Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
International Journal of Educational Advancement Vol. 7 No. 1, 2016, 186-191 PISSN: 1744-6503 EISSN: 1744-6544 Positive Effects of Nanotechnology on the Field of Computer Keyhan Khamforoosh1, Asghar Akbari Moein2,*Matin Katebi3 (1) Department of Computer, College of Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran (2) Department of Computer, College of Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran (3) Department of Computer, College of Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran [email protected] Abstract Really nanotechnology is an extremely wide zone of study and research at present. It has been created by numerous analysts and incorporates a few fields of study like material science, building and software engineering. In this paper, we investigate the improvement and headway of nanotechnology which gives sufficient chance to add to a littler, speedier and dependable PC. In this paper, we are principally worried with top down methodology and base up manufacture methodology of nanotechnology that specifically influences present day PC configuration and engineering. Keywords: nanotechnology, nanofabrication, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nano design, molecular nanotechnology. International Journal of Educational Advancement 2016 http://www.IJOEA.org 186 International Journal of Educational Advancement Vol. 7 No. 1, 2016, 186-191 PISSN: 1744-6503 EISSN: 1744-6544 1 Introduction the broad utilization of PC and its wide application in the cutting edge world have constrained the analysts to enhance and fabricate a littler, speedier and a more solid PC. This target can be satisfied by nanotechnology. Utilizing nanotechnology we can outline and make electronic parts what's more, gadgets that can be utilized specifically to make littler, quicker and solid PC. As per M.C. Roco, the third and fourth era of nanotechnology would depend vigorously on exploration in software engineering.[1] Presently, let us attempt to comprehend the importance of nanotechnology what's more, its suggestion Definition: Nanotechnology : It is defined as the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. OR Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. OR The term nanotechnology is defined as “ the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the nanometre scale (atomic, molecular and macromolecular scale) that produces structures, devices and systems with at least one novel/superior characteristic or property”. Man Behind Nanotechnology: K. Eric Drexler has coined or popularized or propounded the term nanotechnology”in the 1980’s. Objective of Nanotechnology: To assembled machines on the size of atoms. Fundamentally, nanotechnology works with materials, gadgets furthermore, different structures with no less than one measurement estimated from 1 to 100 nanometres. [2].Samples are: a couple nanometres wide- - engine, robot arms, little electronic segments, novel semiconductor gadgets and even entire PC far littler than a cell. Generations Of Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology has seen four eras till date. a) First era of nanotechnology It is called uninvolved nanostructures. A few applications are: Dispersed and contact nanostructures. Case Aerosols, colloids, coatings, nanoparticle strengthened composites, nano organized metals, polymers and earthenware production. b) Second era of nanotechnology It alludes to dynamic nanostructures. A few applications are: Biodynamic, wellbeing impacts, physicochemical dynamic (e.g - 3D transistors, enhancers,actuators, versatile structures). c) Third era of nanotechnology It is called frameworks of nanosystems. A few applications are: International Journal of Educational Advancement 2016 http://www.IJOEA.org 187 International Journal of Educational Advancement Vol. 7 No. 1, 2016, 186-191 PISSN: 1744-6503 EISSN: 1744-6544 mechanical technology, guided amassing: 3D organizing and new various leveled models. d) Fourth era of nanotechnology It is called atomic nanosystems. [3]A few applications are: subatomic gadgets by configuration, nuclear plan and rising capacities.Fourth era of nanotechnology essentially manages the assembling and improvement of nano PC. Applications Of Nanotechnology: • Medicine (Diagnostic, Drug conveyance, tissue designing) • Cryonics • Environment (Filtration) • Energy (Decrease of vitality utilization, Expanding the effectiveness of vitality creation, Atomic mishap tidy up and squander capacity) • Information and correspondence (memory stockpiling, novel semiconductor gadgets, novel optoelectronic gadgets, quantum PCs) • Heavy industry (aviation, catalysis, development) • Consumer merchandise (Food, nanofoods, family unit, optics, materials, beautifying agents, farming and games) In spite of, numerous essential uses of nanotechnology, here accentuation has been given just on the zone of data and correspondence that arrangements with the assembling and advancement of smaller scale gadgets or electronic parts required to make nano PC.[4] Nanotechnology Techniques/Tools/Theory/Materials That Directly Affect Modern Computer: •Nanofabrication • Quantum dabs • Carbon Nanotubes • DNA figuring • NVRAM (non unstable RAM) • NanoDesign (programming framework) a) Nanofabrication It is an accumulation of advancements which are used in making miniaturized scale gadgets. Miniaturized scale creation is the term that depicts procedures of manufacture of smaller than usual structures, of micrometer sizes and littler. [5].For occasion, creation of IC (Integrated circuit).Nanofabrication or smaller scale creation advances begin from the microelectronics industry and the gadgets is typically made on silicon wafers. Nanofabrication strategies can be partitioned into two classes: a) top down strategies and b) base up strategies: • Top down strategy: It include cutting out or including a little number of atoms to a surface. This strategy is by and large utilized by gadgets industry as a part of a procedure called photolithography. Photolithography is the procedure that exchanges the geometric shape on a cover to the surface of a silicon wafer by presentation to UV (ultra violet) light through lenses.[6] • Bottom up strategy: This technique is utilized to gather iotas or particles into nanostructures. In not so International Journal of Educational Advancement 2016 http://www.IJOEA.org 188 International Journal of Educational Advancement Vol. 7 No. 1, 2016, 186-191 PISSN: 1744-6503 EISSN: 1744-6544 distant future, the PC business will utilize the above innovation widely to manufacture microchip chips.[7]. The microchip chips would be littler, quicker, dependable, proficient and lighter PCs. b) Quantum specks Quantum specks are gems that transmit stand out wavelength of light when the electrons are energized. It is a new material made by base up technique for nanofabrication. [8]In future quantum dabs could be utilized as quantum bits and to shape the premise of quantum PCs. i. Working of quantum PCs In quantum PCs, the twofold rate in routine PCs are rehashed by quantum bits on the other hand qubits, which can be in a condition of 0, 1 and superposition (all the while both 0 and 1). As the quantum PC can hold different states all the while, it is expected that it can possibly perform a million calculations in the meantime. This would make the PC a great deal more quicker than some time recently. [3]The improvement of quantum PC is still under examination. ii. Restrictions of quantum PC Since quantum PCs depend on quantum mechanical marvel, which are defenseless against the impacts of clamor, cognizance vanishing and loss of quantum bits. [3]These issues are examined beneath. • Problem of rationality vanishing: A quantum PC can just capacity if the data exists for enough time to be handled. The scientists have found that the cognizance suddenly vanishes through the span of time. This could lead to a significant issue for the advancement of a quantum PC. • Simultaneous presence of two states: In a quantum PC a superconducting quantum bits can at the same time exist in two states. Typically one of the two states vanishes when the framework comes into contact with the outside world. The cognizance then vanishes as an aftereffect of the decoherence process and the data in a quantum bit is lost. iii. Answer for the above issue More research required.[5] There is a need to clear up the issue that sub-atomic motion reproductions completed at limited temperatures of machines of a few level of multifaceted nature, in which both the system itself and its mounting are liable to warm commotion. c) Carbon nanotubes It is a tube molded carbon material that is measured in nanometre scales. With the progression of nanofabrication method, analysts utilized this material to make electronic parts like transistors, diodes, transfers and rationale entryways. These electronic parts can be specifically connected in making propelled PC. d) DNA processing It is a way to deal with nanocomputers. DNA processing utilizes base up methodology or strategy to make DNA particles and DNA rationale doors. International Journal of Educational Advancement 2016 http://www.IJOEA.org 189 International Journal of Educational Advancement Vol. 7 No. 1, 2016, 186-191 PISSN: 1744-6503 EISSN: 1744-6544 i. Real Events • In 1994, L. Adleman has attempted to settle a complex using so as to voyage sales representative issue DNA processing method. • In 1997, analysts at the University of Rochester fabricated DNA rationale entryways. This improvement is considered as a stage towards a DNA PC.[2] • Researchers have found that a DNA particle can store more data than any routine memory chip and DNA can be utilized to perform parallel calculations. The above advancements make the thought of DNA registering extremely engaging the ebb and flow analysts also, researchers of the world.[1] Note: DNA : It is an organic term. It remains for Deoxyribonucleic corrosive (DNA) and it conveys hereditary operation for the organic improvement of life. e) NVRAM (non unpredictable RAM) Argonne research has built up a NVRAM (non unpredictable RAM) made up of little nano built ferroelectric precious stones. [6].Since the little nano built ferroelectric precious stones don't return suddenly, RAM made with them would not be eradicated ought to there be a power disappointment. Utilizing NVRAM smart phones no longer need move down batteries, allowing them to be made still littler and lighter. This accomplishment of nanotechnology is considered as a long –standing long for the PC business. f) Nanodesign (programming framework) An examination bunch at NASA has been creating a product framework called Nano Design, for examining fullerene nanotechnology and planning atomic machines.[7]. The product design of Nanodesign is intended to bolster and empower their gathering to create complex mimicked atomic machines. The fundamental reason behind building up this product framework is configuration and reenactment of materials taking into account nanotechnology. Conclusion: The paper has laid out the definition and its wide application in short. This paper is proposed to portray the part of nanotechnology in the improvement of a complex little PC. Likewise, the paper is planned to depict the reliance of specific segment or field of nanotechnology which are straightforwardly identified with the improvement of a development PC in future. International Journal of Educational Advancement 2016 http://www.IJOEA.org 190 International Journal of Educational Advancement Vol. 7 No. 1, 2016, 186-191 PISSN: 1744-6503 EISSN: 1744-6544 References: 1. Introduction to Microfabrication (2004) by S.Fanssila. ISBN 0-470-85106-6 2. Fundamentals of Microfabrication (2nd ed,2002) by M.Madou ISBN 0-8493-0826-7 3. K.E. Drexler, 1986. Engines of creation: the coming era of nanotechnology. Anchor Press 4. K.E. Drexler, 2001, “ Machine phase nanotechnology”, Scientific American, Septembe r 5. M.A Reed and J.M Tour,2000, ”computing with Molecules”, Scientific American, June 6. www.molecular technology.htm 7. www.molecular scale electronics.htm 8. www.nanotechnology.htm International Journal of Educational Advancement 2016 http://www.IJOEA.org 191