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Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts as well as their relationships to one another. › Gross anatomy = studying large, easily observable structures › Microscopic anatomy = studying very small structures Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function Form and function Body parts are able to work because of their strucutres Different systems interact with and depend on each other the body is a well-organized unit Atoms – Building blocks of matter Molecules – Formed from atoms Cells – Smallest unit of life, composed of molecules Tissues – Groups of similar cells that have a common function Organ – A structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body. Organ system – A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose. Organism – Made up of all organ systems; the most complex level of structural organization. The external covering the skin Keeps body waterproof Protects deeper tissues from injury Excretes salts and urea through perspiration (sweating) Regulates body temperature Contains temperature, pressure, and pain receptors allows us to detect what is happening around us Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. Supports the body and provides a framework for the muscles so they can cause movement Provides protection for soft tissues and organs Hematopoiesis (formation of blood) occurs in the cavities of the skeleton Mineral storage Cause movement by contracting, or shortening Provide mobility Provide mild protection Cardiac muscles help circulate blood Smooth muscles help move fluids, food, etc. along definite pathways in the body Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors Allows body to respond to irritants or stimuli coming from outside and inside the body Sensory receptors detect messages from these stimuli and send the information to the central nervous system, which processes it and responds by activating the appropriate muscles and/or glands Consists of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes. Produces hormones and releases them into the blood to travel to distant target organs. Controls many body functions, such as growth, reproduction, food use by cells, respiration, heart rate, etc. Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood. Heart pumps to help circulate the blood through the body Uses blood to carry oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells White blood cells help protect the body from foreign invaders Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other lymph organs, and lymph (fluid leaked from blood vessels) Complementary to cardiovascular system returns lymph to blood vessels so that blood can keep circulating through the body Helps cleanse the blood and houses cells involved in immunity Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Keeps body constantly supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum Basically a tube running through the body Breaks down food and delivers the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells Undigested food leaves as feces Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Helps get rid of nitrogenous waste (urine) Helps maintain the body’s water and salt balance and regulate the acidbase balance of blood Consists of scrotum, testes, penis, accessory glands, and duct system in males. Consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females. Exists to produce offspring, which develop in the uterus prior to birth. “Inside” remains distinct from “outside” Every cell in the human body is surrounded by an external membrane that contains its contents and allows needed substances in while restricting the entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances Body is enclosed by skin, which keeps internal organs from drying out and external damaging factors (sunlight, bacteria, chemicals) out All activities promoted by muscular system Propelling ourselves from one place to another Manipulating external environment Moving substances through internal organs Irritability The ability to sense changes in the environment and then react to them All body cells exhibit responsiveness, but nerve cells are mainly responsible for the body’s responsiveness Process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood In single celled organisms, the cell itself is the “digestion factory” In the complex, multicellular human body, digestive system performs this function Chemical reactions that occur within body cells Includes breaking complex substances into simpler ones, making larger structures from smaller ones, and turning food into energy Depends on digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood Mainly regulated by hormones secreted by endocrine system Removing wastes from the body Body must get rid of substances that are not useful in order to make room for substances it can use Mainly facilitated by digestive and urinary systems Production of offspring On the cellular level, a cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells On the organismal level, reproductive organs produce a sperm and egg, which unite to form a zygote, which will develop within the mother’s body until it can be born Performed by reproductive system, regulated by endocrine system Increase in size Usually accomplished by an increased number of cells For growth to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones Nutrients – taken in via the diet, provide energy and chemicals for cell building › Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins Oxygen – taken in through breathing, helps chemical reactions that release energy from food Water – 60-80% of body weight, provides fluid base for secretions and excretions Body temperature – 37°C (98°F), too low and chemical reactions slow down, too high and they speed up, death at either extreme Atmospheric pressure – pressure exerted on the body by the weight of air, breathing process is dependent on it The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing Maintaining an equilibrium, a balance Communication – mainly through nervous and endocrine systems Receptor – sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) and sends information to the… Control center – determines the level the variable must be maintained at, analyzes information, and determines appropriate response, activating the… Effector – provides the means for the response, the results of this response flow back to the control center Negative feedback cycle = the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity Positive feedback cycle = the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to increase its intensity or frequency The disturbance of homeostasis the cause of most diseases or abnormal conditions As we age, our organs become less efficient Our internal conditions become less stable Standardized to avoid confusion Body is erect Feet are parallel Arms hanging at sides Palms facing forwards Term Definition Superior (cranial or cephalad) Toward the head end of the body Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end of the body Anterior (ventral) Toward the front of the body Posterior (dorsal) Toward the backside of the body Medial Toward the center or midline of the body Lateral Away from the midline of the body Intermediate Between medial and lateral Proximal Close to the origin of the body part, near where it attaches to the trunk Distal Farther from the point or origin, away from where it attaches to the trunk Superficial Toward or at the body surface Deep Away from the body surface, internal Term Definition Abdominal Anterior body trunk inferior to ribs Acromial Point of shoulder Antecubital Anterior surface of elbow Axillary Armpit Brachial Arm Buccal Cheek area Carpal Wrist Cervical Neck region Coxal Hip Crural Leg Digital Fingers, toes Femoral Thigh Term Definition Fibular Lateral part of leg Inguinal Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin Nasal Nose area Oral Mouth Orbital Eye area Patellar Anterior knee Pelvic Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly Pubic Genital region Sternal Breastbone area Tarsal Ankle region Thoracic Chest Umbilical Navel Term Definition Cephalic Head Deltoid Curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle Gluteal Buttock Lumbar Area of back between ribs and hips Occipital Posterior surface of head Popliteal Posterior knee area Sacral Area between hips Scapular Shoulder blade region Sural The posterior surface of lower leg; the calf Vertebral Area of spine Sagittal section – cut made along the lengthwise (longitudinal) plane, dividing into right and left parts Frontal section – cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides body into front and back parts Transverse section – cut made along the horizontal plane, dividing body into top and bottom parts, also called cross section Dorsal cavity › Cranial cavity – space inside skull › Spinal cavity – runs from cranial cavity to end of vertebral column Ventral cavity › Thoracic cavity – contains lungs, heart, etc., above diaphragm › Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity – stomach, liver, etc Pelvic cavity – reproductive organs Quadrants – named according to relative positions upper and lower, left and right Regions – nine sections, “tic-tac-toe” › Umbilical region – centermost › Epigastric region – top center › Hypogastric (pubic) region – lower center › Right and left iliac – Right and left lower › Right and left lumbar – Right and left center › Right and left hypochondriac – Right and left top