Download Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015) Name Module A Topic 1

Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015)
Name _____________________________
Module A
Topic 1: Basic Biological Principles
Terms to Know:
Biology
Cell
Eukaryote
Organ
Organelle
Organ System
Organism
Prokaryote
Tissue
Concepts to Know:

Characteristics of Life
Made of ____________
-Smallest unit of life
-Uni- or multicellular
Use energy
-Autotroph: obtains
energy from the _____
-Heterotroph: obtains
energy from ________
__________________
-Asexual: one parent
forms offspring (clone)
-Sexual: one (haploid)
cell from two parents
form 1st cell of new
organism
Respond to Stimuli/
Environment
-Ex: ___________________
______________________
______________________
Universal ___________
____________________
-DNA
________ & _________
-Growth: increase in
size of organism
-Development:
changing in form
through a life cycle
Maintain Homeostasis
-Keep/ maintain a
__________________
__________________
__________ over time
-Evolve

Structure & Function
o Evolution has led to structures having certain functions to allow for survival
 Teeth structure (herbivores vs. carnivores)
 Opposable thumbs

Organization of Cells & Living Things
Atoms  Molecules  Organelles  _________  _______________  __________________ 
__________________________________  ___________________

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Membrane-bound
Organelles
DNA

Eukaryotic
Common parts of the Cell
1. _________________
2. _________________
 Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells
-Cell Wall
-Nucleus
-Central Vacuole
-Plasma Membrane
-Centrioles
-Ribosomes
-Chloroplast
-Rough ER
-Golgi Apparatus
-Small Vacuoles
-Lysosomes
-Smooth ER
-Mitochondria
Function
3. _________________
Plant
4. _________________
Both
Animal
Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015)
Topic 2: The Chemical Basis for Life
Terms to Know:
Adhesion
Amino Acid
Atom
Biological Macromolecule
Carbohydrate
Catalyst
Cohesion
Concentration
Enzyme
Freezing Point
Lipid
Molecule
Monomer
Nonpolar
Nucleic Acid
Organic
pH
Polar
Protein
Specific Heat Capacity
Concepts to Know:
 Atoms & Molecules
o Atoms can bond together to form molecules
 Number of bonds they can form is due to the number of
_______________ in their outer shell

Properties of Water
o Oxygen can form TWO bonds and
Hydrogen can form ONE bond, so:
o
o
o
o

Water is a _____________________________ because of its differences in charge (not balanced)
Polar substances (like water) and nonpolar substances DO NOT MIX because of the differences in charge
 Example: __________________________________
Because water is polar, it can bond to other water molecules and other polar substances, creating hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
 Allows for ______________________ (water sticking to itself)
 Allows for ______________________ (water sticking to other things)
 Gives water ________________________________ (resists changes in temperature)
 Allows water to expand when it freezes (less dense)
Significance of Carbon
o Carbon forms __________ bonds
o It can bond in different ways which allows it to make diverse molecules

Biological Macromolecules
C
H
O
N
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
P
S
Monomer
Polymer
Example
Function

Biochemical Reactions (reactants, products, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis)
o Reactants  Products
o Dehydration Synthesis: removing water to build molecules
o Hydrolysis: adding water to break apart molecules

Energy in Biochemical Reactions
o ATP!!!!!!!!!
o ATP  ADP ATP cycle

Enzyme Structure & Function
o Biological catalysts: speed up chemical reactions without being consumed or changed
o Temperature: too high/low will cause the enzyme to denature (change shape) and not work
o pH: too acidic (low)/basic (high) will do the same thing as wrong temperature
o Concentration: saturation is when the reaction rate has been maximized and adding more substrate will not
increase the reaction rate
Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015)
Topic 3: Bioenergetics
Terms to Know:
ATP
Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
Electron Transport Chain
Photosynthesis
Concepts to Know:
 Photosynthesis (purpose: to capture sunlight energy in glucose until it can be transferred to ATP)
o Chloroplasts
 Unique to ________________________
 ______________________ of photosynthesis
o Light Reactions
 Take in __________ and ___________; water is split by light and oxygen is released
 ATP and NADPH are made
o Calvin Cycle
 Carbon dioxide (from the atmosphere) is taken in, ATP and NADPH are used as “fuel” and glucose is
made

Cellular Respiration
o Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
 Aerobic: _______________ oxygen (Kreb’s cycle & ETC; in mitochondria)
 Anaerobic: _____________________ oxygen (glycolysis; in cytoplasm)
o Mitochondria
 Plants and animals have them
 Location of _________________________________ part of cellular respiration
o Glucose & ATP
 Energy from the sun is stored in glucose until it can be transferred into ATP
 Photosynthesis energy changes: _________________________________________________
 Cellular Respiration energy changes: _________________________________________________
o Glycolysis
 In _______________________
 No oxygen needed
 ___________________________ use it to make some ATP from glucose
o Electron Transport Chain
 In _______________________
 Needs oxygen
 Releases more ATP from original glucose molecule
 Done by ____________________________ ONLY
Topic 4: Homeostasis & Cell Transport
Terms to Know:
Active Transport
Carrier (transport) Protein
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Concentration Gradient
Diffusion
Endocytosis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Exocytosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Golgi Apparatus
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Impermeable
Isotonic
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Osmosis
Passive Transport
Permeable
Pumps (ion or molecular)
Semipermeable
Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015)
Concepts to Know:
 Cell Membrane Structure & Function (AKA PLASMA MEMBRANE)
o Function: ______________________________________

Diffusion & Osmosis
o Diffusion: any movement of molecules from high to low
concentration
o Osmosis: movement of a solvent (__________________) from high
to low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion:
o Passive Transport
o Uses transport protein
o How __________________ moves into cells

Active Transport vs. Passive Transport

Sodium-Potassium Pump
o Active Transport
o Uses Transport Protein/Carrier Protein/Ion Pump
o Exchanges 3 sodium ions out of the cell to bring 2 potassium ions into the cell
o Allows things to happen like your heart muscle cells to contract, nerves to send signals

Exocytosis and Endocytosis
o Exocytosis: moves substances _________ the cell
o Endocytosis: moves substances _________ the cell
 Pinocytosis (______________) & Phagocytosis (_____________)

Organelles Involved in Transport (How is each involved?)
o Nucleus ________________________________________________________________________________
o Cytoplasm _______________________________________________________________________________
o ER ____________________________________________________________________________________
o Golgi Apparatus __________________________________________________________________________
o Mitochondria ____________________________________________________________________________

Homeostasis: ____________________________________________________________________________________
o Examples:
 ________________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________________
Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015)
Name __________________________
Module B
Topic 5: Cell Growth & Reproduction
Terms to Know:
Anaphase
Cell Cycle
Chromosomes
Crossing Over
Cytokinesis
DNA Replication
Gamete
Interphase
Meiosis
Metaphase
Mitosis
Nondisjunction
Prophase
Telophase
Concepts to Know:
 Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
o Asexual Reproduction: ____ parent cell (___________) divides to create ______ (________) cells (like cloning)
o Sexual Reproduction: ______ parent cells (both ___________) unite to form first cell of offspring (_________)

Cell Cycle: life cycle of the cell
o Interphase: ____________________________________________
o Mitosis: ______________________________________________
o Cytokinesis: ___________________________________________

Mitosis
o Purpose: ____________________________________________
Meiosis
o Purpose: ____________________________________________


Genetic variation through meiosis
o Crossing over: ____________________________________________________________________________
o Independent Assortment: ___________________________________________________________________
Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015)
Topic 6: Genetics (& DNA)
Terms to Know:
Allele
Chromosomes
Cloning
Co-dominance
DNA Replication
Dominant
Gene
Gene splicing
Gene therapy
Genetically Modified Organism
Gene Recombination
Genetic Engineering
Genetics
Genotype
Incomplete Dominance
Inheritance
Multiple Alleles
Nondisjunction
Phenotype
Polygenic Trait
Recessive
Semiconservative
Sex-linked Trait
Transcription
Translation
Concepts to Know:
 Heredity, traits, genes, chromosomes
o Heredity: a trait is “heritable” if it can _____________________________________
______________: a molecule
that carries genetic
information to tell the cell
when to make which proteins
__________: segment of DNA
that codes for a particular protein
____________: form of a gene
___________________:
made of DNA and proteins;
contains lots of genes

Mendel’s laws
o Law of _________________________: each allele segregates (separates) into different gametes
o Law of ________________________________________: genes on separate chromosomes assort into gametes
independently

Punnett Squares (Mendelian and non-Mendelian)
o Punnett Square: used to determine ____________________________________________________________
__________________:
trait that always shows
if present (capital letter)
__________________:
genetic make-up
(ex – Bb)




__________________:
two of the same allele
(true-breeding)
__________________:
one allele is not
completely dominant
over the other (ex –
red, pink, & white)
__________________:
physical characteristic
(ex – blue eyes)
__________________:
traits that result from
many genes interacting
(height, skin color)
__________________:
both alleles show up (ex
– red, roan, & white)
__________________:
trait that only shows if
it’s the only type
present (lower case
letter)
__________________:
genes with more than 2
possible alleles (blood)
__________________:
two different alleles
(hybrid/ carrier)
DNA Structure and function
o Shape: __________________________________
o Bases: __________________________________
RNA structure and function (Bases: __________________)
o mRNA _________________________________
o tRNA __________________________________
o rRNA __________________________________
Transcription
o Purpose: __________________________________
o Location: __________________________________
Translation (Genetic code)
o Purpose: __________________________________
o Location: __________________________________
 Mutations
Original:

Biotechnology (cloning, genetic engineering, etc.)
o Clone: identical copy of a cell or organism
o Genetic Engineering: inserting genes from one organism into another to get it to produce the foreign protein
 Example: ________________________________________________________________________
 Example: ________________________________________________________________________
o Genetically Modified Organism: ______________________________________________________________
Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015)
Topic 7: Theory of Evolution
Terms to Know:
Allele Frequency
Competition
Embryology
Endosymbiosis
Evolution
Extinction
Fossils
Founder Effect
Genetic Drift
Homologous Structure
Natural Selection
Speciation
Vestigial Structure
Concepts to Know:
 Genetic variation
o Variation: differences in a population
 Examples: ________________________________________________________________________
o More variations make for a more stable population that can survive a changing environment better

Theory of evolution by natural selection
o Natural selection: beneficial traits that allow for survival are passed on to future generations
 Survival of the fittest

Evidence for evolution
o Fossil record: shows how species have _________________________________
o Embryology: similarities in development shows common ancestors
o Molecular Biology: more similarities in DNA sequences and proteins = ________________________________
o Homologous Structures: similar in structures but different in _______________________
 Example: _____________________________
o Vestigial Structures: structures that have lost their _______________________________________
 Example: _____________________________

Selection Pressures

o
Directional Selection
o
Stabilizing Selection
o
Disruptive Selection
Microevolution (founder effect, bottleneck effect, etc.)
o Gene flow: genes move back and forth between populations as organisms migrate
o Genetic Drift
 Bottleneck Effect: an event (flood, fire, etc.) wipes out most of the population and the resulting
population does not resemble the original population
 Founder Effect: a new population is started from part of an original population in a new area
o Isolation (keeps species separate)
 Reproductive isolation:
 Geographic Isolation: populations are physically separated so they can’t interbreed
 Behavioral Isolation: mating/courtship differences
 Temporal Isolation: mating seasons do not match up
Keystone Review by Topic/Module (2015)
Topic 8: Ecology
Terms to Know:
Abiotic
Biogeochemical Cycles
Biome
Biosphere
Biotic
Community
Consumer
Decomposer
Ecology
Ecosystem
Energy Pyramid
Energy Transformation
Environment
Food Chain
Food Web
Habitat
Limiting Factor
Nonnative Species
Population
Producer
Species
Succession
Symbiosis
Trophic Level
Concepts to Know:
 Interdependence of living things
o _______________________________________________________________________________________

Flow of energy in ecosystems (food chains/webs)

Trophic levels

Competition, predation, symbiosis (three types)
o Competition: going after the same resources (land/food) among same or different species
o Predation: one species eating another
o Symbiosis: close relationship between two species
 Mutualism: _____________ benefit
 Commensalism: _________ benefits, other is ________________________
 Parasitism: _________ benefits, other is ____________________________

Biogeochemical Cycles: water/hydrologic, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

Succession
o Primary Succession: community started ________________________________________________________
o Secondary Succession: community started _______________________________________________________

Population growth/limits

Effects of human interactions

Biomes