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Sentence Types • • • • Declarative - makes a statement (.) Imperative - makes a command (.) Interrogative - asks a question (?) Exclamatory - shows excitement (!) • Nouns: A noun names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. – Common nouns: (not capitalized) – Proper nouns: (capitalized) – Singular nouns: one – Plural nouns: nouns that name more than one. Verbs • Action Verbs: tells what the subject of the sentence does. • Main Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs: A verb phrase is made up of one or more auxiliary (helping) verbs and a main verb. Verbs – Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs ex. Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, do, does, did, have, has, had, can, may, must, will, shall, could, might, would, should, etc.. – Main verbs are the last verb in the verb phrase. Auxiliary – Ex. may have saved Main verb Subjects and Predicates • Every sentence has a subject and a predicate. • A subject tells whom or what the sentence is about. • The predicate tells what the subject does, is, has, or feels. • A complete subject contains all the words in the subject. • A complete predicate contains all the words in the predicate. Limericks are light-hearted poems that are five lines in length. Limericks have a specific rhyme pattern as explained below: Line 1: 3 stressed syllables (rhymes with lines 2 and 5) Line 2: 3 stressed syllables (rhymes with lines 1 and 5) Line 3: 2 stressed syllables (rhymes with line 4) Line 4: 2 stressed syllables (rhymes with line 3) Line 5: 3 stressed syllables (rhymes with 1 and 2) King of the Hill There once was an ant we called Phil. Who thought he was king of the hill. He took a big plunge And fell in some grunge. He’s no longer the king of the hill. Adverbs 1. An adverb is a word that describes (modifies) a verb, adjective, or another adverb. 2. Adverbs answer three questions about the verbs they describe - how, when, and where. 3. Adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs tell how or to what extent. Subjects in Imperative and Interrogative Sentences The subject of an imperative sentence is always (you.) You is usually understood rather than stated. To find the subject of an interrogative sentence, rearrange the question into a statement. Then ask who or what is the sentence about. Ex. Please test the battery. Subject: (You) Will the actors speak loudly? The actors will speak loudly. Subject: actors Adjectives -An adjective modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun. -An adjective can tell what kind, which one, or how many. -A, an, and the are special adjectives called articles. The refers to a specific item or items. A or an refers to any one item in a group. Adjectives Cont… 1. Common adjectives describe nouns in a general way ex. big dog Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns ex. Victorian house 2. Demonstrative adjectives: answer which ones ex. that, these, and those Using Adjectives to Compare 1. The positive degree describes one thing. Kyle was good at solving riddles. He is short. 2. The comparative degree compares two things. Tyler’s sister was better than he. Tyler’s sister is shorter. Using Adjectives to Compare cont… 3. The superlative degree compares three or more things. Her brother was the best riddle solver of all. Her brother is shortest. Spelling of Comparing Adjectives -Add -er and -est to most adjectives that are one or two syllables long. Ex. bigger -If the one or two syllable adjective ends in y, drop the y and add -ier or -iest. Ex. happiest -Use more and most or less and least in front of most adjectives with two or more syllables. Ex. More advanced Exam Study Guide 1. Five sentences from previous test will need to be edited and corrected. 2. Sentence Types 3. You will perform colorful parts of speech on five sentences. 4. Matching: Parts of speech and their definitions. Spelling cont… -Add-r and -st to short adjectives that end in e. ex. Able, abler, ablest -Some adjectives are irregular and don’t follow these rules, for example: bad/worse/worst or good/better/best Pronouns *Are words that can be substituted for nouns in naming people, places, and things. *Personal pronouns refer to people or animals: I, you, she, he, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them *Possessive pronouns are personal pronouns used to show possession: my, mine, your(s), his, her(s), our(s), their(s), whose *Demonstrative pronouns refer to specific people, places, or things: this, that, these, those *Indefinite pronouns refer to or replace nouns in a general way. Some indefinite pronouns are also used as adjectives: all, any, anyone, both, each, either, every, many, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, other(s), several, some, someone *Reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to subject nouns and pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. *Intensive pronouns are reflexive pronouns that emphasize a noun or another pronoun: John himself, she herself, the team themselves, we ourselves *Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions: what, which, whom, Examples *Personal: They told us that they were going to meet her at the mall. *Possessive: If this bubble gum isn’t hers, then it must be mine. *Demonstrative: Which ice skates are lighter, these or those? *Indefinite: Anyone can try out for the team, but only some will make it. *Reflexive: Cathy knew she could do it herself. Examples cont… *Intensive: We ourselves formed the new reading club. *Interrogative: What is happening and to whom? Prepositions Prepositions relate a noun or pronoun to another word in the same sentence. A preposition can also connect a pronoun to a noun in a sentence. A preposition usually tells where something is, where something is going, or when something is happening. A preposition always introduces a phrase. The noun at the end of the prepositional phrase is the object of the preposition. Examples: The cups are over the sink. Lee went to the concert with Kim. Mary ran to her mother. The cat ran after the mouse. Being and Linking Verbs Being verbs are linking verbs that do not describe action, but a state of being. They connect a noun or adjective to the subject of a clause or sentence. Common Being and Linking Verbs: am is are was were seem be being been become look appear feel taste smell Conjunctions Words that join words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Coordinating conjunctions-join words phrases, and sentences (and but nor so or yet) Subordinating conjunctions-join dependent clauses to independent clauses (after, although, as, as if, because, before, for, if, once, since, so, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether, while) Direct Objects A direct object receives the action of a verb. Some direct objects are compound. To find the direct object, find the action verb, and ask who or what receives the action.