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Unit 2-A, B, C & 3 – A, B The Rise of Europe, the Middle Ages, and the Byzantine Empire Who will control Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire, and will it be • the Franks or France? • the Angles/Saxons or England? • the Roman Church from Germany (the Huns from Germany) to Italy also known as the “Holy Roman Empire” or the Roman Catholic Church created by the Great Schism from the old Western Roman Empire? • the Byzantine Empire from Eastern Europe to Constantinople, to the Vikings of Russia and the effects on the Balkans (where WWI started) or the new Eastern Roman Empire also known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and then Russian Orthodoxy created by the Great Schism? • the Rise of Islam from the Middle East and India? (This will be covered in a separate unit as part of Unit 3C and tied into readings and a Paideia seminar comparing/contrasting the rise of the Germanic Barbarian Invasions of Rome to the War on Terrorism in the present day.) Early Middle Ages Seeds of World War I hundreds of years before it happens leading to World War II and possibly the rise of the European Union (EU)? The Three Reich's 1st – Holy Roman Empire after the Fall of Rome that we will study in Unit 2 & 3. 2nd – German Reunification under Otto Von Bismarck to revive the Holy Roman Empire that we will study in Unit 9. 3rd – Hitler’s Rise to Power to bring back German Greatness that we will study in Unit 10 & 11. 4th? – The Rise of the European Union (EU) that we will not study because it is part of current events. Europe declined during the early Middle Ages, for several reasons. 1. The unifying force of the Roman empire was gone. 2. The region was invaded repeatedly. 3. Trade and classical learning decreased. After the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes carved Western Europe into small kingdoms. These tribes included the Vandals, the Saxons, the Goths, and the Franks. Unlike the Romans, the Germanic tribes lived in small communities with no written laws. In 486, the Frankish king Clovis conquered Gaul, modern-day France. He converted to Christianity and won the support of the pope in Rome. http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078799813/195011/map10.html Starting in the 600s, Muslims built an empire in the Mediterranean region. Muslim armies conquered Spain and crossed into France. Charles Martel led Frankish warriors in the battle of Tours to push them back. Martel’s grandson Charlemagne briefly united Western Europe. • He fought Muslims, Saxons, Avars, Slavs, and Lombards. • He aided the pope in Rome. In return, the pope crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans. • Charlemagne was a skilled leader who brought scholars to his court and revived Latin learning. When Pope Leo crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans, the idea of a united Christian empire was revived. Charlemagne spread Christianity to conquered people throughout his kingdom and set up a strong, efficient government. However, the pope’s action angered the emperor of the eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople and deepened the split between east and west. After Charlemagne died, his empire was divided into three. His heirs faced waves of invasions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTTaVnZyG2g Even after their defeat at Tours, Muslim forces posed a threat. Around 900, the Magyars overran Eastern Europe. • Muslim armies conquered Sicily in the late 800s. • Muslim attacks subsided after 900. • They went on to plunder parts of Western Europe. • After 50 years, the Magyars were pushed back into Hungary. Charlemagne’s empire broke apart even more when the Vikings began raiding European coastal and river towns. • These Scandinavian people were expert sailors. • They opened trade routes linking northern Europe to the Mediterranean. • Vikings settled in England, Ireland, and parts of France and Russia. Feudalism and the Manor Economy Under the feudal arrangement, both lords and vassals had obligations to each other. Obligations of the lord • Protect the vassal • Grant the vassal a fief, or estate Obligations of the vassal • Pledge loyalty to the lord • Provide the lord with forty days of military service per year • Provide money payments and advice Society was very structured. Every individual had a place in the social pyramid. (copy) Monarch Powerful lords such as dukes and counts Vassals (The same man could be vassal to one lord and lord to another vassal.) Peasants Warfare was a way of life in the feudal age. Warfare often involved trying to seize a castle. These fortresses housed lords and knights and gave refuge to peasants in time of war. Castles were fortified with high walls, towers, and water-filled moats. At a young age, nobles began training to become knights. Boys as young as seven went to the castle of their father’s lord to learn to ride and fight. When training was done, the young man was made a knight in a public ceremony. Knights wore armor and fought with swords, axes, or lances. They also engaged in mock battles called tournaments. Noblewomen took over the duties of the lord when he went off to war. • The “lady of the manor” supervised vassals and managed the household. • Some noblewomen, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine, played a role in politics. • Women’s rights of inheritance were restricted, but some did inherit fiefs. • Wives were expected to bear many children. In the later Middle Ages, knights adopted a code of ideal conduct called chivalry. • It required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word, as well as to fight fairly and protect the weak. • In theory, chivalry put women on a pedestal. Troubadours sang about brave knights and their devotion to their loves. The manor was the heart of feudal life. It included a village or two and surrounding lands. The manor system worked by mutual obligation. Most of the population were serfs, who were bound to the land. Most manors were self-sufficient, producing everything the people there needed. Manors included fields, a mill, a church, peasant huts, and the lord’s manor house. Most serfs never traveled farther than a few miles away during their entire lives. Life was harsh and short for peasants. • Everyone worked long hours, and few lived past age thirtyfive. They ate a simple diet of bread and vegetables and slept in huts with their livestock. • Peasants had a week off at Christmas and Easter. They celebrated by dancing and playing rough sports. Medieval Christianity How did the church play a vital role in medieval life? The Christian Church and its teaching were central to medieval life. The Church became the most powerful force in Europe. Religion shaped everyday life and exerted great economic and political influence. In the early Middle Ages, missionaries spread Christianity throughout Western Europe. In the 400s, St. Patrick converted Ireland. In 597, the pope sent Augustine to Britain to convert the Anglo-Saxons. By the late Middle Ages, Western Europe was a Christian civilization. • Everyday life was shaped by Church rituals. • The parish priest administered the sacraments, which people believed would lead them to eternal life. • Priests explained the Bible and assisted the sick and needy. Church attitudes toward women were two-sided. Women were viewed as weak and easily led to sin. The Church often punished women more harshly than men for similar misdeeds. However, Christians looked to Mary, the mother of Jesus, as an ideal of a pure and faithful woman. The Church also protected women and fined men who injured their wives. Medieval popes claimed papal supremacy, and the Church had absolute power in religious matters. The Church developed its own rules, known as canon law. Those who disobeyed faced penalties such as excommunication or the interdict. The Church was also a force for peace. It used its authority to end fighting among nobles. Warfare declined during the 1100s. The success of the Church caused problems and corruption. There were several movements for reform. New orders of friars developed. The first was founded by St. Francis of Assisi. He gave up a comfortable life to devote himself to traveling and preaching. Jewish communities existed all across Europe at this time. • Since Muslim rulers were tolerant of Jews and Christians, Spain became a center of Jewish culture. • Prejudice against Jews increased by the late 1000s. Popes issued decrees forbidding Jews to own land or practice most occupations. • Thousands of Jews migrated to eastern Europe. Medieval Trade and Town Life An agricultural revolution transformed Europe around A.D. 1000. New technology helped peasants plant more crops. Iron plows cut more deeply into heavy soil. A new kind of harness allowed horses to pull plows. Lords increased farmland by clearing forests and draining swamps. In addition to these improvements, peasants began to rotate crops to increase yields. As a result of increased food supplies, the population of Europe tripled between 1000 and 1300. As the population grew, warfare declined, and people began to travel. Trade routes expanded. At annual trade fairs, merchants exchanged goods from Asia such as silk, jewels, and spices. The growth of trade led to the rise of towns and cities. Most trade fairs closed in winter. Merchants and artisans settled in towns near castles. These centers of trade grew into the first medieval cities. Merchants who set up shop in a new town received a charter from the local lord. New business practices led to a commercial revolution. • As people sought capital to invest in new ventures, banking grew. • Merchants formed partnerships to pool funds and share risk. They also developed insurance. • Over time, most serfs became tenant farmers, who paid for their land in rent rather than labor. Medieval cities were very different from the cities of today. They were There was surrounded usually a church by high walls with a steeple and had very that could be narrow streets. seen from far away. Cities were overcrowded and had no sanitation. People dumped waste into the street. Royal Power in the High Middle Ages How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states? Medieval monarchs struggled to exert their authority over nobles and the Church. As they did so, these kings laid the foundation for European nation-states. Three different factions had power during the early Middle Ages: They clashed repeatedly, trying to increase their power. The Church Between 1000 and 1300, monarchs used several methods to increase their power. • They set up systems of royal justice. • They developed tax systems. • They built standing armies. • They strengthened ties with the middle class. King Edward of England died in 1066 without an heir. His brother-in-law Harold and William, Duke of Normandy, both claimed the throne. William the Conqueror sailed with an army from France to England and defeated Harold. The Norman Conquest led to a blending of Norman French and AngloSaxon cultures. Henry II inherited the throne in 1154. He broadened the system of royal justice. He sent out royal justices to enforce the same laws over all of England. The decisions of royal courts became the basis of English common law. In time, royal courts replaced those of nobles or the Church. Under Henry II, England also developed a jury system. The first juries determined which cases would be brought to trial. This was the origin of today’s grand jury system. Later, another type of jury evolved. Twelve neighbors of an accused person decided on the person’s innocence or guilt. A dispute arose between Henry and the Church. Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts. “What cowards I have brought up in my court. Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest?” —Henry II Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, opposed him. Becket was killed by Henry’s knights. Later English kings continued to clash with nobles and the Church. King John, the son of Henry II, battled with Pope Innocent III, who placed all of England under the interdict. Barons, angry about taxes, forced King John to sign the Magna Carta. Provisions in the Magna Carta formed the basis for both due process of law and the right of habeus corpus. The King also agreed not to raise new taxes without consulting a Great Council of lords and clergy. The Great Council evolved into Parliament in the 1200s. In time, Parliament was made up of two houses: a House of Lords, made up of nobles and clergy, and a House of Commons, made up of knights and middleclass citizens. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66ZcXBUx5IA All of these changes meant that the power of English kings was slowly being limited. For example, King Edward I asked Parliament to approve money for war in 1295. “What touches all should be approved by all.” —King Edward I The American Revolution Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOjKiLDV3v I The monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. Nobles elected Hugh Capet to the throne in 987. The Capetian dynasty lasted 300 years. French power grew under Philip Augustus, who became king in 1179. Rather than appointing nobles, Philip August paid middle-class people to fill government positions. He gained control of Normandy and began to take over southern France before he died in 1223. Louis IX became king of France in 1226. • He persecuted non-Christians and led two Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land. • He greatly improved royal government, expanding the courts and outlawing private wars. Louis’ grandson Philip IV extended royal power and clashed with the pope. “God has set popes over kings and kingdoms.” —Pope Boniface VIII To gain support from the French, he set up the Estates General, a body of representatives from all three classes of society, in 1302. Unlike the English Parliament, the Estates General did not have power over taxation. The monarch remained supreme. The French Revolution Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkF61DeYD24 The Holy Roman Empire and the Church How did explosive conflicts between monarchs and popes affect the balance of power in Europe? The Church was very powerful during the Middle Ages. Monarchs were also powerful, and the two factions were often in conflict. The rulers of the Holy Roman Empire in particular struggled with the Church for many years. King Otto I of Germany worked with the Church. He appointed bishops to government posts and helped the pope put down a rebellion. The grateful pope crowned Otto emperor. Crown of a Holy Roman emperor His successors took the title Holy Roman emperor. They saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome. Holy Roman emperors struggled for control of their lands. Emperors claimed authority over much of eastern and central Europe, as well as parts of France and Italy. However, the real power was in the hands of the nobles and Church officials who were the emperor’s vassals. Another major power struggle erupted over the question of who had the power to appoint bishops. Pope Gregory VII wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV saw bishops as royal vassals. In 1075, Pope Gregory banned lay investiture. Henry IV angrily denounced the pope’s action. Gregory excommunicated Henry in 1076. In 1077, Henry humbled himself before the pope and was restored to the Church. Henry later led an army to Rome and forced the pope into exile. The issue of investiture was finally settled 50 years later with a treaty called the Concordat of Worms. The treaty declared that the Church had the sole power to appoint bishops. However, the emperor had the right to grant fiefs to the bishops. In the 1100s, the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa fought to bring Italy under his control. Though Frederick did arrange a marriage that tied German emperors to southern Italy, he did not conquer the region. Meanwhile, German nobles became more independent. Ultimately, the Holy Roman Empire remained a patchwork of feudal states. The Church reached the height of its political power in the 1200s. Pope Innocent III took office in 1198 and claimed supremacy over all other rulers. He placed kingdoms under interdict and launched a brutal crusade against heretics in southern France. After his death, the papacy entered a period of decline. The Crusades and the Reconquista https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI How did the Crusades change life in Europe and beyond? Thousands of Europeans took part in the Crusades. In these wars, Christians battled Muslims for control of lands in the Middle East. The encounters of Europeans in the Middle East increased the pace of change at home. By 1050, Western Europe was emerging from a period of isolation. Civilizations elsewhere were thriving. • Muslims had built an advanced society in the Middle East. • Muslim conquerors and traders had spread from Spain to India. • India, China, West Africa, and Central America had advanced societies as well. In the 1050s, Muslim Turks invaded the Byzantine empire. They extended their power to the Holy Land in Palestine. Rumors spread that Turks were harassing Christian pilgrims. Hoping to gain power and heal the schism in the Church, Pope Urban II urged bishops and nobles to fight the Turks. “God wills it!” roared the assembly, and the Crusades began. Crusaders set off for the Holy Land. Some were driven by religious zeal, others by a thirst for adventure. Some hoped to win land and wealth. Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099, but in 1187, it fell again to the Muslims. The Crusades did not achieve their goal of retaking the Holy Land. During the Third Crusade, Europeans failed to retake Jerusalem. During the Fourth Crusade, they fought other Christians. By 1291, Muslim armies captured the last Christian outpost in the Holy Land. Effects of the Crusades They left a bitter legacy of religious hatred. European economies expanded as trade increased and the use of money became more common. As monarchs raised armies, their power increased. Europeans developed a wider worldview, and some set off on a new age of exploration. The crusading spirit continued in Spain, in a campaign called the Reconquista. • The goal was to drive Muslims off the Iberian peninsula. • By 1300, Christians controlled the entire region except Granada. • Muslim influence continued, however, and shaped the arts and literature in Christian Spain. When Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1469, a unified Spain was formed. • They made the final push against Muslims in Granada. • Granada fell in 1492. The tradition of relative religious tolerance experienced under the Muslims was at an end. Isabella wanted to bring religious unity to Spain. She ended tolerance of non-Christians. More than 150,000 Jews and Muslims fled Spain. She instituted the Inquisition, which tried people accused of heresy. Many who refused to conform were burned at the stake. The Black Death and the Hundred Years’ War Ted Ed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySClB6-OH-Q Hip Hughes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arZT7EEr5A8 Crash Course Dark Ages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV7CanyzhZg Crash Course Disease: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PLBmUVYYeg How did the combination of plague, upheaval in the Church, and war affect Europe in the 1300s and 1400s? To Europeans in the mid-1300s, it seemed that the end of the world had arrived. Plague and war reduced the population and forever changed Europe. These upheavals marked the end of the Middle Ages. The Black Death, or bubonic plague, began to rage through Italy in 1347. • By 1348, the epidemic had reached Spain and France and spread to the rest of Europe. • This terrible and fast-acting illness killed one in three people in Europe. Burying the dead in mass graves The Black Death was spread by fleas carried by rats. It followed trade routes from Asia through Europe. The plague led to a breakdown in society. People fled from cities or hid in their homes. Some turned to witchcraft. As people looked for someone to blame, Jews faced new persecution. Economies failed as the cost of labor soared and inflation broke out. Social unrest became the norm in Europe for 100 years. The plague created upheaval in the Church. • Survivors asked, “Why did God spare some and kill others?” • The Church was unable to provide answers or strong leadership. • For decades, there was a schism in the Church, with two or even three popes. This schism ended in 1417. A Church council elected a compromise candidate and returned the papacy to Rome. Some preachers remained unsatisfied with the Church. They questioned the morals and lavish lifestyle of Church leaders. John Wycliffe in England and Jan Hus in Bohemia called for reforms. They were persecuted, but their ideas resurfaced 100 years later. A long war broke out in 1337. England and France had battled for centuries over Norman lands in France. The Hundred Years’ War was a continuation of this struggle. It would last until 1453. England and France battled for control of the English Channel and trade in the region. At first, the English won battles due in large part to their use of the new longbow. Impact of the 100 Years’ War French kings expanded their power. England’s Parliament became more powerful. English rulers turned their attention to trading ventures overseas. Castles and armored knights began to disappear and monarchs hired soldiers to fight. Then, French fortunes reversed. Joan of Arc told Charles VII that God sent her to save France. • He authorized her to lead an army in 1429, and she led France to several victories. • Though she was ultimately burned at the stake, Joan inspired the French to win the war. • England lost most of its territory in France. Joan of Arc Trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaixO6NYMps The Byzantine Empire Christianity to Justinian: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG55ErfdaeY What made the Byzantine empire rich and successful for so long, and why did it finally crumble? Constantinople sat at a crossroads of land and sea routes. Its great wealth came from trade and its military might. As the cities of the western Roman empire crumbled, Constantinople remained secure and prosperous. With its high walls and golden domes, it stood as the proud capital of the Byzantine empire. Emperor Constantine made Byzantium the center of the eastern Roman empire, a “New Rome,” and renamed it Constantinople. • It had an excellent harbor and sat at a crossroads of trade between Asia and Europe. • Constantine expanded the city, adding new defenses and magnificent buildings. In time, the eastern empire became known as the Byzantine empire. A blend of Greek, Roman, and Christian influences, it remained powerful and wealthy long after the fall of Rome. Constantinople reached its peak under the Emperor Justinian, who ruled from 527 to 565. • Justinian’s armies retook many lands in North Africa and southern Europe. • The fighting exhausted Justinian’s treasury, and his successors would eventually lose these lands. • Following fire and riots in 532, he rebuilt Constantinople. Among Justinian’s personal triumphs was the completion of Hagia Sophia, or “Holy Wisdom.” Under the Ottomans, the church of Hagia Sophia became a mosque. It is now a museum. Justinian’s compilation of Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis, or “Body of Civil Law,” was one of his most lasting legacies. • Known as Justinian’s Code, it became a handbook on Roman law for legal scholars. • By 1100 European rulers were modeling their laws on his code. Centuries later, modern legal scholars used Justinian’s Code as a basis for creating international law. The Byzantine empire had a centralized government and a strong military. • The emperor strictly controlled the prosperous economy. • Byzantine gold coins circulated from China to England. • The powerful military and a well-fortified capital turned away invaders. Justinian was an autocrat who ruled with absolute power. • Unlike medieval European monarchs, he combined both spiritual and political power. • The emperor controlled the church and was seen as Christ’s co-ruler on earth. • He was aided by his wife, Empress Theodora, a ruthless politician and advisor who often ruled in his absence. The Byzantine empire from 527 to 1360 Over time, differences developed between the Byzantine Church and the Church in Rome. • The Byzantine emperor appointed the patriarch and rejected the Roman pope’s authority over his appointment. • The Byzantines used Greek as opposed to Latin in the services. • Unlike Roman clergy, Byzantine clergy were permitted to marry. Over time these differences grew into a Great Schism, a split between the two churches. • In the 700s, a Byzantine emperor outlawed the use of icons, holy images of saints or Jesus. This set off a religious battle with Rome. • In 1054 the split hit the breaking point over additional issues. The pope and the patriarch excommunicated one another. The church divided into the Eastern or Greek Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The Byzantine empire was in decline even before the Great Schism. • In Europe local lords grew in power; the Normans took control of southern Italy. • The Seljuk Turks were threatening Byzantine trade routes and territories. After Crusaders plundered Constantinople in the 1260s, the empire never recovered. Constantinople was in foreign hands for 57 years. When the emperor regained the city, its power was broken. • Venetians took over Byzantine trade routes to the East. • In 1453, the Ottoman Turks laid siege to Constantinople. The emperor died as the city was taken. • Mehmet II renamed the city Istanbul and made it the capital of the Ottoman empire. The Byzantine legacy influenced later cultures. • Byzantine art, especially religious icons, influenced Western styles. • Byzantine scholars preserved many Greek and Roman historical works and took them to the West, where they would influence the Renaissance. • For centuries, Justinian’s Code has influenced European law. The Rise of Russia How did geography and the migrations of different people influence the rise of Russia? As Western Europe was developing its distinctive medieval civilization, Russian culture took a different path. Connecting Europe and Asia, it became a center of power in its own right. One reason Russia developed differently from Western Europe was its unique geography. Russia is located on a broad plain with three climatic regions that have influenced Russian life. • Northern forests supplied fur-bearing animals and lumber but were too cold to farm. • Russia’s first civilization grew in a narrow band of fertile land now part of Ukraine. • The southern steppe is a treeless, open grassland from which nomads invaded. Rivers connected Russia to the Byzantine empire. Russia’s first civilization grew where Slavic and Viking influences met, in Kiev. • Slavic farmers moved into what is now Russia between 500 and 600. • Vikings traded and took tribute along the rivers to Constantinople. • In 862, Rurik, prince of a Viking group called the Rus, began to rule Novgorod to the north. • After Rurik’s death, the Rus expanded and made Kiev their capital—hence the name “Russia.” Christian missionaries brought Byzantine influences to Kiev from Constantinople. • In 863, Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible into Slavic, creating Cyrillic, a written script still in use today. • In 957, Princess Olga of Kiev converted to Byzantine Christianity. Olga’s grandson Vladimir later married the sister of the Byzantine emperor. Russia was aligned religiously and culturally with the Byzantine empire. • The Orthodox faith became the Russian religion. • Vladimir’s son Yaroslav the Wise spread Christianity. • Russia adapted Byzantine art and architecture. The onionshaped domes on Russian churches show Byzantine influence. St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow Between 1236 and 1241, Russia fell to the Mongols. • The Golden Horde that invaded Russia was led by Batu, grandson of Genghis Khan. • The invaders looted Kiev and other towns, killing many of the residents. • The Mongols ruled for 150 years. Fearsome invaders, the Mongol rulers didn’t meddle in local government as long as tribute was paid. They even tolerated the Christian Church. During Mongol rule, the princes of Moscow increased their power. • As Mongol power declined in the fourteenth century, the princes of Moscow took on a new role as patriotic defenders of Russia against foreign invaders. • In 1380, they rallied other Russians to defeat the Mongol Golden Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo. Although Mongol raiders continued to plunder, their power was greatly reduced. The Mongols had a long-term impact on Russia. • Mongol leaders provided a model of strong, centralized control without interference from the clergy or nobility. • Russian merchants benefited from safe trade routes between China and Eastern Europe. • The Mongols cut off Russia’s contact with the West just as new advances were being made there in science and the arts. Between 1300 and 1584, the power and territory of the Russian princes expanded. They used their power as tribute collectors for the Mongols to subdue neighboring towns. Between 1462 and 1505, Ivan the Great united Russia under his rule. Ivan conquered most of northern Russia and subdued local landlords. He married the last Byzantine emperor’s niece and saw Russia as the heir to Byzantine power. He adopted the Byzantine doubleheaded eagle as his symbol and took the title tsar, Russian for Caesar. In 1547, Ivan III’s grandson, Ivan IV, was crowned tsar. He limited the privileges of boyars, wealthy landowners, and gave land instead to nobles in exchange for their military and other service. At a time when the manor system was fading in Western Europe, he instituted a new policy that made poor farmers into serfs on nobles’ lands. Known as Ivan the Terrible, Ivan IV had a vicious temper, which grew worse over time. • When he suspected anyone of disloyalty, he had them slaughtered by agents called oprichniki, who wore black and rode black horses. • His policies created a tradition of authoritarian rule, which continued in Russia well into the twentieth century. Lord of the Rings: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfiqMsSERVE Eastern Europe to 1700 How did geography and ethnic diversity contribute to the turmoil of Eastern European history? The history of Eastern Europe has been marked by migration, foreign conquest, and war. The region is home to a diverse mix of peoples who have often battled with each other and with foreigners. At the same time, this diverse mix of peoples has greatly enriched the culture of the region. Throughout history Eastern Europe has been both a buffer and a crossroads. To the north, flat plains linked Eastern Europe to Western Europe. To the south, rivers linked the rocky Balkan Peninsula to the Byzantine and Ottoman empires. Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Byzantine Empire in 1300 Eastern Europe’s geography contributed to its diversity, because many ethnic groups migrated through the region. • Western Slavs settled in the present-day Czech Republic, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. • Southern Slavs and other groups settled in the Balkans. Waves of Vikings, Germanic peoples, Asian Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Magyars migrated as well. Eastern Europe was influenced by both Christians and Muslims. Byzantine missionaries spread Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the Balkans. German knights brought Roman Catholic Christianity to Poland. Ottoman invaders later brought Islam to the Balkans. Jewish migrants left Western Europe for Eastern Europe. Thriving Jewish communities existed in Muslim Spain and other countries. But they were blamed for hard times and natural disasters such as the Black Death. Jews were also attacked during the Crusades. Jewish people were expelled from many lands. Beginning in 1264, Polish kings offered tolerance to the Jews, and many settled there. Jewish merchants and scholars helped Poland grow. Migration and Expulsions, 500–1650 During the Middle Ages many kingdoms and small states existed in Eastern Europe. Some were absorbed by empires; some merged or formed alliances. Others were tied together by royal marriages. Poland and Lithuania forged a large and powerful state stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. • The two kingdoms united in 1386 when Polish Queen Jadwiga married Duke Wladyslaw Jagiello of Lithuania. • Gradually, power shifted from the monarch to a diet, an elected body of nobles. • In the diet a single noble could block passage of a law, making it difficult to take decisive action. Without a strong central government, Poland went into decline. • A final high point came in 1683, when King Jan Sobieski broke the Ottoman siege of Vienna. • In the eighteenth century, Poland was carved up by ambitious neighbors. King Sobieski The Magyars came from the Asian steppes and settled in what is now Hungary. • During the Middle Ages they ruled present-day Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, and part of Romania. • Like the Slavs in Poland, the Magyars adopted Roman Catholicism. The Hungarian king was forced to sign the Golden Bull of 1222. • Like King John in England, the Hungarian king was forced to recognize the rights of the nobles. • The Golden Bull also strictly limited the king’s power. The Ottoman Turks ended Hungarian independence in 1526. The Serbs set up a kingdom in the Balkans in the 1100s. • The peak of Serb power came between 1308 and 1355 with the reign of Stefan Dusan, who added Albania and Macedonia. • Most Serbs practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The Serbs fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1389. We end where we began!!! Who will control Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire, and will it be • the Franks or France? • the Angles/Saxons or England? • the Roman Church from Germany (the Huns from Germany) to Italy also known as the “Holy Roman Empire” or the Roman Catholic Church created by the Great Schism from the old Western Roman Empire? • the Byzantine Empire from Eastern Europe to Constantinople, to the Vikings of Russia and the effects on the Balkans (where WWI started) or the new Eastern Roman Empire also known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and then Russian Orthodoxy created by the Great Schism? • the Rise of Islam from the Middle East and India? (This will be covered in a separate unit as part of Unit 3C and tied into readings and a Paideia seminar comparing/contrasting the rise of the Germanic Barbarian Invasions of Rome to the War on Terrorism in the present day.) Did WWI start because of a Sandwich or were there many factors that caused the “Great War” dating all the way back to the Fall of Rome? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pFCpKtwCkI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX0rRUkORAo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQpBZU2L2Dg