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Biology 11 Taxonomy Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: State system the levels of classification and the man who created the classification Describe Discuss the 3 domains and the 4 kingdoms the relatedness of organisms based on their classification Introduction Recall: 1) Life is both similar and diverse 2) Evolution helps us understand who is related to who BUT….How do we organize and make sense of all these different life forms? Taxonomy The solution to this problem is taxonomy Based upon Carl Linneaus’ system of Binomial Nomenclature. (name in 2 parts, based on Latin words) Classification Problem Any classification system is artificial and based upon the relationships that seem important to the person classifying. This is called Personal Bias. Classifications The first question in taxonomy is: What are the main divisions? There used to be only 2 kingdoms: plants and animals. Now, the latest classification system employs a “supercategory” called Domains. Domain Archaea This includes the Kingdom Archaebacteria. They include forms of bacteria today that live in the most extreme conditions such as hot springs and sulfur pools. Also includes: Methanogens Halophiles Domain Archaea Characteristics: Obligate anaerobes Microscopic Prokaryotic Have a cell wall but lacking peptidoglycan DNA unique to Archaea Live in extreme environments Domain Bacteria Includes most of the prokaryotes and all the bacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria) that we are familiar with. Staphylococcus aureus Eubacteria Characteristics: Aerobes Prokaryotes Cell walls contain peptidoglycan DNA unique to Eubacteria Microscopic Live in moderate environments Domain Eukarya This is a huge domain that includes all the eukaryotic organisms. In this domain, we will see and use the more conventional 7 levels of classification. We divide this domain into four kingdoms: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kingdom 1: Protista Eukaryotic cells Mostly unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular Motile Autotrophic and heterotrophic Mostly asexual reproduction “Catch-all” <--A protozoan <--An algae Kingdom 2: Fungi Aspergillius, a bread mold Eukaryotic cells Uni-, colonial- or multi-cellular (yeast 1 cell) Non motile Decomposers Sexual and asexual reproduction Spore formers Kingdom 3: Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Mostly on land Eukaryotic cells Non motile Asexual and sexual reproduction Kingdom 4: Animalia A jumping spider Multicellular Heterotrophic Largest group is the Arthropods = 70% of all animals Eukaryotic cells Motile Sexual and asexual reproduction Conclusion Taxonomy shows us where a species diverged from its relatives. Let’s use humans, the house cat, and a maple tree as examples to illustrate this: Examples of Taxonomic Classification Human House Cat Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Maple Tree Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Animalia Animalia Plantae Chordata Chordata Tracheophyta Mammalia Mammalia Angiospermidea Primata Carnivora Sapindales Hominidia Felidia Aceridea Homo Felis Acer sapiens catus rubrum We use the genus and species name to identify organisms. O Ex. Homo sapiens, Felis catus O Examples of Taxonomic Classification Human House Cat Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Maple Tree Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Animalia Animalia Plantae Notice that the Genus is Chordata Chordata Tracheophyta Mammalia Mammalia Angiospermidea capitalized, and the species is Primata Carnivora Sapindales not. The name should be in Hominidia Felidia Aceridea italics if typed or underlined if Homo Felis Acer sapiens catus rubrum printed. We use the genus and species name to identify organisms. O Ex. Homo sapiens, Felis catus O Examples of Taxonomic Classification House Cat Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis catus Lion Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Pantherinae Panthera leo We use the genus and species name to identify organisms. How do we identify lions? O Panthera leo
