Download THE FOSSIL RECORD The Rank and Order of Life

THE FOSSIL RECORD
The Rank and Order of Life
Latin binomial nomenclature
A system of binomial nomenclature is used to name organisms.
The first of the two names is the genus and the second name is the
species.
The genus and species names are underlined or italicized.
The name of the genus is capitalized, but the name of the species is not.
Examples:
Felis domesticus, the house cat
Felis leo, the African lion
Felis onca, the jaguar
Canis familiaris, the dog
Homo sapiens, the human
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The Rank and Order of Life
The Species
Fundamental unit of biological classification
A species is a group of organisms that have structural, functional,
and developmental similarities, and that are able to
interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Doesn’t include sexual dimorphism, differences in developmental
stages and individual variation.
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Taxonomy
Organisms are grouped based on similarities into
taxonomic groups or taxa (sn. taxon)
Kingdom
Phylum (pl. Phyla)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Taxonomy
Five kingdoms of organisms
Animalia (animals)
Plantae (plants)
Monera (blue-green algae and bacteria)
Fungi (mushrooms, fungus)
Protoctista (single celled organisms)
Organisms from all five Kingdoms found as fossils
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Taxonomy
More recent classifications recognize three
superkingdoms or domains based on
evolutionary relationships.
Bacteria – bacteria and blue-green algae
Archaea – primitive bacteria, live under
extreme conditions
Eucarya – animals, plants, fungi, protists
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Taxonomy
Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
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Cells
All organisms are composed
of cells
Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus and organelles
Prokaryotic cells lack a
nucleus or organelles
Kingdom Monera only
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Organic Evolution
Evolution is change over time
Organic evolution refers to changes in populations
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Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829
Organisms changed form or traits due to inner “want”
Later inherited by future generations
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Charles Darwin
Competition for food, shelter,
living space, and sexual
partners among species
with individual variations
and surplus reproductive
capacity will inevitably
result in the elimination of
less well-fitted and “survival
of the fittest”, or best suited
to the environment
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Published On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection in 1859
Jointly proposed by Alfred R. Wallace
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Mendelian Principles of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel 1822-1884
Demonstrated how traits are passed
parents to offspring
Experimented with garden peas
Led to science of genetics
Mechanism of evolution
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Mendelian Principles of Inheritance
Chromosomes present in nucleus of cells
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Mendelian Principles of Inheritance
Chromosomes composed of long molecules of DNA
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
Double helix
Discovered by Watson and Crick, 1953
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Mendelian Principles of Inheritance
DNA carries chemically coded information from
generation to generation
Provides instructions for growth, development,
and functioning.
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Reproduction and Cell Division
Reproduction in organisms may be:
Sexual
Asexual
Alternation of sexual and asexual generations
All involve division of cells
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Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction can occur by:
Binary fission – cells split in two (single celled)
Budding – parent sprouts an appendage that may
later separate from the parent or remain
attached (colonial)
Spores – alternation of generations
Binary fission
Hydra budding
Alternation
Of
Generations
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Cell Division - Mitosis
Division of cells of sexual organisms.
Produces new diploid cells
Cells have identical chromosomes
to the parent cells
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Sexual Reproduction and Cell Division
Sexual reproduction allows new combination of
chromosomes to result
One member of each pair of chromosomes is inherited
from each parent
Allows variability within the species
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Sexual Reproduction
One diploid "parent" cell divides to produce four genetically
unique "daughter" cells which will then be processed
into gametes (the sex cells we usually know as
"ova" and "sperm")
Requires the halving of the genetic material (DNA) in
preparation for recombination with an equal amount
of DNA from the same species
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Sexual Reproduction - Meiosis
Chromosome number goes from diploid to haploid
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Sexual Reproduction - Mutations
Produce alterations in genes and DNA
Changes to DNA molecule
Induced chemically or by radiation
Mutations in sex cells are passed to
succeeding generations
EVOLUTION POPULATIONS, SPECIATION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Population – a group of interbreeding organisms
Gene pool – the sum of all of the genetic components
in a population
Speciation – the origin of new species
Species – a collection of populations within which there
is free flow of genes