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Animals Introduction to Animals Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Examples Phylum Evolutionary Milestone Porifera sponges multicellularity Cnidaria jellyfish, hydra, coral tissues Platyhelminthes flatworms bilateral symmetry Nematoda roundworms pseudocoelom Mollusca clams, squids, snails coelom Annalida earthworms, leeches segmentation Arthropoda insects, spiders, crustaceans jointed appendages Echinodermata starfish deuterostomes Chordata vertebrates notochord Invertebrates vs Chordates Invertebrates – – – Includes 95% of animals Includes 33 Phyla No vertebral column/backbone Chordates – – – Includes 5% of animals Includes Phylum Chordata 4 Characteristics (at some point during life) Nerve cord and/or Vertebral Column Notchord Tail ext. beyond the anus Pharyngeal pouches Symmetry Body Symmetry – Asymmetry – no pattern (corals, sponges) Radial Symmetry – the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) Bilateral Symmetry – has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc) Germ Layers 1. 2. 3. The blastula develops 3 distinct layers, which become layers in the organism Ectoderm - outer layer of skin, nervous tissue, sense organs Endoderm - lining of digestive tract, digestive and respiratory system Mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, excretory system Body Cavity Coelom – Pseudocoelom – Fluid filled cavity in the mesoderm that is lined with mesodermal tissues Partially filled with mesoderm Acoelomate – Have no bodycavity Cephalization Cephalization – an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head) Cephalization Cont. Anterior - toward the head Posterior - toward the tail Dorsal - back side Ventral - belly side Types of Feeders Filter Feeders – Detritivores – Eat plants Omnivore – Eat other animals Herbivores – Feed on decaying plants/animals Carnivores – Strain food from water Eats both animals and plants Nutritional Symbionts – Depend on another species Digestion Intracellular – – Use cells to digest food Used by less complex animals Extracullular – – Use a digestive system to digest food Used by more complex animals Mammal Digestive Esophogas – Connects mouth to stomach Stomach – Breaks down food Small Intestine – Digests nutrients from food Large Intestine – Absorbs water Mammal Digestive Rectum/Anus – food exit Liver – filters blood, produces bile Gallbladder – stores bile Pancreas – breaks down carbs/fats/proteins – Regulates blood sugar Respiration All animals exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide Types of Respiration – – – Skin Respiration – oxygen/carbon dioxide diffuse across thin membranes Gills Lungs Mammal Respiratory Trachea – allows air in Lungs – exchanges oxygen/with CO2 from bloodstream Circulation Open – Closed – Blood is only partially contained in blood vessels Blood is contained within blood vessels Types of Close – Single Loop – Single pump that forces blood in 1 direction Double Loop Double loop, double pump Mammal Cardiovascular Heart – pumps blood Arteries – oxygenated blood away from heart Veins – deoxygenated blood to heart Response/Nervous Neurons – Stimulus – Something in the environment that causes neurons to react Sensory Neurons – Nerve cells Specialized neurons that vary from animal to animal Response – A reaction to a stimulus Types of Nervous Systems Nerve Nets, Nerve Cords & Ganglia – Heads – Simple nervous system Cephalized animals have grouped neurons that form cerebral ganglia in the head region Brains – Cerebral ganglia are further organized into a brain Nervous Brain – control center – – – Cerebrum: “thinking” region Cerebellum: Movement and balance Medulla Oblongata: controls internal organs Spinal Cord – sends signals to rest of body from brain Excretion 2 Ways Animals Excrete 1. 2. Eliminate ammonia from body quickly Convert it into other, less toxic, nitrogenous compounds Urinary Kidney – filters blood creates urine Ureter – passes urine from kidneys to bladder Bladder – holds urine Urethra – removes urine from body Reproduction Asexual – – – 1 parent Benefit: Can reproduce quickly Drawback: Less genetic diversity Sexual – – – 2 parents Benefit: Increased genetic diversity Drawbacks: Both genders must be present, takes more time Human Reproductive - Male Testis – creates sperm Ductus Deferens – moves sperm from testes to penis Prostate Gland – male hormones Human Reproductive – Female Ovaries – Holds/releases eggs Fallopian Tube – passes eggs from ovaries to uterus Uterus – implantation of egg occurs here/houses baby Movement and Support Skeletal – For Support – – – Hydrostatic: Fluid Filled Cavity Exoskeleton: External Skeleton Endoskeleton: Internal Skeleton Muscles – For Movement Behavior Behavior = the way an organism reacts to stimuli in its environment Innate behaviors = Behaviors you are born with – – Suckling of a newborn mammal Weaving of a spider web Behavior Learned Behaviors = acquiring changes in behavior during a lifetime – Habituation = animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards or harms the animal Complex Behaviors Complex Behaviors – Combination of innate and learned Imprinting – Acquiring behavioral characteristics from parents Social Behaviors Courtship = behavior during which members of one sex (usually males) advertise their willingness to mate and the other sex chooses which mate they will accept Social Behaviors Competition = competing for the same resources (food, water, space, etc….) Aggression = threatening behaviors that one animal uses to exert dominance over another Social Behaviors Society = a group of animals of the same species that interact closely and often cooperate – Bees – – PBS Bees Bees - David Attenbourgh Ants Communication Visual – – – signals – use eyes Squid change color to broadcast signals Male/female color patterns Fireflies send light signals Chemical – signals – insects, fish, mammals Pheromones = chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species (mark territories or mating) Communication Sound signals – – Bottlenose dolphins each have a “signature whistle” that informs others who is sending the message Bird calls Language Language = combines sound, signals and gestures according to rules about sequence and meaning – – – Elephants, primates, dolphins Dolphin learns sign language Chimps Hunting Monkeys Invertebrates Characteristics of Sponges Sponges – – – – – – – – Simplest animals, multicellular No organs or body systems Cellular digestion Asymmetry Filter Feeders· Sessile (do not move) Reproduce sexually (sperm and eggs) Reproduce asexually (regeneration) Skeleton composed of spongin (soft) and spicules (hard) Sponge Anatomy Amebocytes Moving cells that supply nutrients and take away waste Choanocytes (collar cells) – layer of cells with flagella – the movement of the flagella keeps a water current going in the sponge – food vacuoles in the collar cells digest plankton and other small organisms (filter feeder) – Oscula – Pores – large opening at top of sponge, water exits small openings at the side, water enters Gemmules – Groups of archaeocytes surrounded by a tough layer of spicules. Cnidarians Examples: Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral, Portuguese man of war Characteristics of Cnidarians – – – – – Tentacles Cnidocytes (stinging cells) Nematocysts (barbs) Gastrovascular cavity (digestion) Most are radial symmetry, some have asymmetry (corals) Cnidarian Body Forms 2 Body Forms: – Polyp - Medusa Porifera vs. Cnidaria Put the words with the correct phylum: – – – – – – – Sessile Tentacles Radial Symmetry Nematocyts (barbs) Asymmetry Spiculum Cnidocytes (stinging cells) – – – – – – Reproduces both sexually/asexually Osculum Sponges Jellyfish Coral Man of War Platyhelminthes Flatworms General Description: Flatworms are soft flat worms with tissues and organ systems (are cephalized). Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: – – Free Living: carnivores that eat tiny aquatic animals. Food passes through mouth into pharynx then into gastrovascular cavity where digestion occurs. Parasitic: Feed on blood of host, lets host digest food for them. Platyhelminthes – Flatworms Cont. Circulation – Excretion – Cilia & muscle cells Reproduction – Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords Movement – Removed using Flame Cells through tiny pores in the skin Response – Diffusion Hermaphrodites (has both sex organs) Respiration Flatworm Examples Turbellarians – Flukes – – Free-living marine or freshwater flatworms includes planaria) Parasitic flatworms that infect internal organs in the host Pass from one host to the next Tapeworms – – – Flat parasitic forms that live within the digestive tracks of their host. Can grow up to 40 ft. long Attach with hooks & suckers Nematoda Roundworms General Description: Unsegmented worms with pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with a mouth & an anus. Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: – Circulation – Carnivores or detrivores Diffusion Excretion – Diffusion Nematoda Roundworms Response – – Movement – Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move Reproduction – – Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords Sensory organs that detect chemicals Sexual Reproduction (most have separate males & females) Internal Fertilization Respiration – Diffusion Roundworm Examples Trichinosis-Causing Worms – Cause trichinosis – Live in intestines of host – Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue Filarial Worms – Line in blood/lymph vessels – Transmitted through biting insects – Cause elephantitis Ascarid Worms – Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables Hookworms – Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow into skin and enter bloodstream – Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing weakness Annelida General Description: Segmented worms with a true coelem lined with mesoderm. Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: – – Circulation – – Filter feeders and carnivores Earth worm: crop (storage) and gizzard (grinds food) Closed circulatory system (blood vessels & hearts) 2 main vessels – dorsal & ventral Excretion – – Solid waste through the anus Fluid waste removed by nephridia (excretory organs) Annelida Response – – Nervous system – brain and nerve chords Adaptations: sensory tentacles, chemical receptors and statyoysts (gravity) Movement – 2 major groups of body muscles (alternately contract the 2) Longitudinal Muscles – Circular Muscles – – Contract to make worm shorter Contract to make worm longer/thinner Marine annelida have parapodia (paddlelike appendages) Annelida Reproduction – Sexual Reproduction External Fertilization Some are hermaphrodites some have separate sexes Clitellum forms protective cocoon over fertilized eggs Respiration – – Aquatic – have gills Nonaquatic – breathe through their skin Cuticle – keeps skin moist so that respiration can occur Annelida Examples Oligochates – Live in soil or freshwater – Includes earthworms Leeches – External parasites (feed on blood of host) Polychates – Marine annelids Molluska General Description: Soft bodied animals with an internal or external shell Symmetry: Bilateral Body Plan – – – – Foot - contains mouth Mantle – tissue that covers the body like a cloak Shell – glands in the mantle secrete calcium carbonate to make the shell. Visceral mass – contains internal organs Feeding: – Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detrivores, or parasites. Molluska Circulation – Excretion – Open or closed circulatory system Nephridia (remove ammonia from blood & release outside of the body) Response – – Clams/shelled mollusks – simple ganglia Octupi – complex w/brain Mollusks Movement – – Reproduction – Varies Octupi – uses a siphon to propel themselves forward Sexually – external fertilization or internal fertilization depending on the mollusk. Respiration – – Aquatic: Gils Nonaquatic: diffusion through mantle cavity Molluska Gastropods (Snails & Slugs) – Shell-less or single-shelled Bivalves (Clams, Oysters, Mussels & Scallops) – 2 shells held together by 1 or 2 powerful muscles Cephalopods (Octopi, Squids and Nautiluses) – Soft bodied with a head attached to a single foot that is divided into tentacles or arms. 25.18 The Spiny-Skinned Echinoderms Have“spiny skins” embedded with interlocking spines and plates of calcium carbonate Begin life as bilateral larvae and develop into spinyskinned, radial adults They are brainless and have a unique water-vascular system for locomotion Echinoderm Diversity Include about 6,000 marine invertebrates Echinoderms can regenerate lost body parts – any portion of a sea star with some of the central disc can regrow missing parts Respiration – gas exchange occur by diffusion across the tube feet No specialized excretory organs Separate sexes with external fertilization Phylum Echinodermata Includes 5 classes: * sea urchins & sand dollars * brittle stars * sea cucumbers * starfish (sea star) * sea lilies & feather stars Arthropoda General Description: – Symmetry: Bilateral Body Plan – – Segmented body, tough exoskeleton & jointed appendages Exoskeleton – tough external cover made of chitin Jointed Appendages – structures that extend from the body such as legs and antennae Feeding: – – Herbivores, carnivores & omnivores Mouthparts vary among species to eat specific foods Arthropoda Circulation – – Open circulatory system Heart pumps blood through arteries that open up into the tissues Excretion – Malpighian Tubules Response – – – Saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood then add them to feces Well developed nervous system All have brains Most have sensory organs (eyes & taste receptors etc.) Growth & Development – Molting: arthropods shed their exoskeleton when they outgrow them Arthropoda Movement – Reproduction – – Use muscles controlled by nervous system to flex & extend Terrestrial – internal fertilization Aquatic – internal or external Respiration – Terrestrial Arthropods – Spiders – Tracheal Tubes – branching air filled tubes Spiracles – small opening along the side of the body through which air enters Book Lungs – layers of respiratory tissue Aquatic Arthropods Gills Arthropoda - Crustaceans Crustaceans – Shell-less or single-shelled – Crabs, crayfish & barnicles Arthropoda Chelicerates Chelicerates – – – – Scorpions Spiders Horseshoe Crab Mites Arthropoda - Uniramians Uniramians – – – – – Grasshopper Centipede Millipede Butterfly Bee Chordates Nonvertebrate Chordates 2 Groups of Nonvertebrate Chordates – Tunicates – Filter feeding animals that have chordate features in the larval stage Lancelets Fishlike filter feeders Fishes Jawless Fishes Cartilagenous Fishes Bony Fishes Lobe-Finned Fishes Fishes Fish – 1. 2. 3. Aquatic vertebrates characterized by paired fins, scales and gills. Paired Fins – movement Scales – protection (catfish don’t have scales) Gills – respiration Fishes Feeding – Carnivores like barracudas and piranhas, Herbivores like carp, Parasites like lampreys. Respiration – Gills – feathery fillaments full of capillaries Fish pull O2 rich water into mouth and CO2 rich water is pumped out under the operculum (protective bony cover on the side of the pharynx) Exception: Lungfish – lunglike organs Fishes Circulation – – Closed circulatory system Heart Made of 2 chambers Fishes Excretion – gills and kidneys remove nitrogenous waste Response – – – – – – Olfactory Lobes – sense of smell Cerebrum – muscle movement, instincs, intelligence & will power Optic Lobes - eyesight Cerrebelum – muscular coordination Medulla Oblongata - involuntary responses Spinal Chord – nerve impulses to/from brain Fishes Movement – – – Muscles - Alternate contractions Fins - stabilizers/direction Swim bladder - gas filled organ that adjusts buoyancy. Fishes Reproduction – Oviparous – Embryos develop outside the female’s body (trout). Food in egg yolk. Ovoviparous – Usually external fertilization of eggs. Females have a live birth (guppies). Yolk in eggs in females. Viviparous – Embryos get nourishment directly from the females body (sharks) Goldfish Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinoptergii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidai Genus: Carassius Species: Auratus Amphibians Amphibian – Vertebrate that lives in water as a larva and land as an adult Amphibians Feeding: – – – Tadpoles-filter feedersalgae Adults- insects Cloaca – opening through which poop, urine, eggs & sperm leave the body Amphibians Respiration: – – Circulation: – Tadpoles: skin and gills. Adults: lungs and skin. Salamanders: skin only. 3 chambered heart. Double loop Excretion: – kidneys filter blood transferred via the ureters to the cloaca and the urinary bladder. Amphibians Reproduction: – Movement: – female lays about 200 eggs in water, male fertilizes the eggs, eggs hatch, and tadpoles become young frogs. (external fertilization) larvae- fishlike movement, salamanders walk and frogs walk and jump. Response: – – – Brain like a fish Nictitating membrane protects eye and keeps it moist. Tympanic membrane is for hearing. Groups of Amphibians 1. 2. 3. Salamanders Frogs and Toads Caelians Reptiles Reptile – Vertebrate with dry scaly skin, lungs and terrestrial eggs Ectotherm – animal that can’t make it’s own body heat and relies on behavior to control body temperatures – Ex: Lay in sun to keep warm Reptiles Feeding – varies Respiration – lungs Circulation – Double loop (3-4 chamber heart) Excretion – Kidneys Reptiles Response – Brain like amphibian Reproduction – Internal Fertilization – – Oviparous (most) Amniotic Egg – an egg with a yolk sac & shell that protects egg from drying out Groups of Reptiles Lizards & Snakes Crocodilians Turtles & Tortoises Tuatara – like a lizard but doesn’t have external ears and has a “third eye” Birds Birds – Reptilelike animals that maintain constant body temperature, have feathers, wings & two legs covered with scales Endotherm – Can make & control their own body heat Birds Feeding – gain by eating food – – Crop – stores food Gizzard – grinds food Respiration (1 way) – – Air Sacs – air first enters here before going into the lungs Breathing Tubes – air is exhaled out of the breathing tubes Birds Circulation – Excretion – kidneys Response – Large brain Movement – 4 chambered heart Many can fly Reproduction – Amniotic eggs like reptiles Groups of Birds Pelicans Parrots Perching Birds – sparrows, crows etc. Birds of Prey – eagle, hawks, owls Cavity-Nesting Birds – toucans, woodpeckers Herons Ostriches Mammals Common Characteristics – – – – – – – Have Hair Feed young with milk from mammary glands Breathe Air 4-Chambered Hearts Endotherms (generate their own body heat) Take care of their young SEE INTRO SECTION FOR MORE INFO ABOUT BODY SYSTEMS