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Kingdom: Plantae
What is a plant?
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Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Cell wall made of cellulose
Develop from multicellular embryos
Carry out photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll a and b to trap
sunlight.
Life Cycle of Plants
• Plant life cycles have
2 alternating phases,
a diploid (2n) and a
haploid (n) phase,
known as alternation
of generations.
Haploid
Diploid
MEIOSIS
Spores
(N)
Gametophyte Plant
(N)
Sporophyte Plant (2N)
Sperm
(N)
FERTILIZATION
Eggs
(N)
What plants need to survive?
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Sunlight
Water and minerals
Gas exchange (stomata)
Transport of water and nutrients (xylem
and phloem)
Groups of Bryophytes
• This group lacks vascular tissue therefore
it uses diffusion and osmosis to obtain
nutrients.
• Mosses Which do not have true roots
instead have rhizoids.
• Liverworts
• Hornworts
Seedless Vascular Plants
Comparing Spore-Bearing Vascular Plants
Characteristics
Club Mosses
Horsetails
Ferns
Water
transportation
By vascular
tissue
By vascular
tissue
By vascular
tissue
Structure
Look like
miniature pine
trees; scalelike
leaves
True leaves,
stems, and roots
Creeping or
underground
rhizomes (stems);
fronts (leaves);
some have no
roots or leaves
Seed Plants
Comparing Features of Seed Plants
Feature
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Seeds
Bear their seeds on cones
Bear their seeds within
flowers
Reproduction
Can reproduce without
water; male gametophytes
are contained in pollen
grains; fertilization occurs
by pollination
Can reproduce without
water; male gametophytes
are contained in pollen
grains; fertilization occurs
by pollination
Examples
Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes,
gnetophytes
Grasses, flowering trees
and shrubs, wildflowers,
cultivated flowers
Concept Map
Plants
are categorized as
Annuals
Biennials
Perennials
that complete
their life cycle in
that complete
their life cycle in
that complete
their life cycle in
1 growing
season
2 years
More than
2 years
Comparison of
Monocots and Dicots
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Single
cotyledon
Two
cotyledons
Leaves
Parallel
veins
Branched
veins
Flowers
Floral parts
often in
multiples of 3
Floral parts often
in multiples
of 4 or 5
Stems
Vascular
bundles
scattered
throughout stem
Vascular
bundles
arranged in
a ring
Roots
Fibrous roots
Taproot
Seed Plant Structures
Plant Tissues
include
Dermal
tissue
Meristematic
tissue
includes
Epidermal
cells
includes
Xylem
includes
Tracheids
Vascular
tissue
Vessel
elements
Ground
tissue
includes
Phloem
Parenchyma
cells
includes
Sieve tube
elements
Companion
cells
Collenchyma
cells
Schlerenchyma
cells
Plant Tissue Systems
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Dermal Tissue: consists of epidermal cells that
cover the outer surface.
• Vascular Tissue: specialized transport cells
1. Xylem: carries water and nutrients up from the
roots. (tracheids and vessel elements)
2. Phloem: carries sugars down from leaves
(sieve tube elements and companion cells)
• Ground Tissue: contains photosynthesizing
cells and cells that help make plants strong.
Plant Growth
• Meristems are clusters of cells at the tips
of roots and stems that are responsible for
the growth throughout a plant’s life.
• The new cells produced are called
meristematic tissue.
• Apical meristems are located at the tip or
end of the root and stem that produces
new cells by the process of mitosis.
Roots
Epidermis
Endodermis
Root hairs
Ground tissue
(cortex)
Phloem
Xylem
Vascular
Cylinder
Ground tissue (cortex)
Epidermis
Endodermis
Vascular cylinder
Zone of
maturation
Zone of
elongation
Apical meristem
Root cap
Cross Section of Plant Root
(magnification: 40x)
Function and Types of Roots
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The roots job is absorb water and
nutrients form the soil and anchor the
plant in the ground.
• Types:
1. Taproot a long root that extends deep
into the ground.
2. Fibrous root: branching root help prevent
topsoil erosion.
3. Some plants have both types of roots.
Leaf Structure
Cuticle
Veins
Epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll
Xylem
Vein
Phloem
Spongy
mesophyll
Epidermis
Stoma
Guard
cells
Leaf Function
• Stomata: gas exchange
• Guard cells: open and close the stomata
• Mesophyll: contain cells that carry out
photosynthesis.
Transpiration
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The pull of water
from the roots to the
leaves of the plant
Factors that increase
transpiration:
1. Increase
temperature
2. Increase wind
3. Decreased humidity
Sugar Movement in Plants
Phloem Xylem
Sugar
molecules
Source cell
Movement
of water
Movement
of sugar
Sink cell
Reproduction with Cones
Reproduction with Flowers
Stamen
Stamens: the male portion
Of the flower
1. anther: produces pollen
2. filament
Anther
Filament
Ovule
Stigma
Style
Carpel
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Carpel (Pistil): female
Portion of the flower.
1. ovary: contains the
ovules.
2. stigma: sticky tip that
pollen attaches to.
3. style: creates the
Pollen tube that allows
Pollen to reach the eggs.
Cycle of an Angiosperm
Pollen grains (N)
(male gametophyte)
Anther (2N)
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
Stigma
Pollen
tubes
Style
MEIOSIS
Haploid cell
(N)
Ovary
Ovule
Embryo sac (N)
(female gametophyte)
Egg cell
Mature
sporophyte
Seedling (2N)
(new sporophyte)
Sperm
Pollen tube
Endosperm nuclei
Endosperm
(3N)
Embryo
(2N)
FERTILIZATION
Endosperm
Seed coat
Fruit
Zygote
(2N)
Wind vs. Animal Pollination
Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants
Characteristics
Wind-pollinated
Plants
Animal-pollinated
Plants
Pollination method
Wind pollination
Vector pollination
Relative efficiency of
pollination method
Less efficient
More efficient
Plant types
Mostly gymnosperms and Angiosperms
some angiosperms
Reproductive organs
Cones
Flowers
Adaptations that
promote pollination
Pollination drop
Bright colors, sweet
nectar
Seed Dispersal
• Animals: sweet, fleshy fruits (blueberries)
• Wind and water: lightweight, allowing them
to be carried by air or float in water.
(tumbleweeds)
Seed Germination
Plant Hormones
• Chemical substances that control a plant’s
patterns of growth and development, and
the plant’s responses to environmental
conditions.
• Auxin: stimulate cell elongation
• Gibberellins: increase size of stems and
fruit
• Cytokinins: stimulate cellular division
• Ethylene: Stimulate the ripening of fruit.
Auxin and phototropism
High
concentration
of auxin
Low
concentration
of auxin
Control
Tip
removed
Opaque
cap
Clear
cap
Opaque shied
over base
Auxin production of the shaded side of plant causes it to
Bend towards the light.
Auxin and Gravitropism
Auxin causes stems to grow up and roots to grow down in
Response to gravity.
Auxin and Branching Apical
Dominance
Apical meristem
Lateral buds
Auxins produced in the apical meristem
inhibit the growth of lateral buds.
Apical meristem removed
Without the inhibiting effect of auxins
from the apicial meristem, lateral buds
produce many branches.
Auxin-like Weed Killers
• High concentrations of auxins inhibit plant
growth.
• Scientists have engineered herbicides like
2,4-D that mimic the hormone auxin and
thus kill weeds.
Plant Reponses
• Phototropism: response to light
• Gravitropism: response to gravity
• Thigmotropism: response to touch
Photoperiodism
Short-Day Plant
Photoperiodism:
Is reponsible for
The timing of
Seasonal
Activities such as
Flowering and
growth
Midnight
Noon
Long Day
Midnight
Noon
Short Day
Midnight
Noon
Interrupted Night
Long-Day Plant
The response
To flowering
Is controlled by
The amount
Of darkness the
Plant receives
Winter Dormancy
• As cold weather approaches, deciduous
plants turn off photosynthetic pathways,
transport materials from leaves to roots,
and seal off leaves from the rest of the
plant.
Adaptations
• Chemical defenses: manufacture
compounds that have a powerful effect on
animals. Ex. Aspirin, tobacco
• Epiphytes: Grow on trees to reach
sunlight.
• Succulents: reduces leaves, extensive
roots, thick stems. (cacti)
• Carnivorous Plants: digest insects.