Download Physiology is an Integrated Science

Ch16 Endocrine – part 2
Endocrine system
several separate organs
release hormones into capillaries
hormones are transported in the blood
Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Pineal gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Kidney
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
several others
learning goals
for each hormone – know:
it’s effects , functions
what stim its release
where is it made
its target organs
types of hormones
direct hormones
tropic hormones
pre-hormone
target = non-endocrine tissues
target = other endocrine glands
inactive form
metabolic hormones - thyroid hormones
thyroid hormone
thyroid gland (follicular cells)
thyroxine
T4
tri-iodothyronine
T3
effects:
calorigenic  basal metabolic rate (BMR) - heat
 rate of cell respiration
uncoupling enzymes
metabolic protein synthesis
increase heart rate and BP
growth
nervous system, muscle, skeletal
stimulus:
low blood T4
low body temp
pregnancy
TSH
control of T4 production
(thyroid stimulating hormone)
inhibited by
high blood T4
somatostatin
Thyroid gland anatomy
follicular cells produce thyroid hormones
follicles store pre-hormone = colloid
parafollicular cells produce calcitonin
Thyroid hormone synthesis
thyroglobulin synthesis
iodination
I2 added to tyrosines
storage
colloid = thyroglobulin + I2
cleavage
colloid splits into T4 and T3
secretion
exocytosis
transport
TBG
thyroxine-binding globulin
calcitonin
effects:
thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)
decrease blood calcium
deposit calcium into bone
high blood calcium
calcium hormones
stimulus:
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid gland
effects :
hypercalcemia
increase Ca++ absorption
increase Ca++ reabsorption
remove Ca++ from bone
stimulus:
low blood calcium
Adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoids
androgens
outer
layers
cortisol
aldosterone
adrenal medulla
catecholamines
inner layer
epinephrine , norepinephrine
stress hormones - epinephrine
epinephrine , norepinephrine
catecholamines
made in adrenal medulla
effects: “fight or flight” “adrenaline rush”
increase heart rate , BP
increase respiratory rate ; bronchodilation
increase blood to muscles
increase alertness
increase blood glucose
stimulus:
Sympathetic nervous system
stress hormones - cortisol
cortisol (glucocorticoid) “the stress hormone”
made in adrenal cortex
increase blood glucose for brain
=
glucose sparing
glucose from glycogen
glycogenolysis
glucose from fats
gluconeogenesis
increase BP
protein catabolism
more AA for repair
anti-inflammatory
limits immune response
anti sex hormones
affects memory
stimulus:
ACTH
stress
osmolarity
aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)
adrenal cortex
increases Osm
 Na+ in blood
increases Na+ reabsorption from nephron, intestines
increases BP
targets:
nephron ; intestines
stimulus:
angiotensin
low blood Na
atrial natriuretic peptide
heart
decreases Osm
Na+ in blood
decreases BP
stimulus:
high BP
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypothalamus
effects:
decreases blood Osm
increases water reabsorption – nephron
increases blood volume, BP
stimulus:
high osmolarity
hormone to decrease blood glucose
insulin
pancreas beta (β) cells
the most anabolic hormone
increase membrane transport of glucose
increase cell respiration
increase storage of glucose, glycogen
increase protein synthesis
increase lipid synthesis
stimulus:
high blood glucose
parasympathetic n.s.
glucagon
GLUT4 carrier
Insulin production
glucose enters beta cells
increases cell respiration
ATP closes K+ channels
depolarization opens Ca++ channels
Ca++ stim exocytosis of insulin
hormones to increase blood glucose
glucagon
pancreas alpha (α) cells
affects liver glycogenolysis , gluconeogenesis
stimulus:
low blood glucose, eg. between meals
other hormones:
epinephrine
for N.S. if immediate stress
cortisol
for N.S. if long term stress
growth hormone
for growth
thyroxine
for cell respiration, heat
Diabetes Mellitus
hyperglycemia =
high blood glucose
Diabetes Mellitus chronic hyperglycemia
type 1
Insulin dependent
IDDM
decreased Beta cells
congenital or autoimmune
type 2
non Insulin dependent
NIDDM
decrease Insulin receptors on target cells
developed
common symptoms
glucosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
somatostatin
same as GHIH
inhibit GH (growth hormone)
inhibit TSH (thyroxine)
inhibit insulin
inhibit gastric activity
BP hormones
renin-angiotensin
epinephrine
cortisol
thyroxine
antidiuretic hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide
raises BP
raises BP
raises BP
raises BP
raises BP
lowers BP
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
maintains (raises) systemic BP
renin
made by kidney if low BP
renin stim
angiotensinogen  angiotensin I (liver)
ACE stim
angiotensin I  angiotensin II (lung)
angiotensin II
vasoconstriction
 systemic BP
 aldosterone
protein synthesis
increases protein synthesis:
thyroid hormone
growth hormone
insulin
insulin-like growth factors
decreases protein synthesis
cortisol
growth hormone
insulin-like growth factors
thyroid hormone
anterior pituitary
liver
thyroid gland
growth related hormones
sex hormones
estradiol
progesterone
follicle (ovary)
corpus luteum (ovary)
testosterone
interstitial cells
inhibin sustentacular cells
androgens – made in adrenal cortex
converted to estrogen or testosterone
anti-inflammatory
RBC production
uterine contractions
milk release
milk production
Vit D production
inhibit RAS
digestive functions
hunger control
cortisol
erythropoietin
oxytocin
oxytocin
prolactin
calcitriol
cholecalciferol
melatonin
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin
leptin
hormones w/other functions
adrenal cortex
kidney
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
kidney
skin
stomach
small intestine
small intestine
adipose
RAAS
hormones that control other endocrine glands
stimulating hormones
anterior pituitary
control other endocrine glands
stimulate growth of gland + hormone production
releasing hormones
control the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus – Pituitary gland relationship
“master gland” of the endocrine system ______________
posterior pituitary is a neural extension of the hypothalamus
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
2 hormones are made in the hypothalamus, released from the posterior pituitary :
antidiuretic hormone ADH
oxytocin
anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing hormones (RH) from the hypothalamus
via the hypophyseal portal system
anterior pituitary secretes :
direct hormones
stimulating hormones
Anterior Pituitary – direct hormones
growth hormone =
somatotropic hormone
effects:
mitosis
protein synthesis
increase blood glucose
insulin-like growth factors
stim:
GHRH ; low GH ; exercise
inhibited by GHIH = somatostatin
PRL
prolactin
effect:
milk production
stim
PRH ; nursing
LH
luteinizing hormone
effect:
ovulation
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
ICSH
Anterior Pituitary – stimulating hormones
thyroid stimulating hormone
thyrotropin
adrenocorticotropic hormone
corticotropin
follicle stimulating hormone
folliculotropin
luteinizing hormone
luteotropin
interstitial cell stimulating hormone
GH
somatotropin
stimulating hormone effects
stimulate target tissue to
ant pituitary
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
ICSH
GH
release hormone ; grow
other endocrine glands
thyroid
thyroxine
adrenal cortex cortisol
follicle
estrogen
corpus luteum progesterone
interstitial cells testosterone
liver
insulin-like growth factors
hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary
there is a regulating hormone for every pituitary hormone
hypothalamus
growth hormoneRH
prolactin RH
corticotropicRH
thyrotropicRH
gonadotropicRH
“
growth hormoneIH
gonadotropicIH
GHRH
PRH
CRH
TRH
GnRH (FHRH)
GnRH (LHRH)
GHIH
GnIH
ant. pituitary hormone
GH
PRL
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
inhibit GH
inhibit FSH, LH
Who’s the Boss ?
“private controls the general”
target gland hormones inhibit the hypothalamus and/or anterior pituitary
negative feedback
Grave’s Disease
Cretinism
Goiter
Cushing’s
Addison’s Disease
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Pituitary Dwarfism
Diabetes Mellitus
hormone related diseases
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism (congenital)
thyroid tumor due to decreased I2
increased Cortisol
decreased Aldosterone , Cortisol
increased GH (congenital)
increased GH (adult)
decreased GH
high blood glucose ; insulin