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Byzantine Empire World History Byzantium/Constantinople/Istanbul today Byzantine Empire • Culture – Roman government • Legal system • Bureaucracy • Heavy taxing – Christian religion – Greco-Oriental culture • Greek and Middle Eastern Byzantine Empire • Government ideals – Defense – Self-preservation • Political embodiment of Christianity • Hated change, seldom took risks Byzantine Empire • Devotion to religion a source of weakness – Religious controversy=government concern – Heresy=threat to state Byzantine Empire • Spoke Greek • Studied Greek, Latin, and Roman literature and history Byzantine Empire • Justinian (r. 527 - 565) – Last of Roman emperors • Still spoke Latin • Wanted to revive old Roman Empire – Co-ruled with Empress Theodora – Nika Riots • • • • People rioted Burned city City rebuilt, Hagia Sophia created Hagia Sophia, built in 360 “Holy Wisdom” Byzantine Empire • Justinian – Corpus Juris Civilis • “body of civil law” • Uniform code of law based on Roman laws – Wanted to reconquer the West • Especially Rome – Territory • Mediterranean coastline • Bankrupt Byzantine Empire • Orthodox Christianity – Ruler was decisive voice: • • • • Christian governance Practice Doctrine Protector of Holy Church – Armies fought for empire and God – Soldiers were crusaders – Strong support of emperors Byzantine Empire • The Great Schism (1054) – Divided Christianity • Eastern (Greek) – Easter Orthodox Church • Western (Latin) – Roman Catholic Church – Split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, geographic lines Byzantine Empire • Invasions – Slavs and Bulgars from the East – Germanic tribes retook Italy – Muslim tribes took Africa Byzantine Empire • Seljuk Turks invade • Battle of Manzikert in 1071 (Armenia) – Hurt empire’s hold on Asia Minor • People’s Crusade (1096) – Emperor Alexios asked Pope Urban II for help – Wanted to “free” eastern Christians – Goal: capture Jerusalem from Muslims – Byzantine recovers west coastlands of Asia Minor Byzantine Empire • Fourth Crusade – Originally to conquer Muslims in Jerusalem – In 1204, Crusaders invaded Constantinople – Conquered city • Byzantine Empire retook Constantinople in 1261 – Never returned to former glory Byzantine Empire • Black Death in 1347 – One of the deadliest pandemics in world history – Killed between 30% to 60% of population • Ottoman Turks – Attack empire in 1300’s – Captured Constantinople in 1453