 117-140. Strum SC. 2010. The development of primate raiding: implications for management and conservation. Int J Primatol 31: 133-156. Fedigan, L.M. 2010. Ethical issues faced by field primatologists: Asking the relevant questions. Am. J. Primatol., 72:754-771. Gadd M. 2005 Conservation out of Parks: attitudes of local people in Laikipia. Environmental Conservation 32:50-63. Hockings KJ, Anderson JR, Matsuzawa T, 2012. Socioecological adaptations by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, inhabiting an anthropogenically impacted habitat. Anim Behav 83: 801-810. Hodges JK, Heistermann M, 2011. Field endocrinology: monitoring hormonal 4 ug 12 ug 13 14-23 Kibwezi Ground Water Forest Gede Ruins and Mida Creek Tana River - Conservation III - o Laikipia Wildlife Forum – community-based conservation efforts in the area o Mt. Kenya Conservancy – breeding, preserving and reintroducing highly endangered species o Ol Pejeta Chimpanzee Reserve – pet and bushmeat trade Becoming a scientist III - o Practice animal identification and socioecology Behavioral ecology theory IV - o Terrestriality and human evolution Conservation IV - o Ethnobotany III Becoming a scientist IV - o Practice animal identification and socioecology Conservation V - o Gede Museums, ruins and forest (possibly butterfly and snake farm) Behavioral ecology theory V - o Mangrove forest ecosystem Becoming a scientist V o Blue monkey field research o Write short project proposal (research question and methods) Program assignment: Final project proposal, on day 3 at Tana changes in free-ranging primates. In: Field and laboratory methods in primatology. (Setchell JM, Curtis DB eds.) Cambridge University Press. pp. 353370. Parker, I. 2003. A formidable institution. Swara, July-December:58-61 Meulman EJM, Sanz CM, Visalberghi E, van Schaik CP, 2012. The role of terrestriality in promoting primate technology. Evol Anthrop 21: 58-68. Foerster, Cords M, Monfort SL, 2011. Social Behavior, Foraging Strategies, and Fecal Glucocorticoids in Female Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis): Potential Fitness Benefits of High Rank in a Forest Guenon. AJP 73: 1-13. Morino L, 2011. Left-hand preference for a complex manual task in a population of wild siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus). Int J Primatol 32: 793-800. Martin and Bateson, 2011. Chapter 6: The recording medium. Martin and Bateson, 2011. Chapter 8: How good is your research design?. 5 ug 25 - Behavioral ecology theory VI - o Introduction to the Tana River ecosystem o Socioecology of the Tana River primates Field data collection methods IV - o Primate cognition Conservation VI - o IUCN – endangered species Becoming a scientist VI o Independent research project (proposal writing, field data collection, analysis, writing up) o Student-led sessions of journal articles discussion (ethno-primatology, primate behavioral studies, conservation) o Scientific writing o Oral presentation Colobus Trust Primate species: Altmann J, Combes SL, and Alberts SC. 2007. Papio cynocephalus. In: Kingdon J, Happold D, Butynski TM, editors. The Mammals of Africa. London: Academic Press. Struhsaker TT, and Grubb P. 2007. Procolobus rufomitratus. In: Kingdon J, Happold D, Butynski TM, editors. The Mammals of Africa. London: Academic Press. Wieczkowski JA, and Butynski TB. 2007. Cercocebus galeritus. In: Kingdon J, Happold D, Butynski TM, editors. The Mammals of Africa. London: Academic Press. Bentley-Condit VK and Smith EO. 1999. Female dominance and female social relationships among yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus). Am J Prim 47:321–334. Kinnaird MF. 1992a. Competition for a forest palm: use of Phoenix reclinata by human and nonhuman primates. Conservation Biology 6: 101-107. Kinnaird MF. 1992b. Variable resource defense by the Tana River crested mangabey. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 31: 115-122. Moinde-Fockler, N., Oguge, N.O., Karere, G.M., Otina, D. & Suleman, M.A. 2007. Human and natural impacts on forests along lower Tana River, Kenya: Implications towards conservation and management of endemic primate species and their habitat. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16:1161-1173 Starin, E.D. 1981. Monkey moves. Natural History, 90 (1): 36-43. Wahungu GM. 1998. Diet and habitat overlap in two sympatric primate species, the Tana crested mangabey Cercocebus galeritus and yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus. Afr J Ecol 36: 159-173. Wieczkowski J. 2004. Ecological correlates of abundance in the Tana mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus). American Journal of Primatology 63: 125-138. Zimmermann E, 1990. Differentiation of vocalizations in bushbabies (Galaginae, Prosimiae, Primates) and the significance for assessing phylogenetic relationships. Z Zool Syst Evolut 28: 217-239. Program assignment: Final Exam Program assignment: Final project Program assignment: Final project oral presentation - Conservation VII o Colobus Trust – primates in an urbanized setting) 6 7