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1. Define subcontinent 2. Define monsoons A large landmass that is Seasonal wind patterns smaller than a continent that cause wet and dry seasons 3. Describe the Harappan civilization and achievements Thrived between 2300 BC and 1700 BC Had fortresses Brick streets with stores, workshops and markets Public wells Achievements: indoor plumbing, writing system 4. Describe the Aryan civilization Small communities based on family ties, led locally, not central government Nomadic Leader was called a raja 5. Define sanskrit 6. Describe the “varnas” The most important Social divisions in Aryan language of ancient India society Recorded information on Top: Brahmins (priests) the Aryan society Next:Kshatriyas (rulers) Next: Vaisyas (farmers, craftspeople, traders) Bottom: Sudras (laborers or non-Aryan) 7. Define caste system 8. What are the caste Divided Indian society in rules? Can not marry outside of your caste Can not eat with members of another caste to groups based on a person’s birth, wealth, or occupation 9. Define “Brahmanism” 10. What were the Vedas The Aryan religion, named this because the priests were called Brahmins and Vedic texts? Sacred hymns and poems Vedic texts were the Brahmins thoughts on the Vedas Described sacrifices, secret rituals Last one was called the “Upanishads” (reflections of the Vedas by religious students and teachers) 11. Describe Hinduism 12. Who are the Hindu The largest religion in India today It was a blend of Brahmanism and other cultures beliefs They believe everything in the world is a part of Brahman and everyone's goal should be to eventually join your soul with Brahman gods? Brahma the Creator Siva the Destroyer Vishnu the Preserver *each god is a part of a single universal spirit called the Brahman (this created the world and preserves it) 13. What are Hindu’s beliefs in life and rebirth? Everyone has a soul (atman) The soul holds your personality You will eventually join the Brahman because this world is an illusion Since its hard to see through the illusion you may have to live several lives 14. Define reincarnation The process of rebirth 15. Define karma 16. How does the caste The effects that good or system relate to Hinduism? Bad karma= reborn to a lower caste system Good karma=reborn in to a better caste bad actions have on a person’s soul *Dharma=set of spiritual duties you must fulfill in your life 17. Describe Jainism Four basic principles: 1. injure no life 2. tell the truth 3. do not steal 4. own no property Everything is alive and part of the cycle of rebirth Do not kill any creature (humans, animals, insects or even plants) vegetarians 18. Define nonviolence The avoidance of violent actions Jainism practice this 19. Describe Sikhism Blends Hinduism and Islam Monotheistic (ONE god) Ultimate goal is to reunite with their one god, to get there you must meditate to find spiritual enlightenment Believe in reincarnation Live truthfully and treat everyone equally Pray several times a day Always have on them: long hair, small comb, a steel bracelet, a sword and a special undergarment Men wear turbans 20. Who was Siddartha Gautama? Prince that grew up in luxury in northern India Felt something was missing, looked around his town and saw suffering He wanted to know the meaning of life and suffering Before he was 30 he left his family to go on a journey He fasted and meditated and talked to priests for 6 years he wondered around He sat under a tree and meditated and after 7 weeks realized: 1. we suffer because we want what we don’t have 2. we suffer because we worry about keeping what we have 3. we suffer because we don’t like what we have 21. Define fasting and 22. Who is the Buddha? meditation Fasting: going without food Meditation: focusing of the mind on spiritual ideas Siddartha Gautama, after he became enlightened 23. Describe Buddhism 24. What are the Four Noble Truths? Religion based on the teachings of 1. Suffering and unhappiness are a the Buddha People should act morally and treat others well part of human life. No one can escape sorrow 2. Suffering comes from our desires for pleasure and material goods. People cause their own misery because they want what they cant have. 3. People can overcome desire and ignorance and reach nirvana (perfect peace) 4. People can overcome ignorance and desire by following the 8 Fold Path that leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and salvation 25. What is the Eightfold Path? 1. Right thought (4 Noble Truths) 2. Right Intent (goodness and kindness) 3. Right Speech (avoid lies and gossip) 4. Right Action (don’t steal or harm others) 5. Right livelihood (reject work that hurts others) 6. Right Effort (prevent evil, go good) 7. Right mindfulness(control your feelings and thoughts) 8. Right concentration (meditate) 26. Why was Buddha against the caste system? He didn’t think that people should be confined to a particular place in society Doesn’t matter what caste system you are born in to, live a good life 27. How did Buddhism 28. What are the two spread? Through missionaries (people who work to spread their religious beliefs) branches Buddhism split in to? 1. Theravada (stricter to the rules of the Buddha) Mahayana (people can interpret the Buddha’s teachings how they want~ more popular today) 29. Who was Candragupta 30. Who was Asoka and Maurya and what did he do? A military leader who seized control of the entire northern part of India Huge army of 600,000 soldiers and war elephants Became a Jainist and gave up his throne what did he do? Maurya’s grandson Strong ruler, took over most of India Saw bloody battles and became Buddhist and stopped taking over other land and worked on improving his kingdom (wells, roads, etc) 31. Who was Candra 32. Describe Indian Gupta II and what did he do? The Gupta society reached its high point during his rule Covered a large area, people were happy, wealthy temples Buddhist temples, out of mountainsides Filled with beautiful wall paintings and sculptures 33. Describe Indian painting and sculpture Colorful Showed graceful Indians wearing fine jewelry and stylish clothes Showed Hinduism and Buddhism beliefs Statues of kings and Buddha 34. What are the religious epics? Mahabharata and Ramayana are famous epics Explained religious beliefs and models on how humans should behave 35. What were the scientific 36. What were the advances of ancient India? Metallurgy (working with metals) mathematic and other advances of Ancient India? Hindu-Arabic numerals (used today) Inoculation (injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help him or her build up defenses to a disease) Astronomy (study of stars and planets)