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Biology 11
Taxonomy
Objectives
By the end of the lesson you should be able
to:
OState the levels of classification and the man
who created the classification system
ODescribe the 3 domains and the 4 kingdoms
ODiscuss the relatedness of organisms based
on their classification
Introduction
Recall:
1) Life is both similar and diverse
2) Evolution helps us understand who is
related to who
BUT….How do we organize and make
sense of all these different life forms?
Taxonomy
O The solution to this problem is
taxonomy
O Based upon Carl Linneaus’ system
of Binomial Nomenclature.
(name in 2 parts, based on Latin words)
Classification Problem
O Any classification system is artificial
and based upon the relationships
that seem important to the person
classifying. This is called Personal
Bias.
Classifications
O The first question in taxonomy is: What
are the main divisions?
O There used to be only 2 kingdoms: plants
and animals.
O Now, the latest classification system
employs a “supercategory” called
Domains.
Domains
Domain Archaea
O This includes the Kingdom Archaebacteria.
O They include forms of bacteria today that
live in the most extreme conditions such as
hot springs and sulfur pools.
O Also includes:
O Methanogens
O Halophiles
Domain Archaea
Characteristics:
O Obligate anaerobes
O Microscopic
O Prokaryotic
O Have a cell wall but
lacking peptidoglycan
O DNA unique to Archaea
O Live in extreme
environments
Domain Bacteria
O Includes most of
the prokaryotes
and all the
bacteria (Kingdom
Eubacteria) that
we are familiar
with.
Staphylococcus aureus
Eubacteria
Characteristics:
O Aerobes
O Prokaryotes
O Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
O DNA unique to Eubacteria
O Microscopic
O Live in moderate environments
Domain Eukarya
O This is a huge domain that
includes all the eukaryotic
organisms.
O In this domain, we will see and
use the more conventional 7
levels of classification.
O We divide this domain into four
kingdoms:
O Kingdom
O Phylum
O Class
O Order
O Family
O Genus
O Species
Kingdom 1: Protista
O Eukaryotic cells
O Mostly unicellular,
some colonial, some
multicellular
O Motile
O Autotrophic and
heterotrophic
O Mostly asexual
reproduction
O “Catch-all”
<--A protozoan
<--An algae
Kingdom 2: Fungi
O Eukaryotic cells
O Uni-, colonial- or multi-
Aspergillius, a bread mold
cellular (yeast 1 cell)
O Non motile
O Decomposers
O Sexual and asexual
reproduction
O Spore formers
Kingdom 3: Plantae
O Multicellular
O Autotrophic
O Mostly on land
O Eukaryotic cells
O Non motile
O Asexual and sexual
reproduction
Kingdom 4: Animalia
O Multicellular
O Heterotrophic
O Largest group is the
A jumping spider
Arthropods = 70% of
all animals
O Eukaryotic cells
O Motile
O Sexual and asexual
reproduction
Conclusion
O Taxonomy shows us where a
species diverged from its
relatives.
O Let’s use humans, the house cat,
and a maple tree as examples to
illustrate this:
Examples of Taxonomic Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Human
House Cat
Maple Tree
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primata
Hominidia
Homo
sapiens
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidia
Felis
catus
Eukarya
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Angiospermidea
Sapindales
Aceridea
Acer
rubrum
O We use the genus and species name to
identify organisms.
O Ex. Homo sapiens, Felis catus
Examples of Taxonomic Classification
Human
House Cat
Domain
Eukarya
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Primata
Carnivora
Family
Hominidia
Felidia
Genus
Homo
Felis
Notice
the Genuscatus
is capitalized,
Species that sapiens
Maple Tree
Eukarya
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Angiospermidea
Sapindales
Aceridea
Acer
and
the
rubrum
species
is use
not. the
Thegenus
name and
should
be in name
italics to
if
O We
species
typed or
underlined
if printed.
identify
organisms.
O Ex. Homo sapiens, Felis catus
Examples of Taxonomic Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
House Cat
Lion
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Pantherinae
Panthera
leo
O We use the genus and species name to
identify organisms.
How do we identify lions? Panthera leo