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Kingdom: Plantae What is a plant? • • • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll a and b to trap sunlight. Life Cycle of Plants • Plant life cycles have 2 alternating phases, a diploid (2n) and a haploid (n) phase, known as alternation of generations. Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS Spores (N) Gametophyte Plant (N) Sporophyte Plant (2N) Sperm (N) FERTILIZATION Eggs (N) What plants need to survive? • • • • Sunlight Water and minerals Gas exchange (stomata) Transport of water and nutrients (xylem and phloem) Groups of Bryophytes • This group lacks vascular tissue therefore it uses diffusion and osmosis to obtain nutrients. • Mosses Which do not have true roots instead have rhizoids. • Liverworts • Hornworts Seedless Vascular Plants Comparing Spore-Bearing Vascular Plants Characteristics Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns Water transportation By vascular tissue By vascular tissue By vascular tissue Structure Look like miniature pine trees; scalelike leaves True leaves, stems, and roots Creeping or underground rhizomes (stems); fronts (leaves); some have no roots or leaves Seed Plants Comparing Features of Seed Plants Feature Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seeds Bear their seeds on cones Bear their seeds within flowers Reproduction Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Examples Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers Concept Map Plants are categorized as Annuals Biennials Perennials that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in 1 growing season 2 years More than 2 years Comparison of Monocots and Dicots Monocots Dicots Seeds Single cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaves Parallel veins Branched veins Flowers Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Stems Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Roots Fibrous roots Taproot Seed Plant Structures Plant Tissues include Dermal tissue Meristematic tissue includes Epidermal cells includes Xylem includes Tracheids Vascular tissue Vessel elements Ground tissue includes Phloem Parenchyma cells includes Sieve tube elements Companion cells Collenchyma cells Schlerenchyma cells Plant Tissue Systems • Dermal Tissue: consists of epidermal cells that cover the outer surface. • Vascular Tissue: specialized transport cells 1. Xylem: carries water and nutrients up from the roots. (tracheids and vessel elements) 2. Phloem: carries sugars down from leaves (sieve tube elements and companion cells) • Ground Tissue: contains photosynthesizing cells and cells that help make plants strong. Plant Growth • Meristems are clusters of cells at the tips of roots and stems that are responsible for the growth throughout a plant’s life. • The new cells produced are called meristematic tissue. • Apical meristems are located at the tip or end of the root and stem that produces new cells by the process of mitosis. Roots Epidermis Endodermis Root hairs Ground tissue (cortex) Phloem Xylem Vascular Cylinder Ground tissue (cortex) Epidermis Endodermis Vascular cylinder Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Apical meristem Root cap Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x) Function and Types of Roots • The roots job is absorb water and nutrients form the soil and anchor the plant in the ground. • Types: 1. Taproot a long root that extends deep into the ground. 2. Fibrous root: branching root help prevent topsoil erosion. 3. Some plants have both types of roots. Leaf Structure Cuticle Veins Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem Spongy mesophyll Epidermis Stoma Guard cells Leaf Function • Stomata: gas exchange • Guard cells: open and close the stomata • Mesophyll: contain cells that carry out photosynthesis. Transpiration • The pull of water from the roots to the leaves of the plant Factors that increase transpiration: 1. Increase temperature 2. Increase wind 3. Decreased humidity Sugar Movement in Plants Phloem Xylem Sugar molecules Source cell Movement of water Movement of sugar Sink cell Reproduction with Cones Reproduction with Flowers Stamen Stamens: the male portion Of the flower 1. anther: produces pollen 2. filament Anther Filament Ovule Stigma Style Carpel Ovary Petal Sepal Carpel (Pistil): female Portion of the flower. 1. ovary: contains the ovules. 2. stigma: sticky tip that pollen attaches to. 3. style: creates the Pollen tube that allows Pollen to reach the eggs. Cycle of an Angiosperm Pollen grains (N) (male gametophyte) Anther (2N) Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) Stigma Pollen tubes Style MEIOSIS Haploid cell (N) Ovary Ovule Embryo sac (N) (female gametophyte) Egg cell Mature sporophyte Seedling (2N) (new sporophyte) Sperm Pollen tube Endosperm nuclei Endosperm (3N) Embryo (2N) FERTILIZATION Endosperm Seed coat Fruit Zygote (2N) Wind vs. Animal Pollination Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants Characteristics Wind-pollinated Plants Animal-pollinated Plants Pollination method Wind pollination Vector pollination Relative efficiency of pollination method Less efficient More efficient Plant types Mostly gymnosperms and Angiosperms some angiosperms Reproductive organs Cones Flowers Adaptations that promote pollination Pollination drop Bright colors, sweet nectar Seed Dispersal • Animals: sweet, fleshy fruits (blueberries) • Wind and water: lightweight, allowing them to be carried by air or float in water. (tumbleweeds) Seed Germination Plant Hormones • Chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth and development, and the plant’s responses to environmental conditions. • Auxin: stimulate cell elongation • Gibberellins: increase size of stems and fruit • Cytokinins: stimulate cellular division • Ethylene: Stimulate the ripening of fruit. Auxin and phototropism High concentration of auxin Low concentration of auxin Control Tip removed Opaque cap Clear cap Opaque shied over base Auxin production of the shaded side of plant causes it to Bend towards the light. Auxin and Gravitropism Auxin causes stems to grow up and roots to grow down in Response to gravity. Auxin and Branching Apical Dominance Apical meristem Lateral buds Auxins produced in the apical meristem inhibit the growth of lateral buds. Apical meristem removed Without the inhibiting effect of auxins from the apicial meristem, lateral buds produce many branches. Auxin-like Weed Killers • High concentrations of auxins inhibit plant growth. • Scientists have engineered herbicides like 2,4-D that mimic the hormone auxin and thus kill weeds. Plant Reponses • Phototropism: response to light • Gravitropism: response to gravity • Thigmotropism: response to touch Photoperiodism Short-Day Plant Photoperiodism: Is reponsible for The timing of Seasonal Activities such as Flowering and growth Midnight Noon Long Day Midnight Noon Short Day Midnight Noon Interrupted Night Long-Day Plant The response To flowering Is controlled by The amount Of darkness the Plant receives Winter Dormancy • As cold weather approaches, deciduous plants turn off photosynthetic pathways, transport materials from leaves to roots, and seal off leaves from the rest of the plant. Adaptations • Chemical defenses: manufacture compounds that have a powerful effect on animals. Ex. Aspirin, tobacco • Epiphytes: Grow on trees to reach sunlight. • Succulents: reduces leaves, extensive roots, thick stems. (cacti) • Carnivorous Plants: digest insects.