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Animals
Introduction to Animals
Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
Examples
Phylum
Evolutionary Milestone
Porifera
sponges
multicellularity
Cnidaria
jellyfish, hydra, coral
tissues
Platyhelminthes
flatworms
bilateral symmetry
Nematoda
roundworms
pseudocoelom
Mollusca
clams, squids, snails
coelom
Annalida
earthworms, leeches
segmentation
Arthropoda
insects, spiders,
crustaceans
jointed appendages
Echinodermata
starfish
deuterostomes
Chordata
vertebrates
notochord
Invertebrates vs Chordates

Invertebrates
–
–
–

Includes 95% of animals
Includes 33 Phyla
No vertebral
column/backbone
Chordates
–
–
–
Includes 5% of animals
Includes Phylum Chordata
4 Characteristics (at some
point during life)




Nerve cord and/or
Vertebral Column
Notchord
Tail ext. beyond the anus
Pharyngeal pouches
Symmetry

Body Symmetry
–

Asymmetry
–

no pattern (corals, sponges)
Radial Symmetry
–

the body plan of an animal, how its
parts are arranged
shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra,
jellyfish)
Bilateral Symmetry
–
has a right and left side (humans,
insects, cats, etc)
Germ Layers

1.
2.
3.
The blastula develops 3
distinct layers, which
become layers in the
organism
Ectoderm - outer layer of
skin, nervous tissue,
sense organs
Endoderm - lining of
digestive tract, digestive
and respiratory system
Mesoderm - skeleton,
muscles, excretory system
Body Cavity

Coelom
–

Pseudocoelom
–

Fluid filled cavity in the
mesoderm that is lined
with mesodermal tissues
Partially filled with
mesoderm
Acoelomate
–
Have no bodycavity
Cephalization

Cephalization
–
an anterior concentration of sense organs (to
have a head)
Cephalization Cont.




Anterior - toward the head
Posterior - toward the tail
Dorsal - back side
Ventral - belly side
Types of
Feeders

Filter Feeders
–

Detritivores
–

Eat plants
Omnivore
–

Eat other animals
Herbivores
–

Feed on decaying plants/animals
Carnivores
–

Strain food from water
Eats both animals and plants
Nutritional Symbionts
–
Depend on another species
Digestion

Intracellular
–
–

Use cells to digest food
Used by less complex animals
Extracullular
–
–
Use a digestive system to digest food
Used by more complex animals
Mammal Digestive




Esophogas – Connects
mouth to stomach
Stomach – Breaks down
food
Small Intestine – Digests
nutrients from food
Large Intestine –
Absorbs water
Mammal Digestive




Rectum/Anus – food exit
Liver – filters blood,
produces bile
Gallbladder – stores bile
Pancreas – breaks down
carbs/fats/proteins
–
Regulates blood sugar
Respiration


All animals exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide
Types of Respiration
–
–
–
Skin Respiration – oxygen/carbon dioxide diffuse
across thin membranes
Gills
Lungs
Mammal Respiratory


Trachea –
allows air in
Lungs –
exchanges
oxygen/with
CO2 from
bloodstream
Circulation

Open
–

Closed
–

Blood is only partially contained in blood vessels
Blood is contained within blood vessels
Types of Close
–
Single Loop

–
Single pump that forces blood in 1 direction
Double Loop

Double loop, double pump
Mammal Cardiovascular



Heart – pumps
blood
Arteries –
oxygenated blood
away from heart
Veins –
deoxygenated
blood to heart
Response/Nervous

Neurons
–

Stimulus
–

Something in the environment that causes neurons to react
Sensory Neurons
–

Nerve cells
Specialized neurons that vary from animal to animal
Response
–
A reaction to a stimulus
Types of Nervous
Systems

Nerve Nets, Nerve Cords & Ganglia
–

Heads
–

Simple nervous system
Cephalized animals have grouped
neurons that form cerebral ganglia in
the head region
Brains
–
Cerebral ganglia are further organized
into a brain
Nervous

Brain – control center
–
–
–

Cerebrum: “thinking”
region
Cerebellum: Movement
and balance
Medulla Oblongata:
controls internal organs
Spinal Cord – sends
signals to rest of body
from brain
Excretion

2 Ways Animals Excrete
1.
2.
Eliminate ammonia from body quickly
Convert it into other, less toxic, nitrogenous
compounds
Urinary




Kidney – filters blood
creates urine
Ureter – passes
urine from kidneys to
bladder
Bladder – holds
urine
Urethra – removes
urine from body
Reproduction

Asexual
–
–
–

1 parent
Benefit: Can reproduce quickly
Drawback: Less genetic diversity
Sexual
–
–
–
2 parents
Benefit: Increased genetic
diversity
Drawbacks: Both genders must
be present, takes more time
Human Reproductive - Male



Testis – creates sperm
Ductus Deferens – moves
sperm from testes to penis
Prostate Gland – male
hormones
Human Reproductive – Female



Ovaries –
Holds/releases eggs
Fallopian Tube –
passes eggs from
ovaries to uterus
Uterus – implantation
of egg occurs
here/houses baby
Movement and Support

Skeletal – For Support
–
–
–

Hydrostatic: Fluid Filled Cavity
Exoskeleton: External Skeleton
Endoskeleton: Internal Skeleton
Muscles – For Movement
Behavior
 Behavior
= the way an organism reacts to
stimuli in its environment
 Innate behaviors = Behaviors you are born
with
–
–
Suckling of a newborn mammal
Weaving of a spider web
Behavior
 Learned
Behaviors = acquiring changes in
behavior during a lifetime
–
Habituation = animal decreases or stops its
response to a repetitive stimulus that neither
rewards or harms the animal
Complex Behaviors


Complex Behaviors – Combination of innate
and learned
Imprinting – Acquiring behavioral
characteristics from parents
Social Behaviors
 Courtship
= behavior during which members
of one sex (usually males) advertise their
willingness to mate and the other sex
chooses which mate they will accept
Social Behaviors
 Competition
= competing for the same
resources (food, water, space, etc….)
 Aggression = threatening behaviors that one
animal uses to exert dominance over another
Social Behaviors
 Society
= a group of animals of the same
species that interact closely and often
cooperate
–
Bees –


–
PBS Bees
Bees - David Attenbourgh
Ants
Communication
 Visual
–
–
–
signals – use eyes
Squid change color to broadcast signals
Male/female color patterns
Fireflies send light signals
 Chemical
–
signals – insects, fish, mammals
Pheromones = chemical messengers that affect
the behavior of other individuals of the same
species (mark territories or mating)
Communication

Sound signals
–
–
Bottlenose dolphins each have a “signature
whistle” that informs others who is sending the
message
Bird calls
Language
 Language
= combines sound, signals and
gestures according to rules about sequence
and meaning
–
–
–
Elephants, primates, dolphins
Dolphin learns sign language
Chimps Hunting Monkeys
Invertebrates
Characteristics of Sponges

Sponges
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Simplest animals, multicellular
No organs or body systems
Cellular digestion
Asymmetry
Filter Feeders· Sessile (do not move)
Reproduce sexually (sperm and eggs)
Reproduce asexually (regeneration)
Skeleton composed of spongin (soft) and spicules
(hard)
Sponge
Anatomy

Amebocytes
Moving cells that supply nutrients and take away
waste
Choanocytes (collar cells)
– layer of cells with flagella
– the movement of the flagella keeps a water
current going in the sponge
– food vacuoles in the collar cells digest plankton
and other small organisms (filter feeder)
–


Oscula
–

Pores
–

large opening at top of sponge, water exits
small openings at the side, water enters
Gemmules
–
Groups of archaeocytes surrounded by a tough
layer of spicules.
Cnidarians


Examples: Jellyfish,
hydra, sea anemone,
coral, Portuguese
man of war
Characteristics of
Cnidarians
–
–
–
–
–
Tentacles
Cnidocytes (stinging
cells)
Nematocysts (barbs)
Gastrovascular cavity
(digestion)
Most are radial
symmetry, some have
asymmetry (corals)
Cnidarian Body Forms

2 Body Forms:
–
Polyp
- Medusa
Porifera vs. Cnidaria
Put the words with the
correct phylum:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sessile
Tentacles
Radial Symmetry
Nematocyts (barbs)
Asymmetry
Spiculum
Cnidocytes (stinging
cells)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Reproduces both
sexually/asexually
Osculum
Sponges
Jellyfish
Coral
Man of War
Platyhelminthes Flatworms



General Description: Flatworms are
soft flat worms with tissues and
organ systems (are cephalized).
Symmetry: Bilateral
Feeding:
–
–
Free Living: carnivores that eat tiny
aquatic animals. Food passes through
mouth into pharynx then into
gastrovascular cavity where digestion
occurs.
Parasitic: Feed on blood of host, lets
host digest food for them.
Platyhelminthes –
Flatworms Cont.

Circulation
–

Excretion
–

Cilia & muscle cells
Reproduction
–

Ganglia (nerve cells) within head
attached to nerve cords
Movement
–

Removed using Flame Cells
through tiny pores in the skin
Response
–

Diffusion
Hermaphrodites (has both sex
organs)
Respiration
Flatworm Examples

Turbellarians
–

Flukes
–
–

Free-living marine or freshwater
flatworms includes planaria)
Parasitic flatworms that infect internal
organs in the host
Pass from one host to the next
Tapeworms
–
–
–
Flat parasitic forms that live within the
digestive tracks of their host.
Can grow up to 40 ft. long
Attach with hooks & suckers
Nematoda Roundworms



General Description: Unsegmented
worms with pseudocoeloms and
digestive systems with a mouth &
an anus.
Symmetry: Bilateral
Feeding:
–

Circulation
–

Carnivores or detrivores
Diffusion
Excretion
–
Diffusion
Nematoda Roundworms

Response
–
–

Movement
–

Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move
Reproduction
–
–

Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords
Sensory organs that detect chemicals
Sexual Reproduction (most have separate males & females)
Internal Fertilization
Respiration
–
Diffusion
Roundworm
Examples




Trichinosis-Causing Worms
– Cause trichinosis
– Live in intestines of host
– Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue
Filarial Worms
– Line in blood/lymph vessels
– Transmitted through biting insects
– Cause elephantitis
Ascarid Worms
– Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables
Hookworms
– Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow into skin and
enter bloodstream
– Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing weakness
Annelida



General Description: Segmented worms
with a true coelem lined with mesoderm.
Symmetry: Bilateral
Feeding:
–
–

Circulation
–
–

Filter feeders and carnivores
Earth worm: crop (storage) and gizzard
(grinds food)
Closed circulatory system (blood vessels &
hearts)
2 main vessels – dorsal & ventral
Excretion
–
–
Solid waste through the anus
Fluid waste removed by nephridia
(excretory organs)
Annelida

Response
–
–

Nervous system – brain and nerve
chords
Adaptations: sensory tentacles,
chemical receptors and statyoysts
(gravity)
Movement
–
2 major groups of body muscles
(alternately contract the 2)

Longitudinal Muscles
–

Circular Muscles
–
–
Contract to make worm shorter
Contract to make worm
longer/thinner
Marine annelida have parapodia
(paddlelike appendages)
Annelida

Reproduction
–
Sexual Reproduction




External Fertilization
Some are hermaphrodites some
have separate sexes
Clitellum forms protective
cocoon over fertilized eggs
Respiration
–
–
Aquatic – have gills
Nonaquatic – breathe through
their skin

Cuticle – keeps skin moist so
that respiration can occur
Annelida
Examples



Oligochates
– Live in soil or freshwater
– Includes earthworms
Leeches
– External parasites (feed on
blood of host)
Polychates
– Marine annelids
Molluska



General Description: Soft bodied animals
with an internal or external shell
Symmetry: Bilateral
Body Plan
–
–
–
–

Foot - contains mouth
Mantle – tissue that covers the body like a
cloak
Shell – glands in the mantle secrete calcium
carbonate to make the shell.
Visceral mass – contains internal organs
Feeding:
–
Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders,
detrivores, or parasites.
Molluska

Circulation
–

Excretion
–

Open or closed circulatory system
Nephridia (remove ammonia from blood & release outside of the
body)
Response
–
–
Clams/shelled mollusks – simple ganglia
Octupi – complex w/brain
Mollusks

Movement
–
–

Reproduction
–

Varies
Octupi – uses a siphon to propel themselves forward
Sexually – external fertilization or internal fertilization
depending on the mollusk.
Respiration
–
–
Aquatic: Gils
Nonaquatic: diffusion through mantle cavity
Molluska



Gastropods (Snails & Slugs)
– Shell-less or single-shelled
Bivalves (Clams, Oysters, Mussels & Scallops)
– 2 shells held together by 1 or 2 powerful muscles
Cephalopods (Octopi, Squids and Nautiluses)
– Soft bodied with a head attached to a single foot that is
divided into tentacles or arms.
25.18 The Spiny-Skinned Echinoderms



Have“spiny skins” embedded
with interlocking spines and
plates of calcium carbonate
Begin life as bilateral larvae
and develop into spinyskinned, radial adults
They are brainless and have
a unique water-vascular
system for locomotion
Echinoderm Diversity


Include about 6,000 marine invertebrates
Echinoderms can regenerate lost body parts
–



any portion of a sea star with some of the central
disc can regrow missing parts
Respiration – gas exchange occur by diffusion
across the tube feet
No specialized excretory organs
Separate sexes with external fertilization
Phylum Echinodermata

Includes 5 classes:
* sea urchins & sand dollars
* brittle stars
* sea cucumbers
* starfish (sea star)
* sea lilies & feather stars
Arthropoda

General Description:
–


Symmetry: Bilateral
Body Plan
–
–

Segmented body, tough exoskeleton &
jointed appendages
Exoskeleton – tough external cover made of
chitin
Jointed Appendages – structures that
extend from the body such as legs and
antennae
Feeding:
–
–
Herbivores, carnivores & omnivores
Mouthparts vary among species to eat
specific foods
Arthropoda

Circulation
–
–

Open circulatory system
Heart pumps blood through arteries that open
up into the tissues
Excretion
–
Malpighian Tubules


Response
–
–
–

Saclike organs that extract wastes from the
blood then add them to feces
Well developed nervous system
All have brains
Most have sensory organs (eyes & taste
receptors etc.)
Growth & Development
–
Molting: arthropods shed their exoskeleton
when they outgrow them
Arthropoda

Movement
–

Reproduction
–
–

Use muscles controlled by nervous system to flex
& extend
Terrestrial – internal fertilization
Aquatic – internal or external
Respiration
–
Terrestrial Arthropods


–
Spiders

–
Tracheal Tubes – branching air filled tubes
Spiracles – small opening along the side of the
body through which air enters
Book Lungs – layers of respiratory tissue
Aquatic Arthropods

Gills
Arthropoda - Crustaceans

Crustaceans
– Shell-less or single-shelled
– Crabs, crayfish & barnicles
Arthropoda Chelicerates

Chelicerates
–
–
–
–
Scorpions
Spiders
Horseshoe Crab
Mites
Arthropoda - Uniramians

Uniramians
–
–
–
–
–
Grasshopper
Centipede
Millipede
Butterfly
Bee
Chordates
Nonvertebrate Chordates

2 Groups of
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
–
Tunicates

–
Filter feeding animals that
have chordate features in
the larval stage
Lancelets

Fishlike filter feeders
Fishes




Jawless Fishes
Cartilagenous Fishes
Bony Fishes
Lobe-Finned Fishes
Fishes
Fish
–
1.
2.
3.
Aquatic vertebrates
characterized by paired fins,
scales and gills.
Paired Fins – movement
Scales – protection
(catfish don’t have scales)
Gills – respiration
Fishes

Feeding
–

Carnivores like barracudas
and piranhas, Herbivores like
carp, Parasites like lampreys.
Respiration
–
Gills – feathery fillaments full
of capillaries


Fish pull O2 rich water into
mouth and CO2 rich water is
pumped out under the
operculum (protective bony
cover on the side of the
pharynx)
Exception: Lungfish –
lunglike organs
Fishes

Circulation
–
–
Closed circulatory
system
Heart

Made of 2
chambers
Fishes

Excretion
–

gills and kidneys remove nitrogenous waste
Response
–
–
–
–
–
–
Olfactory Lobes – sense of smell
Cerebrum – muscle movement, instincs, intelligence & will power
Optic Lobes - eyesight
Cerrebelum – muscular coordination
Medulla Oblongata - involuntary responses
Spinal Chord – nerve impulses to/from brain
Fishes

Movement
–
–
–
Muscles - Alternate contractions
Fins - stabilizers/direction
Swim bladder - gas filled organ
that adjusts buoyancy.
Fishes

Reproduction
–

Oviparous
–

Embryos develop outside the female’s body
(trout). Food in egg yolk.
Ovoviparous
–

Usually external fertilization of eggs.
Females have a live birth (guppies). Yolk in
eggs in females.
Viviparous
–
Embryos get nourishment directly from the
females body (sharks)
Goldfish








Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Actinoptergii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidai
Genus: Carassius
Species: Auratus
Amphibians

Amphibian
–
Vertebrate that lives in water as a larva and land
as an adult
Amphibians

Feeding:
–
–
–
Tadpoles-filter feedersalgae
Adults- insects
Cloaca – opening
through which poop,
urine, eggs & sperm
leave the body
Amphibians

Respiration:
–
–

Circulation:
–

Tadpoles: skin and gills.
Adults: lungs and skin.
Salamanders: skin only.
3 chambered heart. Double
loop
Excretion:
–
kidneys filter blood transferred
via the ureters to the cloaca and
the urinary bladder.
Amphibians

Reproduction:
–

Movement:
–

female lays about 200 eggs in water, male
fertilizes the eggs, eggs hatch, and tadpoles
become young frogs. (external fertilization)
larvae- fishlike movement, salamanders walk
and frogs walk and jump.
Response:
–
–
–
Brain like a fish
Nictitating membrane protects eye and
keeps it moist.
Tympanic membrane is for hearing.
Groups of Amphibians
1.
2.
3.
Salamanders
Frogs and Toads
Caelians
Reptiles

Reptile
–

Vertebrate with dry scaly skin, lungs
and terrestrial eggs
Ectotherm – animal that can’t
make it’s own body heat and
relies on behavior to control body
temperatures
–
Ex: Lay in sun to keep warm
Reptiles




Feeding – varies
Respiration – lungs
Circulation – Double loop
(3-4 chamber heart)
Excretion
–
Kidneys
Reptiles


Response – Brain like
amphibian
Reproduction – Internal
Fertilization
–
–
Oviparous (most)
Amniotic Egg – an egg with
a yolk sac & shell that
protects egg from drying out
Groups of Reptiles




Lizards & Snakes
Crocodilians
Turtles & Tortoises
Tuatara
–
like a lizard but doesn’t
have external ears and
has a “third eye”
Birds

Birds
–

Reptilelike animals that
maintain constant body
temperature, have feathers,
wings & two legs covered
with scales
Endotherm
–
Can make & control their own
body heat
Birds

Feeding – gain by eating food
–
–

Crop – stores food
Gizzard – grinds food
Respiration (1 way)
–
–
Air Sacs – air first enters here
before going into the lungs
Breathing Tubes – air is exhaled
out of the breathing tubes
Birds

Circulation
–


Excretion – kidneys
Response
–

Large brain
Movement
–

4 chambered heart
Many can fly
Reproduction
–
Amniotic eggs like reptiles
Groups of Birds







Pelicans
Parrots
Perching Birds – sparrows,
crows etc.
Birds of Prey – eagle, hawks,
owls
Cavity-Nesting Birds –
toucans, woodpeckers
Herons
Ostriches
Mammals

Common Characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Have Hair
Feed young with milk from
mammary glands
Breathe Air
4-Chambered Hearts
Endotherms (generate
their own body heat)
Take care of their young
SEE INTRO SECTION
FOR MORE INFO ABOUT
BODY SYSTEMS