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Cell Cycle and Cancer Test Review Sheet NAME _________________________ Mitosis Review Due Thursday ___ /20 points 1) What are three reasons why cells divide? a. to repair tissue b. to grow and develop while keeping cells small c. reproduction 2) Why are cells so small Surface area to volume ratio Large ratio is desired (Ex: 1,000,000/1) because lots of surface area help materials get into and out of the cell QUICKLY and little volume is desired because it slows down the movement of these materials. 3) What are three reasons why it is important for cells to stay so small a) To maintain a HIGH surface area:volume ratio b) Avoid DNA overload c) To stay organized 4) What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes? Chromatin is thread-like DNA and is the form that DNA is usually found in a cell that is NOT dividing. When a cell is going to divide, it coils up the chromatin to form CHROMOSOMES, which are packages of DNA that are much easier to divide evenly among the 2 new cells. 5) Which organelle plays a vital role during cell division? Nucleus 6) The parent cell contains 46 chromosomes and the daughter cells contain 46 chromosome. 7) What are the four phases of mitosis? a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase 8) During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA duplicated? S Phase 9) Why is it important that a cell’s DNA is duplicated before cell division? The DNA needs to be duplicated before the cell divides SO THAT both new cells have the SAME AMOUNT of DNA. 10) Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the longest time? Interphase (90% of the time) 11) What is the role of spindle fibers during cell division? To move the chromosomes evenly between the two new cells 12) A PROPHASE B METAPHASE C ANAPHASE D TELOPHASE/ BEGINNING CYTOKINESIS E INTERPHASE 1 CENTRIOLE 2 SPINDLE FIBER 3 SISTER CHROMATID 4 DAUGHTER CELLS 5 CHROMATIN (DNA) 6 CELL MEMBRANE 7 NUCLEOLUS 8 CENTRIOLES 9 CHROMOSOME 10 NUCLEUS 13) Write a brief explanation of each phase Interphase G1 cell size doubles, organelles double S Prophase DNA is doubled “synthesized” G2 Cell grows and prepares to divide Chromosomes condense and nucleus disappears- “PASTA” Metaphase Chromosomes move into the equator of the cell “MIDDLE” Anaphase Chromosomes are pulled away towards opposite poles of the cell “AWAY” Telophase Nuclear membranes reappear in both poles, chromosomes unwind, starts to show 2 cells “TWO” Cytoplasm divides in 2 Plants- cell plate Animals- cleavage furrow Cytokinesis 14) Provide a brief explanation of each term Apoptosis- programmed cell death- if a cell is irregular, and cannot be repaired or fixed, then the cell will destroy the mutant cell rather than let it become cancerous. Spindle Fibers- fibers that attach to every chromosome and assist to move them away towards opposite ends of the cell Centromere- the middle part of chromosomes that attaches the two sister chromatids together 15) Cancer What is cancer? The uncontrollable division of cells What happens in the cell that leads to cancer? There must be a change in the DNA (mutation) that causes the cell to lose control of its cell cycle and constantly divide Define Metastasis & angiogenesis Metastasis- how a tumor spreads. Pieces of the tumor break off, enter the blood stream, and travel to other parts of the body Angiogenesis- means to build MORE blood vessels. Cancer tumors cause the body to do this, building more blood vessels directly to the tumor! Feeding it and providing it with oxygen to get stronger What are three common treatments for Cancer? a. Chemotherapy- used to treat cancers located in several parts of the body, KILLS THE FASTEST DIVIDING CELLS which includes hair cells and the cells that line the intestine, causing the sick feeling and hair to fall out b. Radiation- TARGETED therapy, useful only when the cancer is found in ONE area. Uses energy waves to DAMAGE DNA in cancer cells, but can also damage DNA in healthy cells, causing the symptoms. c. Surgery- removes the tumor and often healthy tissue. Helpful only if the tumor is found in one location, often used with some radiation or chemotherapy. List three ways that Cancer can be prevented a) Healthy eating (think of anti-angiogenic foods like apples, berries, parsley etc) b) Do not smoke!!! Avoid breathing in pollution and chemicals c) Wear sunscreen, avoid too much sun ** Review TED Talk Dr. William Li “Can We Eat to Starve Cancer?”