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Digestion
7.02
Digestive Terminology
 Digestion- the process of breaking feed down into simple
substances that can be absorbed by the body.
 Digestive System- the parts of the body involved in
chewing and digesting feed.
 Absorption- the process of taking digested parts of feed
into the bloodstream.
 Ruminants- animal that have a stomach that is divided
into several parts.
 Cattle, goats and sheep are examples of ruminant animals.
 Ruminant animals can digest larger amounts of roughage
material compared to nonruminants.
 Ruminants do not chew their food completely. Some food is
swallowed and then rechewed later through a process
known as “chewing the cud.” This process is also called
rumination.
 Nonruminant- animals that have a monogastric or single
compartment stomach.
 Horses, pigs, dogs, cats, and poultry are examples of
monogastric animals.
 Non-ruminants cannot eat and digest as much roughage as
ruminants.
Ruminant Digestion
 Mouth
 Function: Bites and chews food. Breaks food into smaller
particles. Saliva present in mouth contains enzymes which
speed up the digestive process.
 Description: Beginning of digestive tract. Includes teeth and
tongue.
 Esophagus
 Function: Guides food from mouth to stomach with
involuntary muscular contractions.
 Description: pinkish grey colored muscular tube next to
trachea. Guides food from mouth to the stomach.
 Rumen
 Function: Bacteria change large amounts of roughages into
amino acids.
 Description: Large white/grey colored sac on the left side of
the animal. Largest section of the stomach. Interior lining
resembles carpet. The rumen and reticulum make up 85%
of stomach capacity.
 Reticulum
 Function: Take in liquids that soak food for microbial
digestion.
 Description: White/grey colored sac connected to the rumen
on the left side of the animal. Interior lining resembles a
honeycomb pattern.
 Omasum
 Function: Contains papillae responsible for grinding
roughage.
 Description: Round, muscular part of stomach with many
layers of tissue that squeezes feed and removes some
liquid.
 Abomasum
 Function: Enzymes and gastric juices act on feed. The
abomasums is the only functional portion of the ruminant’s
stomach when animals are born.
 Description: Elongated sac at the base of the stomach.
Interior lining is the smoothest of all stomach parts.
 Small Intestine
 Function: Partially digested feed is mixed with bile,
pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. Most food nutrients are
absorbed from the villi (small hairlike projections) in the
small intestine.
 Description: Long coiled tube.
 Cecum
 Function: Serves little to no function for most animals.
Horses and rabbits and guinea pigs have an enlarged cecum
that uses microbial action to break down roughages.
 Description: A blind pouch located between small and large
intestine.
 Large Intestine
 Function: Absorbs water and adds mucus to the undigested
feed to form feces.
 Description: Coiled tube shorter in length, but larger in
diameter than the small intestine.
 Anus
 Function: Excrete waste.
 Description: End of digestive tract.
Nonruminant Digestive System
Parts and Functions
 Mouth
 Function: Bites and chews food. Breaks food into smaller
particles. Saliva present in mouth contains enzymes which
speed up the digestive process.
 Description: Beginning of digestive tract. Includes teeth and
tongue.
 Esophagus
 Function: Guides food from mouth to stomach with
involuntary muscular contractions.
 Description: Pinkish grey colored muscular tube next to
trachea. Guides food from mouth to the stomach.

 Stomach
 Function: Enzymes act on feed, churns, and mixes feed.
 Description: A “U” shaped pinkish/white colored sac
connected to the esophagus.
 Small Intestine
 Function: Partially digested feed is mixed with bile,
pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. Most food nutrients are
absorbed from the villi (small hairlike projections) in the
small intestine.
 Description: Long coiled tube.
 Cecum
 Function: Serves little to no function for most animals.
Horses, rabbits and guinea pigs have an enlarged cecum
that uses microbial action to break down roughages.
 Description: A blind pouch located between small and large
intestine.
 Large Intestine
 Function: Absorbs water and adds mucus to the undigested
feed to form feces.
 Description: Coiled tube shorter in length, but larger in
diameter than the small intestine.
 Anus
 Function: Excrete waste.
 Description: End of digestive tract.
Ruminant and Nonruminant
Digestive System Accessory Organs
 Liver
 Function: Produces bile that acts on fats.
 Description: Dark brown structure made of several lobes.
Largest gland in the body, located under the stomach.
 Pancreas
 Function: Produces digestive enzymes.
 Description: Elongated reddish colored organ that lies
against the stomach.
 Gall Bladder
 Function: Produces bile that aids in digestive process.
 Description: Sac like structure filled with greenish fluid.
Located on the liver.
Poultry Digestive System Parts
and Functions
 Mouth
 Function: Pecks and takes in feed. Poultry do not have
teeth.
 Description: Yellow pointed structure.
 Esophagus
 Function: Guides food from beak to crop.
 Description: Muscular tube shaped structure.
 Crop
 Function: Stores and softens feed from saliva secretions.
 Description: Oval sac-like structure between esophagus and
proventriculus.
 Proventriculus
 Function: True stomach of chicken, but serves no true
function.
 Description: A wider section of the digestive system
compared to esophagus.
 Gizzard
 Function: Feed is crushed and mixed with digestive juices.
Contains grit and gravel to assist in crushing feed particles.
 Description: Oval shaped muscular that is purplish in color.
Located between the proventriculus and small intestine.
 Liver
 Function: Accessory organ that produces bile that acts on
fats.
 Description: Dark red colored organ made up of several
lobes.
 Small Intestine
 Function: Mixes juices, most food nutrient absorption occurs
in small intestine.
 Description: Long tube like structure.
 Ceca
 Function: Contain soft, undigested feed, but function is
unknown.
 Description: Unlike other animals, poultry have two ceca.
Located between small and large intestine and are “blind”
pouches, each are approximately 7 inches in length.
 Large Intestine
 Function: Absorbs water and adds mucus to undigested
feed, which becomes feces.
 Description: Tube-like structure large in diameter when
compared to small intestine. Filled with digested feed.
 Cloaca
 Function: Digestive and reproductive tracts combine and
prepare for excretion of waste or eggs.
 Description: Enlarged part of digestive tract located just
before the vent.
 Vent
 Function: Excrete solid (feces) and liquid (urine) waste.
 Description: External opening and the end of the digestive
tract.