Download CS607_Midterm_Spring20151

CS607 ALL Current Mid Term Papers Fall 2015 & Past Mid Term Papers
at One Place from 20 JUNE 2015 to 01 JULY 2015
An Ai system must form a meaningful and usefull ______ of the internal information
Representation
Execution
Planning
Learning
______ reasoning is an informal form of reasoning that uses rules gained through experience or
what we call rules-of-thumb
Inductive
Deductive
Abductive
Common-sense
The components of a statement in CNF are
Clauses and literals clauses
Clauses
Literals
Frames
An ______ is “A computer program designed to model the problem solving ability of a human
expert”
Expert system
Intelligent system
Echo system
Energy system
From discipline of ______ we have the tools and techniques to investigate the human mind and
ways to represent the resulting theories.
Computer science
Biology
Math
Psychology
In Depth first search, the node with the largest value of height will be picked _____
First
Last
Randomly
None of the given
Breadth-First search requires a great deal of ______ If the branching factor is large or infinite,
because of exponential explosion
Energy
Space
Care
None of the given
Best first search is a ___ approach
Greedy
Generous
Optimized
None of the given
In adversarial search, the goals of the adversaries are usually ___ to each other
Same
Contrary
Parallel
None of the given
Genetic Algorithm can be applied to ___ problems
All
Real
Selected None of the fiven
____ were developed from semantic networks later evolved into modern day classes and objects
Logic
Networks
Frames
None of the given
____ is based on deducing old information from logically related known information
Inductive
Deductive
Abductive
Analogical
An expert system named ____ was developed by digital equipment corporation as a computer
assistant
R1/Xcon
MyCin
Dendral
R3/Xcon
_____ chaining, is like an exhaustive search
Forward
Backward
Parallel
Serial
Most of the solution for problems can be represented in a _____
Graph
Table
Demo Algorithm
Which of the following does not make hill climbing hard
Foothills
Ridges
Plateaus
Slopes
Intelligence is the ability to
Recognize/ Remember
Solve
Learn
All of the given options
____ AI treats the brain as a black box and just emulates its functionality
Weak
Strong
Soft
None of the given options
Luger and stubblefield defined AI as “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the
_____ of intelligent behaviour”
Perception
Automation
Understanding
Explanation
An expert system reasons ______ by encoding an experts’s rule-of-thumb
Heuristically
Drastically
efficiently
None of the given
1. Perception and Knowledge Representation definition. 2 marks
Ans: Perception component that allows the system to get information from its environment
Knowledge representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning component that is
adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.
2. clips command to remove only facts. 2 marks
Ans: The retract command is used to remove or retract facts. For example: (retract 1)
removes fact 1(retract 1 3) removes fact 1 and 3
3. main people involved in an expert system. 3 marks
Ans: The main people involved in an ES development project are the domain expert,
the knowledge engineer and the end user.
4. perception and knowledge representation are coupled, yes or no with reason. 3 marks
Solution: (Page 89)
An AI system has a perception component that allows the system to get information
from its environment. As with human perception, this may be visual, audio or other
forms of sensory information. The system must then form a meaningful and useful
representation of this information internally. This knowledge
representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning component that is
adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.
5. a student wants to understand Expert System. explain to him. 5 marks
Ans:
According to Durkin, an expert system is “A computer program designed to model the problem
solving ability of a human expert”. With the above discussion of experts in mind, the aspects of
human experts that
expert systems model are the experts:
• Knowledge
• Reasoning
6. apply GA to solve the following problem suppose our individual have 32 bit computer
word, we want a word which all bits are zeros? 5 marks
Ans:
Create 100 randomly generated computer words
• Repeatedly do the following:
Count the 0 bits in each word
• Exit if any of the words have all 32 bits set to 0
• Keep the ten words that have the most 0s (discard the rest)
• From each word, generate 9 new words as follows:
• Pick a random bit in the word and toggle (change) it
• Note that this procedure does not guarantee that the next “generation” will have more 0 bits,
but it‟s likely
----------Today’s paper of cs607.
Q.How can you elaborate the usage of “defrule” in clips?__(2)
Ans: Defrule command is used to add rules but using component rules facts must be defined first
IF Ahmad is Ali’s Father than Ali is Ahmad’s Son
CLIPS> (defrule isSon)
Q.Difference b/w meta knowledge and heuristic knowledge .__(2)
Ans: Meta knowledge: Knowledge about knowledge, e.g., the knowledge that blood pressure is
more important for diagnosing a medical condition than eye color.
Heuristic knowledge: Rule-of-thumb, e.g. if I start seeing shops, I am close to the market.
1. Heuristic knowledge is sometimes called shallow knowledge.
2. Heuristic knowledge is empirical as opposed to deterministic
Q.Which algorithm is best when we don’t exactly know the initial goal state and
operators?__(3)
Ans:
Q.How programming of experts system is different from conventional program.?__(5)
Q.A student wants to get knowledge about forward chaing.how can you elaborate it ?__(5)
Ans:
Forward Chaining
Let‟s look at how a doctor goes about diagnosing a patient. He asks the patient for symptoms
and then infers diagnosis from symptoms. Forward chaining is based on the same idea. It is an
“inference strategy that begins with a set of known facts, derives new facts using rules whose
premises match the known facts, and continues this process until a goal sate is reached or until
no further rules have premises that match the known or derived facts” (Durkin). As you will
come to appreciate shortly, it is a data-driven approach.
----------2. write any 2 names of systems 2 marks
Ans: expert system and conventional system, fuzzy system
---------my mid CS607 ppr 19-1-15 11 am
Most of the mcqs from past pprs.
Name any two tools/shells used in AI. 2marks
diff between monotonic and non monotonic reasoning? 2marks
Do you think inductive reasoning is based on deducing new information from logically known
information. Give reason why? 3 marks
Elaborate the importance of Knowledge Base in ES. (3 Marks)
Draw structure of expert system. 5marks
"Riding a Horse is same as Riding a Donkey" , This Statement belongs which reasoning...elaborate it (5
Marks)
Remember me in ur prayers.
----------
Can anybody answer this question plz........
write any 2 names of systems?
Answer: Mycin and Dendral R1/Xcon
Why GA algorithm gives same solution always reason.3 marks
how various parts of truck fit together to form a truck. Backwards chaining detail description 5
marks.defrule clips 2 marks. Monotonic n non monotonic 2 marks
--------------How does neural network resemble the human brain?
Answer:- (Page 187)
It resembles the brain in two respects
• Knowledge is acquired by the network through a learning process (called training)
• Interneuron connection strengths known as synaptic weights are used to store the knowledge
Elaborate the goal state of STRIPS. 2
Answer:
Goal is also represented in the same manner as a state. For example, if the goal of a planning
problem is to be at the hotel with radio, it is represented as, at(hotel) _ have(radio
Write disadvantages of Artificial Neural Networks. 5marks
Answer:- (Page 187)
• The power of ANNs lie in their parallel architecture
– Unfortunately, most machines we have are serial (Von Neumann architecture)
• Lack of defined rules to build a neural network for a specific problem
– Too many variables, for instance, the learning algorithm, number of neurons per layer, number of
layers, data representation etc
• Knowledge is implicit
• Data dependency
Fuzzy logic includes fixes or partially truth. Describe this statement. 3
Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean)logic that has been extended
to handle the concept of partial truth -- truth values between "completely true" and
"completely false".
Increment the combination of has no effect on the instance space, explain? 3
Give 5 names of the parts of Fuzzy Inference system? 5
Answer:- (Page 154)
• Fuzzification of the input variables
• Application of fuzzy operator in the antecedent (premises)
• Implication from antecedent to consequent
• Aggregation of consequents across the rules
• Defuzzification of output
Strategy of Un-supervised..? 5
• Useful for finding patterns in large data sets
• Form clusters of input data
• Map the clusters into outputs
• Given a new example, find its cluster, and generate the associated output
60% mcqs from Moaaz file
What is hypothesis space?3 marks
The hypothesis space used by a machine learning system is the set of all hypotheses that might possibly
be returned by it. It is typically denoted by a hypothesis language, possibly in conjunction with a
language bias.
What is knowledge acquisition?
2 mrks
Knowledge acquisition is the process of extracting, structuring and organizing knowledge from one
source, usually human experts
What is inductive learning?
2 mrks
Answer:- (Page 162)
Inductive learning takes examples and generalizes rather than starting with existing knowledge. For
example, having seen many cats, all of which have tails, one might conclude that all cats have tails.
Among Entropy and information gain which is the best to measure effectiveness? 2 marks
Answer:- (Page 177)
information gain
“Boolean logic is a subset of fuzzy logic.” Do you agree with the statement or not? Give
reason to support your answer.(Marks 3)
Answer:- (Page 147)
Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has been extended to handle the concept of
partial truth -- truth values between "completely true" and "completely false".
For example, There are two persons. Person A is standing on the left of person B. Person A is definitely
shorter than person B. But if boolean gauge has only two readings, 1 and 0, then a person can be either
all or short. Let‟s say if the cut off point is at 5 feet 10 inches then all the people having a height greater
than this limit are taller and the rest are short.
Advantage of ANN’s?
 Excellent for pattern recognition
 Excellent classifiers
 Handles noisy data well
 Good for generalization
Elaborate planning. 2marks
Answer:
Planning is an advanced form problem solving which generates a sequence of operators
that guarantee the goal. Furthermore, such sequence of operators or actions (commonly used
in planning literature) is called a plan.
Robots features?5mrks
What is fuzzy logic?
A type of logic that recognizes more than simple true and false values. With fuzzy logic, propositions can
be represented with degrees of truthfulness and falsehood. For example, the statement, today is
sunny,might be 100% true if there are no clouds, 80% true if there are a few clouds, 50% true if it's hazy
and 0% true if it rains all day.
Fuzzy logic has proved to be particularly useful in expert system and other artificial intelligence
applications.
Classical logic
A classical set is a container, which wholly includes or wholly excludes any given element.
What is computer vision? Application area of computer vision?
Computer vision extracts useful information from static pictures and sequence of images
Steps of Expert System Development Lifecycle?
Answer:- (Page 129)
• Feasibility study
• Rapid prototyping
• Alpha system (in-house verification)
• Beta system (tested by users)
• Maintenance and evolution
unsupervised leaning methadlogy?
Rep
Fuzzy logic and classical difference?
Write disadvantages of Artificial Neural Networks. 5marks
Answer:- (Page 187)
• The power of ANNs lie in their parallel architecture
– Unfortunately, most machines we have are serial (Von Neumann architecture)
• Lack of defined rules to build a neural network for a specific problem
– Too many variables, for instance, the learning algorithm, number of neurons per layer, number of
layers, data representation etc
• Knowledge is implicit
• Data dependency
Features of Robot?
► Reasoning, dealing with uncertainty
► Vision, learning
► Autonomy, physical Intelligence
2 Write CLIPS Command for “Remove only Facts ”
The retract command is used to remove or retract facts
(retract 1)remove fact 1
(retract 13)removes fact 1 and 3
3 Domain expert
4In the Expert system which memory is used and also compare the memory with
5 Quantifiers and ------difference
- Differentiate between Mutation and Crossover. (2 Marks)
Solution: (Page 81) In Mutation, each “Individual” (or “solution”) has one parent. In Inheritance or
Crossover, each “Individual” (or “solution”) has two parents.
5 Genetic algorithm
Ans:
Knowledge and its types:
Durkin refers to it as the understanding of a subject area. A well-focused subject area is referred
to as a knowledge domain, for example: Medical domain, Engineering Domain, Business
Domain etc. if we analyse the various types of knowledge we using everyday life we can broadly
define knowledge to the one of the categories.
Procedural Knowledge:
It describe how to do things provide a set of direction of how to perform certain tasks, e.g. how
to drive a car.
Declarative knowledge:
It describe object whether then process what is about e, g. it is sunny today.
Q) How can you elaborate the "explanation facility" in expert system? Elaborate it with an
example. (5 Marks)
Ans:Expert system are a popular and useful application area in artificial intelligence. Having
studied KRR it is instructive to study expert system to see practical Manifestation of the
principal learnt there.
The possess specialized knowledge in a certain area.
They possess experience in the given area.
They can provide upon elicitation and explanation on their decisions.
They have a skill set that enables them to translate the specialized knowledge gained through
experience into solution.
Q) Which components of an Artificial Intelligent System collects information from its
environment? Also explain which kind of information it can collect? (3 Marks)
Ans:
AI system has a perception component that allows a system to get information from its
environment. As with human perception this may be visual, audio or other forms of sensory
information. The system must then form a meaningful and useful representation of this
information internally.
Q) Out of human experts and expert system, which one do you think is better in terms of
availability? Also explain why. (3 Marks)
Ans:
Learning ability of human experts is best.
Because of its Knowledge and reasoning.
Q) Briefly describe the appropriate situation for application of Adversarial Search and Genetic
Algorithm. (2 Marks)
Ans: If we have a situation analyser that converts all judgement about board situation into a
single overall quality number, this situation analyser is also called a static evaluator.
Q) Write the command which is used to start execution of a CLIPS program. (2 Marks)
Ans:
CLIPS>
Command can be entered here to leave CLIPS
(exit)
Give definition of Expert System.
Answer: (Page#111)
Expert Systems
Expert Systems (ES) are a popular and useful application area in AI. Having studied KRR, it is
instructive to study ES to see a practical manifestation of the principles learnt there.
Question No: 36
In Genetic algorithm if we use only crossover and not mutation then does it make any
hurdle in
finding our desired solution or not? Give reason to support your answer?(5)
Answer:
Knowledge and its types
Before we go any further, lets try to understand what „knowledge‟ is. Durkin refers to it as the
“Understanding of a subject area”. A well-focused subject area is referred to as a knowledge
domain,
for example, medical domain, engineering domain, business domain, etc..
If we analyze the various types of knowledge we using every day life, we can broadly define
knowledge to be one of the following categories:
•Procedural knowledge: Describes how to do things, provides a set of directions of how to
perform
certain tasks, e.g., how to drive a car.
•Declarative knowledge: It describes objects, rather than processes. What is known about a
situation,
e.g. it is sunny today, and cherries are red.
The genetic
algorithm technology comes from the concept of human evolution.
An AI system has a perception component that allows the system to get
information from its environment. As with human perception, this may be visual,
audio or other forms of sensory information. The system must then form a
meaningful and useful representation of this information internally. This
knowledge representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning
component that is adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.
An expert system may take two main roles, relative to the human expert. It may
replace the expert or assist the expert
This knowledge representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning component that
is adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.
----------------- is based on forming, or inducing a „generalization‟ from a limited set of
observations ► Inductive reasoning (Page 102) ►Deductive reasoning ► Analogical
reasoning ► Common-sense reasoning
Question No: 8 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one Hill Climbing is basically a ------------- with a
measure of quality that is assigned to each node in the tree. ►Depth First Search (Page 39)
►Breadth First Search ►Best First Search ►Beam Search
In Basic Genetic Algorithm the term mutation refers to a small random ________. ►Number
►Change (Page 77) ►Operator ►Operand
Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one An expert system may replace the expert or
assist the expert. ►True (Page 113) rep ►False
Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Conventional programming focuses on
_______, while ES programming focuses on ________ ►Solution, Problem (Page 122)
►Problem, Solution ►Problem, Expert ►Solution, Expert
Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one In backward chaining terminology, the
hypothesis to prove is called the ________. ►Proof ►Goal (Page 126) ►Plan ►None of the
given
Question # 1 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Some essential components of problem
solving are Problem statement, _________, solution space and Operators ►Complex State
►Initial State ►Intermediate State ►Goal State (Page 17)
Question # 2 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one The traveling inside a solution space
requires something called as ___________ ►Operands ►Inner solution ►Space solution
►Operators (Page 18)
Question # 4 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following disciplines
provides us with the theories of structure and meaning of language ►Linguistic (Page 9)
►Philosophy ►Biology ►Psychology
Question # 4 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one An AI system has a ____________
component that allows the system to get information from its environment. ►Planning
►Perception (Page 89) ►Learning ►Execution
Question # 6 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one A statement in conjunctive normal form
(CNF) consists of __________ ►ANDs of Ors. (Page 107) ►ANDs ►Ors ►Ors of ANDs
Intelligence is the ability to ►Think / learn/Plan/ Schedule (Page 5) ►Recognize / Remember
►Problem Solving ►All of the Above
Question # 7 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Procedures that search the solution space
in an uninformed manner are usually costly with respect to _____. ►Time ►Space ►Time and
space both ►All of the given (Page 37)
Question # 9 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one From discipline of _____________ we
have the tools and techniques to investigate the human mind and ways to represent the resulting
theories ►Computer Science ►Biology ► Mathematics ► Psychology (Page 9)
But in reality, exploring the entire search space is never feasible and at times is
not even possible
How we can elobrate “defrule” in clips?
Which is best human expert system and expert system?
Learning ability of human expert is best.
Q: statment1: ali wear a long shoes DEDUCTIVE
Statement 2: it is rainy day Abductive reasoning
Statment3: ali wear long shoes in rainy season Abductive reasoning
Shallow and structural knowledge?
Solution: (Page 90)
Heuristic knowledge: Rule-of-thumb, e.g. if I start seeing shops, I am close to the market.
1. Heuristic knowledge is sometimes called shallow knowledge.
2. Heuristic knowledge is empirical as opposed to deterministic
Structural knowledge: Describes structures and their relationships. e.g. how the various parts
of the car fit together to make a car, or knowledge structures in terms of concepts, sub
concepts, and objects.
Knowledge representation and preception are closly if yes or not explain it?
Solution: (Page 89)
An AI system has a perception component that allows the system to get information
from its environment. As with human perception, this may be visual, audio or other
forms of sensory information. The system must then form a meaningful and useful
representation of this information internally. This knowledge
representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning component that is
adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.