Download Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Human Anatomy and
Physiology
Chapter 1
Anatomy and Physiology
Miss Plumley
Introduction
 Where did Medicine come from?
 Early ancestors who were curious how our bodies worked
 Early ancestors who were also curious about illness
 What did our earliest ancestors do about illness?
 They took a visit to the witch doctor
 Eventually they looked at cadavers and soon knowledge of the
human body expanded rapidly.
 Where Did it Come From: Ancient Egypt: Modern Medicine -
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Anatomy and Physiology
 Anatomy
 The branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts,
their forms and how they are organized.
 Physiology
 the function of body parts
 What they do and how they do it
 Why is it difficult to separate the topics of Anatomy and
Physiology?
 Structures of body parts are so closely associated to their functions.
 Example: teeth are shaped to break solid foods into small pieces (the shape
of the tooth is the structure and breaking down food is the function)
Levels of Organization
 Different Levels of Organization within the body
 Atomic  Molecular  Cellular  Tissues  Organs 
Organ system  Organism
 Atom  Molecule  macromolecule  organelles 
cell  Epithial Tissue  Small intestine Digestive system
 Human
Characteristics of Life
 Who is Mr. Drag Care???
Movement: change in position of body or body part
Responsiveness: reaction to a change inside or outside
Digestion: breakdown of food into simpler forms that can be used
Reproduction: production of new organisms and new cells
Absorption: passage of substances through membranes and into fluids
Growth: increase in body size without changing shape
Circulation: movement of substances into body fluids
Assimilation: changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Respiration: obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy
Excretion: removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
This is Mr. Drag Care
Maintenance of Life
 Requirements of Organisms
Water
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Most abundant chemical
Required for many metabolic processes
Transports substances within the organism
Regulates body temperature
Foods
2.
1.
2.
3.
Provides body with nutrients
Raw materials for building new living matter
Regulate vital chemical reactions
Oxygen
3.
1.
2.
3.
Makes up 1/5 of air
Used to release energy from food processes
Drives metabolic processes
Maintenance of Life
4.
Heat
1.
2.
Product metabolic reactions
The more heat=the more rapidly chemical reactions take
place
Pressure
5.
1.
Hydrostatic pressure: blood forced through blood vessels
Maintenance of Life
 Homeostasis
 Maintaining a stable internal environment
 Homeostatic mechanisms
 Self regulating control systems
 Three components
 1. Receptors: notice a change in internal environment
 2. Set point: tells what a particular value should be
o Example: Body temperature should be 98.6˚F
 3. Effectors: cause responses that alter conditions in the internal
environment.
o Example: muscles or glands
Maintenance of Life
 Homeostatic mechanisms
 Example:
 Calcium homeostasis (in blood - normal range is 9 to 11 mg%)

Ca+2 is needed for nerve function, muscle contraction, blood clotting, etc.

Calcium regulation functions by hormones
Calcium levels rise above set point (receptors measure change in set
point) thyroid gland releases calcitonin (effectors)  Blood calcium
level falls (response) homeostasis: Correct blood calcium level

Maintenance of Life
 Negative Feedback
 Maintains the correction of the set point
 Prevents a correction from going to far
 Example: calcitonin is gradually slowed until the correct blood
calcium level is reached. Negative feedback prevents too much
calcitonin to be released, causing an overload of calcium in the
blood.
 Homeostasis
Organization of the Human Body
 Body Cavities
1. Axial Portion: Head, neck and trunk
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cranial cavity: houses the skull
Vertebral canal: contains spinal cord
Thoracic cavity: Chest area (heart, lungs, diaphragm, esophagus,
trachea and thymus gland). Medastinum (separates the cavity into
two compartments)
Abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and
most of the small and large intestine
Pelvic Cavity: enclosed by hip bones (urinary bladder, internal
reproductive organs, and bottom part of large intestine)
Organization of the Human Body
Axial Portion
Organization of the Human Body
 Body Cavities
2.
Appendicular Portion: upper and lower limbs
Organization of the Human Body
Appendicular Portion
Organization of the Human Body
 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
 Thoracic Membranes
 Parietal pleura: membrane attached to the wall of a cavity (lines outside
of the lungs)
 Visceral pleura: membrane that covers the interior of an organ (actually
covers the lungs)
 Pleura cavity: space between the membranes
 Pericardial Membranes:
 Visceral pericardia: cover’s the heart’s surface
 Parietal pericardia: lines the heart
 Pericardial cavity: space between the membranes
Organization of the Human Body
 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
 Abdominopelvic Cavity Membranes
 Peritoneal Membranes
 Parietal peritoneum: lines the walls of abdomen
 Visceral peritoneum: covers each organ in the abdominal cavity
 Peritoneal Cavity: space between these membranes
Organization of the Human Body
 Organ Systems
 1. Body Covering
 Integumentary system: Include skin and various sensory organs (hair,
nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands).
Organization of the Human Body
 Organ System
 2. Support and Movement
 Skeletal System: bones, and ligaments and cartilages that bind bones
together. A place for muscles to attach.
 Muscular System: provide forces that move body parts by
contracting and pulling their ends close together. Maintain posture
and are a main source of body heat.
Organization of the Human Body
 Organ System
 3. Integration and Coordination
 Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
 Endocrine System: include all glands that secrete chemical messengers
called horomones
Organization of the Human Body
 Organ System
 4. Transport
 Cardiovascular system: heart, veins, capillaries and blood. Transport
of oxygen from the lungs to the heart to the rest of the body.
 Lymphatic system: Lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. Production of
lymphocytes (defend body against infection).
Organization of the Human Body
 Organ System
 5. Absorption and Excretion
 Digestive System: break down food into forms that can be absorbed by
the body. Materials not absorbed are eliminated from the body (poop,
pee)
 Respiratory System: move air in and out and exchange gases between
the blood and the air.
 Urinary System: consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and
urethra.
Organization of the Human Body
 Organ System
 6. Reproduction
 Reproductive System: produces whole new organisms like itself.