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Earth Chemistry Guided Notes Matter Anything that _______________________________________________________________________ All matter has two types of properties—___________________ and___________________ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER Characteristics that can be observed ___________________substances’ composition EX: density, color, hardness, freezing point, boiling point CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER Characteristics that describe how two substances___________________ to produce new substances Rusting, burning, reaction with acid or base What are elements? Elements are ___________________ ___________________. This is because they cannot be broken down into simpler substances. They cannot be made by combining other substances . How many elements? There are 117 known elements. 92 of the elements can be found in the Earth’s rocks, soil, air and water. The remainder have been made by nuclear scientists. Atoms and Elements If you could look at the atoms in a chemical element you would see that they are all the same type. For example: If you had a sample of Hydrogen, you would see that all of the atoms looked exactly the ___________________ Element Symbols Each element in the periodic table is represented by a symbol of ______________________________. These letters (symbols) come from the English, Latin or Greek name for the element. The first letter is always a ___________________ and the second letter (if there is one) is always ___________________ Elements and the Periodic Table The elements are organized and presented in the ______________________________________. The Periodic Table displays the following information about an element: • Symbol • Name • Atomic number • Atomic weight (not always) Parts of Elements on the Periodic Table ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ COMPOUNDS What are compounds? Compounds are formed when two or more different elements ___________________ combine. This process is called a ___________________ ___________________. The new compound formed has different properties from the original elements. Compound: Water Water forms through the following reaction: More about compounds Compounds always have the same ratio of elements. For example: Water always contains two atoms of hydrogen to one atom of oxygen. For this reason, water has the chemical formula:_________________ How do elements and compounds exist? Some chemical elements, such as gold, mercury, helium, and neon are found in nature as single atoms. Others such as hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen can be found with more than one atom (the same type of atom) joined together. Molecules When two or more atoms join together (the same or different atoms) a ___________________ is formed. The atoms are tightly joined. These bonds between atoms in a molecule are called ___________________ ___________________ These chemical bonds cannot be easily broken. More about molecules Molecules that are ___________________: Atoms are the same Molecules that are ___________________: Atoms are different. ATOMS Atoms are the ___________________ ___________________of matter ~ 1 million lined up side by side = thickness of 1 piece of paper Atoms contain subatomic particles: electron • ___________________ (+ charge) • ___________________ (neutral) • ___________________ (- charge) neutron proton Here’s an idea of the mass of these particles!!! ATOMIC STRUCTURE Protons have a___________________charge and neutrons have ___________________charge Protons and Neutrons are located in the ___________________, which ends up with a positive charge due to the protons ___________________—space around nucleus containing electrons Draw a hydrogen atom below and label it ATOMIC NUMBER Number of protons in the nucleus—found as upper # in box There are ___________________ #s of protons and electrons in an atom, therefore, this is also the number of electrons Elements are ordered on the periodic table in order of their _________________ ________________ How many PROTONS are there in… Hydrogen? ___________________ Silicon? ___________________ Lead? ___________________ Barium? ___________________ How many ELECTRONS are there in… Fluorine? ___________________ Carbon? ___________________ Sodium? ___________________ Copper? ___________________ MASS NUMBER Sum of # of protons & neutrons is ___________________ ___________________ If you know the number of protons (atomic number) and number of neutrons, you can determine the mass number This is close to the atomic mass--# at the bottom of the box Determine the MASS NUMBER and element names Protons = 6, neutrons = 6, Mass # =___________________ Protons = 9, neutrons = 10, Mass # =___________________ Determine the number of NEUTRONS and the element name Mass number = 14, protons = 7, Neutrons =___________________ Mass number = 73, electrons = 32 Neutrons =___________________ Diagramming Atoms A diagram of an atom is just a simple drawing of the atom’s ___________________ First, determine how many protons, neutrons and electrons the atom has. Then, diagram it, using: a circle w/ a plus sign for protons circle w/ a minus sign for electrons + - a blank circle for neutrons. Make sure these are located in the correct places! Diagramming Atoms Lithium, Mass # = 7 Protons = 3, Electrons = 3, Neutrons = 4 Diagramming Atoms Carbon, Mass # = 12 Protons = 6, Electrons = 6, Neutrons = 6 Diagramming Atoms Boron, Mass # = 11 Protons = 5, Electrons = 5, Neutrons = 6 Sum it up so far… Definition: Compounds are formed when two or more different elements ___________________ combine. A ________________________ is the smallest physical unit of a substance that can exist independently, consisting of one or more atoms held together by chemical forces ____________________ _____________________ tells what elements and how many of each atom make up the compound H2O—2 hydrogen atom, 1 oxygen atoms NaCl—1 sodium, 1 chlorine CH4??? ______________ NO2??? ______________ H2SO4??? ______________ CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Chemical Equations: ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Reactants on left, products on right of the arrow BALANCING Chemical equations must be balanced—this means an ___________________ number of each atom on both sides of the arrow—use coefficients (#s in front of the compound of element) IONS Ion = an atom that has an electric charge by______________or _____________one or more electrons. Charges show if the atom has gained or lost an electron: —positive (_________________) means electrons lost —negative (_________________) means electrons gained Na+--sodium with 1 less electron Cl---chlorine with 1 extra electron ANIONS VS CATIONS Cation--An atom or a molecule which is positively charged, i.e. has ________________ ________________ than electrons. Metals. Ex: sodium (Na+), Iron (Fe2+), and Lead (Pb2+) Anion--An atom or a molecule which is negatively charged, i.e. has ________________ ________________ than protons. Non-metals Ex: iodide (I-), nitride (N3-) and hydride (H-) Determine how many extra/less electrons the following atoms have: Al3+ = ________________ cation or anion? I- ___________________ cation or anion? OH- _________________ cation or anion? CHEMICAL BONDS These are forces that hold atoms ___________________ Formed by ___________________ or ___________________ electrons between atoms TYPES OF BONDS Ionic bonds—forms between a metal and nonmetal— electrons___________________ Covalent bonds—forms between two nonmetals—electrons ___________________ Are these ionic or covalent compounds? CO2 _____________________—both are nonmetals LiBr _____________________—Li is metal, Br is nonmetal NaCl _____________________—Na is metal, Cl is nonmetal PCl3 _____________________—both are nonmetals MIXTURES A mixture is a substance consisting of two or more substances that have been combined without chemical bonding taking place Heterogenous mixture—________________________________________________________________ Homogenous mixture—________________________________________________________________