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Draft Project Terminal Report
Implementing Agency/Agencies): Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
Project Title: Adaptation to the effects of Climate Variability and Change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II
Project No(s): 00058205/00072197 (ZMB10)
Project Start Date:
Original: 1st January 2010
Actual: 1st June 2010
Project End Date:
Original: 31st December 2013
Actual: 30th June 2015
Fiscal Year: 2015
Reporting Period: 10th January 2010 to 30th June 2015
Project Budget (US$) for the Reporting Period:
Original Budget (US$)
Total Budget (US$):
13,599,000.00
Submission Date: 12th August,, 2015
Contact Details (IP) (Insert the following information):
Name of Contact Staff (Full Names): Evaristo Nyanoka
Position of Contact Staff: Principal Agricultural Officer LM & CF
Address (Physical and Postal): P.O. Box 50291, Lusaka
Contact Telephone Number: 0977455032
Contact Email: [email protected]
Latest Signed Revision
(US$)
Contact Details (UNDP Program Analyst) (Insert the following Information):
Name of Contact Staff in UNDP (Full Names): Eric Chipeta
Position of Contact Staff: Program Analyst
Address (Physical and Postal): Lusaka
Contact Telephone Number: 0977798656
Contact Email:[email protected]
Table of Contents
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. 1
List of Tables.................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. 2
1. Background and Purpose of Climate Change for Adaptation Project ........................................ 3
1.1 Results Achievements Summary ............................................................................................... 6
2. Summary of Achievements and Non-achievements of Planned Results/Implementation ....... 16
3. Participating farmers................................................................................................................ 33
4.0 Key Lessons learnt and Best Practices ................................................................................... 34
4.1
Early warning and weather information ............................................................................. 34
4.2
Soil conservation .............................................................................................................. 34
4.3
Crop diversification ........................................................................................................... 34
4.4
Rice farming...................................................................................................................... 35
4.5
Alternative livelihoods – beekeeping ................................................................................. 35
4.6
Alternative livelihoods – goat farming ............................................................................... 36
4.7
Project management and coordination ............................................................................. 36
5.0 Success Stories ....................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 Mr and Mrs Mumbela’s Success Story – Crop diversification, Rice and Weather Forecast
Application .................................................................................................................................. 38
5.2
Mr. Billy Muleya’s Success Story – Conservation Agriculture and Seed Multiplication ..... 39
5.3
Mr. Mayumbo Njamba’s Beekeeping Success Story ........................................................ 40
6. Project Challenges ..................................................................................................................... 41
7. Conclusion and Recommendations ........................................................................................... 41
Annex ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1
List of Tables
Table 1: Achievements and Non-achievements against planned results/implementation .............. 16
Table 2: Direct and Indirect Participating Farmers ......................................................................... 33
List of Figures
Figure 1: Paddy & Upland Rice Field for Mr. & Mrs Imata ............................................................. 39
Figure 2: Crop diversification and seed multiplication farmer field day .......................................... 40
Figure 3: Mr. Njamba giving a bottle of honey to GEF Monitoring Mission .................................... 40
List of Annexes
Annex 1: Early Warning System Needs Assessment – Kasaya Site Error! Bookmark not defined.
Annex 2: Extract Copy of Kazungula District Development Strategic Plan ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
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1. Executive Summary
The majority of Zambia’s farmers lack the capacity, resources and financial assistance to
overcome worsening climatic conditions. The vulnerability of Zambian communities to
climatic hazards as highlighted in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)
include drought, flooding, extreme temperatures and prolonged dry spells. These hazards
precipitate widespread crop failure, negatively impacting food and water security, and
ultimately affecting the sustainability of rural livelihoods. Within the last 20 years, prolonged
dry spells and shorter rain seasons have reduced maize yields to only 40% of the long term
average. Furthermore, based on the CO2 doubling scenario in these regions, estimates
predict a yield reduction of approximately 66% under rain fed conditions. The ability of the
agriculture sector in Zambia to cope with increases in temperature and potential reductions
in rainfall is negligible. The climate change adaptation project was developed with the view
of increasing the resilience of small-scale farmers to the adverse effects of climate change.
At the end of the project, 250 government planners and extension staff were trained in the
interpretation of climate information and its application in planning to reduce risks in
agriculture activities and make small scale farming more resilient to climate shocks. In
terms of Automatic weather Stations (AWSs) as of June 2015 (baseline of zero [0]), eight
(8) automatic weather stations were installed and functional with mean temperature,
minimum temperature, maximum temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction
and rainfall weather indicators measured. Weather data for the 8 sites can be obtained on
http://41.72.104.142:8080/livedata/map.jsf. Early warning system needs were assessed and
documented for the 8 sites where both modern and indigenous Early Warning (EW) needs
were documented.
Maize production has increased from less than 1 ton per hectare to an average of 3 tons
per hectare as a result of training and adoption of conservation measures. In terms of the
number of small scale farmers practicing soil and water conservation measures to improve
productivity, a total of 1083 (581M; 502F) are practicing. The target for this activity was 900.
By the end of June 2015, 1500 farmers were trained in crop diversification practices, that is,
early maturing, drought tolerant, alternative crop species and seed multiplication. So far,
1306 (645M; 661F) farmers are practicing and have adopted at least 2 or more alternative
crops in rotation, for earliness, flood and drought tolerance.
By the end of June 2015, 240 (152M; 88F) farmers were trained in beekeeping practices,
beehive making and farming as a business. The training also included baiting beehives
using both indigenous and improved methods, usage of beekeeping tools, action to be
taken to those not showing interest in beekeeping and in leadership skills. Another 68
farmers (45M; 23F) were trained in fish farming and 20 fish ponds constructed measuring
6000 square meters. Regarding rice growing by December 2014, 473 (297 M; 176F)
farmers were trained in rice farming practices in flood-prone areas, that is, paddy rice and
upland rice agronomic practices, postharvest technologies and marketing. So far, 150
farmers are practicing rice farming in flood prone and dambo areas with 75 Ha under
cultivation
It is evident that the Climate Change Adaptation Project has contributed to the overall adaptive
and resilient capacity of the communities in the 8 pilot sites which are prone to high temperatures,
frost, flooding and drought. The communities have acquired capacity to apply modern early
warning system methods combined with indigenous knowledge to ensure food security is
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maintained and sustained. The communities have been sensitised and trained on how to combine
multiple livelihoods options, which are adaptive to the hazards of climate/ weather. The more than
1,000 households across project sites have shown capacity and willingness to form management
committees to ensure project sustainability in and outside the project sites. The likelihood of
replicating adaptation measures in other parts of the pilot sites is high considering that the project
has built capacity in the district implementation teams through staff trainings, provision of
computers, automatic weather stations and vehicles to carry out activities.
During the implementation phase of the project, the following challenges were observed:
a) Community water access still the biggest challenge for the Kasaya, Chongwe, Sioma
and Mambwe sites. Construction was not carried out largely due to high activity market
cost that was significantly different from the cost estimates that were included in the budget
and also technical constraints for suitable sites meant for storm dams, weirs and earth
dams;
b) Delayed funding of project activities on time coupled with delayed technical report
submission to the project management unit by the districts.
c) Bee keeping at one of the three (3) sub-sites (Kasaya sub-site) was constrained by failure
to bait bees and open woodlands with flood plain exposing bees to severe weather
conditions.
d) Lack of provision of rice threshing equipment, which is used after cutting rice tillers before
milling or polishing rice with rice dehuller.
e) Partial implementation of output 2.3e on additional alternative livelihoods for NTFPs;
difficulties with market linkage arrangements for Mongongo nut oil.
f) Few instances of late release of seasonal rainfall forecasts and inadequate information on
rain season distribution pattern for timely planning of farming operations.
g) Inadequate animal draft power (ADP) to increase the area under soil and water
conservation tillage still remains another main obstacle.
Conclusion and Recommendations.
It is evident that the Climate Change Adaptation Project has contributed to the overall adaptive
and resilient capacity of the communities in the 8 pilot sites which are prone to high temperatures,
frost, flooding and drought. The communities have acquired capacity to apply modern early
warning system methods combined with indigenous knowledge to ensure food security is
maintained and sustained. The communities have been sensitised and trained on how to combine
multiple livelihoods options, which are adaptive to the hazards of climate/ weather. The more than
1,000 households across project sites have shown capacity and willingness to form management
committees to ensure project sustainability in and outside the project sites. The likelihood of
replicating adaptation measures in other parts of the pilot sites is high considering that the project
has built capacity in the district implementation teams through staff trainings, provision of
computers, automatic weather stations and vehicles to carry out activities.
In conclusion the following recommendations could be considered for future programming of
similar/follow-up projects:
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a) In order to improve weather information dissemination discussions with mobile service
providers to provide an SMS service to farmers on either weekly or daily dissemination of
weather indicators could be tabled or considered in phase II (if any).
b) Phase II (if any) should address the position of the project M and E officer to ensure
consistent M and E reporting formats and data collection tools.
c) Any project on disaster risk reduction and climate change should not be less than three (3)
implementation year period and could include mitigation measures during the first to second
year.
d) On-farm trials would be critical to providing localized climatic conditions to enable easy
adaptation of considered interventions.
e) In order to ensure that project activities are sustained beyond the project period all the
assets that are in the districts should be retained in those districts and to be used for
climate change related activities.
2. Background and Purpose of Climate Change for Adaptation Project.
The project terminal report provides a summary account on project background and purpose of the
project, key results achieved to the extent possible and the project’s contribution to national
development results and impact. It also outlines key responsible factors for over and underachievement, challenges, lessons learnt, best agricultural practices and conclusions during
implementation of the Climate Change Adaptation Project (Adaptation to the effects of Climate
Variability and Change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II) at the 8 sites of Kasaya, Lusitu,
Kataba, Malombe, Kabeleka, Zalapango, Chikowa and Mundalanga.
The Climate Change Adaptation Project was designed for the purpose of ensuring improved food
security through enhanced adaptive capacity to respond to the risks posed by the effects of
climate change (including variability) in Agro-ecological Regions I and II of Zambia. The keyword
in the project is “Adaptation”. The adaptation interventions employed during the period under
review, ensure that affected households in the project site receive maximum benefits and resilient
to impacts of climate change and climate variability.
The communities in the pilot sites easily understood the concept of climate change and ware able
to characterize the observed changes and associated impacts of the phenomenon. The main
observed changes to climate were the shortening of the rainy season, rise in temperatures and
frequency of extreme weather events such as floods and drought/dry spells. The communities
reported several severe impacts associated with climate change in the pilot sites. Key observed
impacts were the increase in water stress due to the shortening of the rainy season coupled with
rise in temperatures. This has led to competition for limited surface water among people, domestic
animals and wildlife in some areas. Attendant impacts of this have been the increase in livestock
diseases and introduction of previously unknown animal diseases, increased crop diseases such
as cob rot and weevil and rodent infestations. Crop pests such as army worms were also observed
in Chongwe, Siavonga and Kazungula in the 2012/13 season. Other observed impacts included
increased crop raiding and predation by elephants and birds, invasion of grasshopper swarms in
2008/9 season in Kazungula, siltation and course changes of streams and rivers.
Therefore, Climate Change Adaptation Project was developed with the understanding that climate
change and variability will have detrimental effects on Zambia’s agricultural sector beyond the
current baseline pressures. In light of the heavy reliance of small-scale farming on rain-fed
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agriculture, the agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to increasing temperatures and variable
precipitation in the coming years. Overall, climate change (the impacts of drought, flooding and
increased evapo-transpiration) is likely to have numerous adverse consequences within Zambia
including among other things: (i) reduced agricultural productivity (crop and livestock production);
(ii) reduced fisheries production (iii) reduced water availability for human consumption (iv) human
welfare impacts in urban areas due to increased migration from rural to urban areas; (v) reduced
hydro-electric power generation; (vi) human health impacts; and (vii) biodiversity impacts.
There are various factors driving Zambia’s overall agricultural performance. These factors include:
(i) low levels of investment (ii) land degradation; (iii) limited access to agricultural inputs; and (iv)
reduced labour force due to HIV/AIDS.
Overall, the project designed to improve food security in the most vulnerable regions of Zambia,
which would in turn contribute towards attaining poverty reduction (SNDP theme “sustainable
economic growth and poverty reduction”) and contributing to the Agriculture Sector goal, “to
increase and diversify agriculture production and productivity so as to raise the share of its
contribution to 20 percent of GDP”. The project also contributed towards attaining MDG 1
(“Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”). The resultant improved nutritional status of Zambians
led to better health outcomes, thereby positively affecting MDG 6 (“Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseases”). In addition, the project promoted environmental sustainability of all interventions,
thus contributing towards MDG 7 (“Ensure environmental sustainability”).
The overarching goal of this project was “to improve food security through enhanced adaptive
capacity to respond to the risks posed by the effects of climate change (including variability) in
Agro-Ecological Region I and II of Zambia”. The objective of the project was “to develop adaptive
capacity of subsistence farmers and rural communities to withstand climate change in Zambia”. As
a result, the projects’ expected outcomes were:
a. Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural
management at the local, sub-national and national levels.
b. Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate
change.
c. National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses
in the agricultural sector.
d. Lessons learned and knowledge management component established.
The project deliberately targeted women who attended trainings, supported with starter packs and
hold decision making positions in management committees. The project attained 48% women
participation and gender roles were emphasized during the project period.
The project partners included District councils, Zambia Meteorological Department, Programme for
Sustainable Rural Development implementing the Citizen Participation in Adaptation to Climate
Change (CPACC), the Community Based Natural Resources Management Forum (CBNRMF)
implementing the Zambia Climate Change Justice Initiative Project, Zambia National Farmers’
Union (ZNFU), Forestry Department and through the Agriculture and Natural Resources
subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee. Others were Department of
Fisheries, Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI), Zambia Climate Change Network, World
Vision and Common Markets for Conservation (COMACO).
1.1
Results Achievement Summary
The project activities that were undertaken during the period 2010 to June 2015 in order to
achieve the objectives were:
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Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for
agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels.
Output 1.1: Number of government planners and private sector trained on climate risk
management for improved agricultural productivity.
1) The target was to train 250 government and extension staff to routinely include climate risk
information in their decision making processes. At the end of the project, 250 government
planners and extension staff were trained in the interpretation of climate information and its
application in planning to reduce risks in agriculture activities and make small scale farming
more resilient to climate shocks. The training included application of climate information in
the agriculture systems and interpreting the seasonal weather forecast and seasonal
agriculture calendar in terms of time of planting, choosing the variety of seed to be planted,
flood probability and probability of animal disease outbreaks. The trainers then trained 1218
farmers in the application of climate information such as planning of the appropriate
techniques for adaptation, use of the right crop varieties to suit extreme weather conditions
(floods or drought) or adopt other alternative livelihoods. The trained farmers have since
used the acquired skills appropriately in choosing seed varieties, the time and where to
plant. For example in flood prone areas, farmers planted rice as opposed to the traditional
maize crop. Other crops that could withstand dry conditions were also introduced such as
cassava, sorghum, cowpeas and obatampa maize. In addition farmers have been
sensitized not to start bush fires when the area is experiencing strong prevailing winds and
the relative humidity is low. This has contributed to a reduction in bush fires which in turn
has contributed to better forest management practices which is essential for promoting
beekeeping. Farmers have also been sensitized on how to protect their crops against frost
when this is predicted.
2) By the end of June 2015 (baseline of zero [0]) eight (8) automatic weather stations were
installed and functional with mean temperature, minimum temperature, maximum
temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction and rainfall weather indicators
measured.
3) Weather data for the 8 sites can be obtained on http://41.72.104.142:8080/livedata/map.jsf.
Output 1.2: Effective EWS(s) developed to enhance preparedness and reduce climaterelated risks.
At the end of June 2015, early warning system needs were assessed and documented for the 8
sites where both modern and indigenous EW needs were documented. It was indicated that each
community has an array of early warning indicators and well-developed structures through which
the wisdom shared by elderly community members is applied to deal quickly and efficiently with
risks and extremes of weather vagaries. The structures include traditional, community based
organizations and the Government.
Climate is closely linked to sustainability of community livelihoods and lives. Extreme climate
variability such as high temperatures, frost, floods and droughts often have far reaching
environmental, health and socio-economic impacts in many of these communities. To counter this
trend, there is need to have in place efficient and realistic climate risk reduction strategies,
including availability of effective indigenous and modern early warning systems to enhance the
planning efforts to:
a) Reduce the negative impacts;
b) Take full advantage of positive impacts;
c) Help in adaptation to climate change.
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Local communities through accumulated indigenous knowledge gained from generation to
generation, knew:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Patterns of weather;
How and when local natural disasters occurred;
When they were likely to recur;
How to plan to cope with their impacts on the natural environment, livelihoods, and lives;
These communities have used indigenous knowledge for critical knowledge base and
survival tool for adapting to extreme climate events and other natural hazards;
f) They have developed techniques and strategies for forecasting, and managing climate
variability including coping mechanisms to respond to both normal and harsh conditions of
their local environments.
This forecasting depends on observation of the natural environment including:
a) Flora;
b) Fauna;
c) Stars and moon.
The modern early warning system on the other hand, uses the knowledge of the physics of the
atmosphere to predict the most probable future weather/ climate scenario. The two knowledge
bases, indigenous and modern climate science are very different but both try to solve the same
problems.
There is therefore need to integrate indigenous and modern early warning system strategies for
better climate information, in order to provide the local communities with new tools for coping with
the current climate extremes, be able to adapt to future climate changes, and for greater impacts.
1. Indigenous indicators for Early Warning System
Indigenous knowledge and traditional methods of predicting weather/ climate were discussed with
farmers in the 8 pilot sites and the following were the gathered indicators from the community:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Changes in wind direction especially north westerly indicate likelihood of good rains;
Persistence easterlies are associated with dry conditions;
Extreme high temperatures indicate more rains but associated with severe thunderstorms;
More ants after harvest indicate hunger for the next season;
Mopani tree having more flowers was an indication of less rainfall;
Appearance of some birds like swallows signifies commencement of the rain season.
Delayed appearance signifies late start of the season;
More baby boys born means more rains and vice versa;
Singing of some birds associated with rains in the afternoon;
Quantity of wild fruits (More- more rains) though these differed from one locality to the
other;
Heavy bearing of flowers for the following trees (Kigelia africaan: Sausage tree) and Mubula
tree (Parinari curatellifolia: Coke tree, Hissing tree, Fever tree) is an indication of less
rainfall.
These methods have been found to be useful for early warning at local level. Documentation of
these methods and indicators has to be enhanced though the communities are using them for
early warning.
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2. Modern Early Warning Indicators: Weather information interpretation
Seasonal rainfall forecasts were given to farmers and translated in the local languages to give an
indication of the likely start of the effective rains and how this could affect crop production after
taking into account soil type and land preparation method.
For example in Kazungula, Senanga and Sioma farmers were informed that frost occurrence was
characterized by evening haze-smoke in valleys with winds coming from west/south side.
Measures to address frost included fencing of small gardens, watering in the early morning hours
before dawn, covering with grass and putting fire in coldest places around 04 to 06 hours (early
morning).
Early warning and disaster risk terminologies were discussed and other topics such as: a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Start of the season
End of the season
Duration of the season
Drought/flood information
Rainfall prediction
Planting time
Weather /climate forecasting
Weather/climate recording
Climate change information
The various coping and adaptation methods in place in the communities included: a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
Gardening
Bee keg
Goat keeping
Wild fruit cropping
Charcoal burning
Timber cutting
Early planting
Crop diversification
Conservation agriculture (minimum tillage, crop rotation and crop residue retention)
Applying animal manure
Grass cutting for fodder
3. Summary of indicators
Comparison
How communicated
How taught
How explained
Indigenous EWS
Oral, secretive
Observation, experience
Spiritual and social
No.
1
Indicator
Birds – Swallows by December
2
Ants in the field during the growing
season
North-westerly winds from October and
during rainy season
3
Modern EWS
Written
Lectures, theories
Theory, “value free”
Forecast
Signifying start of the season and a lot
of rains during the season
Hunger
Signs of rains
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Dew point on the ground
Fog lifting up
Presence of spider webs
Presence of a lot of wild fruits
Below normal rainfall
Red skies when the sun is setting
A lot of mosquitoes during summer
October to December
When Mopani tree flowers
Red ants experienced
Millipedes
Small red frogs crocking
Persistent cold air from October –
November
Persistent southern winds
A lot wild rats
No rains
Rains later in the afternoon
Heavy flooding
Expected drought and hunger
Frost expected in winter
Cold weather at night
Rains expected
A lot of rains expected
A lot of rains expected
Rains expected
Rains expected
Erratic rains and delayed start of the
season
Little rainfall
Little rains
Output 1.3: Economic impact assessment on the adaptation value of climate risk
information to protect agricultural incomes from climate change effects.
A socio-economic survey was conducted on the impacts of adaptation measures being undertaken
to protect agricultural incomes from climate change effects (Economic impact assessment on
the adaptation value of climate risk information to protect agricultural incomes from
climate change effects 2015). It was observed that the Project has had a positive impact in
diversifying livelihoods away from rainfall based crop patterns. The promotion of bee keeping has
had a positive impact on household revenue for the participating households. The value of crop
production was ranked and compared to mean revenue from bee-keeping1. This household value
of production was compared to the average revenue from bee-keeping for bee keeping
households. Bee keeping was ranked 5th out of the 13 crops included in the analysis. The income
potential from bee keeping was even higher than the income from crops. The highest earning bee
keeping household had annual revenue of K3,700 (US$475) compared to revenue of K2,529 (US$
325) from maize production.
Bee keeping is a low input activity and the gross margins are even higher when the cost of
production is taken into account.
Regarding small livestock (goat rearing) the mean number of goats kept per household during the
project period had increased to 7. With sustainable management this was able to give households
an average offtake rate of 10 animals per year. This will generate average household revenue in
excess of K1,500 (US$ 200) per year. The production of goat milk was an additional benefit that
can potentially increase household nutrition.
The inclusion of additional household livelihood activities such as bee keeping and goat rearing
had resulted in increased resilience by households as demonstrated by the increased incomes
ranking among bee keeping and goat rearing households. The cycle of household resilience has
also been increased due to the adoption of improved practices such as rotation with legumes.
1
Bee keeping activities were introduced in the project areas primarily by the CCAP
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The report concluded that In general livelihood adaptation projects tend to have long term benefits
that are not easily measured in the short run. Adaptation often required sustained extension efforts
over a medium to long term period. As a proxy, indicators such as the adoption of bee keeping
and goat rearing under the CCAP had been used to measure the trend in household adaptation to
new livelihood patterns.
The most significant impact of the project had been in the promotion of the cultivation of legumes,
specifically groundnuts and cowpeas. The rotation of crops with legumes was one of the key
pillars of Conservation Agriculture. As a result, the cultivation of legume crops such as groundnuts
and cowpeas could be taken as a proxy indicator of households adopting improved practices. This
had resulted in an improvement in the diversification index scores for most of the project districts.
The improved diversification score meant that households had widened their livelihood base away
from a single source. During periods of stress such as drought or flooding, households with a
wider livelihood base were more likely to better mitigate the impact of the shock.
The report further indicated that adoption of new technologies takes time, especially among
smallholder rural agricultural households, it was important that mitigation and adaptation measures
continued to focus on improving agricultural practices among smallholder farmers.
Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated
impacts of climate change.
Output 2.1: Techniques for soil and water conservation as well as soil improvement
implemented to reduce erosion and improve the productivity of small-scale farmers.
1) The target of an increase in agricultural incomes of 10% was achieved by most small scale
farmers and in some cases exceeded. According to crop surveys done by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock, Policy and Planning department, there has been increase in the
production of all crops that have been promoted by the project using conservation
agriculture. For example maize production has increased from less than 1 ton per hectare
to an average of 3 tons per hectare. The average number of family members per household
is 6 and in terms of food security only 1 ton is needed per household per year. The
remaining 2 tons is sold for cash at equivalent of US$ 360. For the small scale farmers in
the project sites, the income from maize production was zero (0); with the practicing of
conservation farming the income has been over US$ 350 in 2014 translating to an income
of over 100%. The increase in income has contributed to communities paying for their
children’s education, apart from meeting other social amenities such as making
improvements to their houses and buying agricultural inputs. The social status for women in
particular has increased as a result of the increase in oncome. For example, before the
project, women were discriminated against signing up for agricultural input grants as they
had limited confidence to put up their cases as women who would be capable of signing for
the grants and be able to effectively use it to improve their productivity. The affirmative
action by the project promoted women participation that has contributed to women building
their confidence and able to apply themselves better in the development activities in their
communities.
In terms of the number of small scale farmers practicing soil and water conservation
measures to improve productivity, a total of 1083 (581M; 502F) are practicing. The target
for this activity was 900. The conservation agriculture principles and practices being
practiced are minimum tillage, crop rotation and crop residue retention. Management
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committees comprising 80 members were formed and trained for each site (1 committee
per site) to foresee conservation agriculture and crop diversification activities during and
after the end of the project.
Output 2.2: Crop diversification practices promoted to improve the resilience of farmers to
drought.
1) By the end of June 2015, 1500 farmers were trained in crop diversification practices, that is,
early maturing, drought tolerant, alternative crop species and seed multiplication. So far,
1306 (645M; 661F) farmers are practicing and have adopted at least 2 or more alternative
crops in rotation, for earliness, flood and drought tolerance.
2) Also, at the end of June 2015, a total of 423 (208M; 215F) seed growers were trained in the
production and marketing of drought resistant seed locally. So far 150 farmers were
practicing seed production. In Kazungula the farmers went ahead to form and register a
local seed growers cooperative (namely, Kazungula Seed Growers Cooperative Society
Limited) comprising 25 seed growers (10 female and 15 males). The seed growers are
practicing seed multiplication of 2 or more alternative crops and thereby making improved
and certified seed locally available and accessible at competitive prices.
3) At the end of December 2014, income levels from crop diversification coupled with
improved soil and water conservation through conservation agriculture have been
increasing significantly for crops such as rice. The income levels from rice increased from
zero in 2012 to K9,000 (US$1,630.43 @ K5.52 per US$1) in 2013, then further increased
from K9,000 in 2013 to K23,850 (US$3,758.28 @ K6.346 per US$1 and @K9/kg polished
rice grain) per hectare in 2014 compared to maize grain valued at K4,480 (US$705.96 @
K6.346 per US$1) in 2014 (@ K1.4/kg maize grain) and valued at K3,900 (US$706.52 @
K5.52 per US$1) in 2013 (@ K1.3/kg maize grain).
4) Additionally farm households that have also engaged themselves in local seed
multiplication, have gained extra income from various seed crops
5) Eight (8) management committees of 80 farmers were formed and trained to foresee crop
diversification and conservation agriculture activities during and after end of project.
Output 2.3: Alternative livelihoods tested for their ability to diversify livelihoods away from
maize production.
Output 2.3a: Bee keeping tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize
production.
1) By end of June 2015, 240 (152M; 88F) farmers were trained in beekeeping practices,
beehive making and farming as a business. The training also included baiting beehives
using both indigenous and improved methods, usage of beekeeping tools, action to be
taken to those not showing interest in beekeeping and leadership.
2) All the 240 farmers have been equipped with 5 top-bar beehives each bringing the number
of beehives to 1200. Four (4) bee keeping farmer management groups have been formed
and equipped with beehive making tools.
3) At the end of June 2015, the Kasaya site in Kazungula formed and registered the NASIKA
Beekeeping Cooperative Society Limited with a board of directors in place.
4) The average yield per beehive is at least 20 litres and 100 litres per 5 beehives. In
Chongwe, the price of liquid honey is K45 per litre This has increased household income by
K4,500.00 (US$576) per harvest per 5 beehives. The beekeepers are also engaged in
other agricultural income activities such as rearing goats and growing of different crops.
2.3b. Fish farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production.
12
By the end of June 2015, 68 farmers (45M; 23F) were trained in fish farming and 20 fish ponds
constructed measuring 6000 square meters. These were stocked with red breasted, three spotted
and green headed breams. Yields from the ponds was an average of 18 Kg per harvest bringing
the total harvest to 36 Kgs per pond per year. This has improved household income and nutrition
for the practicing farmers.
Output 2.3c: Rice farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize
production.
1. By end of December 2014, 473 (297 M; 176F) farmers were trained in rice farming
practices in flood-prone areas, that is, paddy rice and upland rice agronomic
practices, postharvest technologies and marketing. So far, 150 farmers are
practicing rice farming in flood prone and dambo areas with 75 Ha under cultivation
by end of December 2014
2. At the end of June 2015, the Kazungula rice farmers formed and registered the
Sikaunzwe Rice Growers Association with ten (10) executive management
committee members.
Output 2.3d: Goat farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize
production.
1) By end of June 2015, 621 (325M; 296F) farmers were trained in goat rearing practices and
improved goat structures and provided with 2 female goats each. Male goats were provided
and used on a rotational basis.
2) At end of June 2015, there are now 981 goats from an initial stock of 346 goats.
3) The average price per mature goat is K250 for male and K150 for a female. The total value
of goats as at end of June 2015 taking an average price of K200 per goat is K196,200
(US$25,154)
4) The goat farmers by the end of 2014 had formed five (5) management committees with bylaws to govern the committees. Each site doing goat rearing formed a committee (ie.
Kazungula, Chongwe, Luangwa, Mambwe and Chama).
Output 2.4. Community-based water storage and irrigation systems improved or developed
to test their ability to raise agricultural productivity.
At Mid term review it was indicated that the funds available could not be sufficient to construct
water infrastructure (dams and weirs) as planned. Resulting from this, only one dam was built in
Siavonga benefitting a total of 308 households. The dam is being used for gardening and livestock
production. An irrigation scheme was also developed using water from shallow wells with solar
pumps. A total of 40 (28M; 12F) farmers have benefitted from this undertaking with 4 hectares
under irrigation. The dam management committee and the irrigation management committee are
in place.
Outcome 3: National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote
adaptation responses in the agricultural sector.
Output 3.1: Awareness of climate change risks and to the economic value of adaptation
responses raised among policy- and decision-makers.
1) With the support of the project climate resilient agriculture has been integrated in the
revised agriculture policy, climate change policy, revised forest policy and Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Strategy. The reviewed
policies include: promoting awareness on climate change adaptation and mitigation;
13
promoting and strengthening agricultural production methods that are resilient to climate
change ; promoting environmentally friendly and climate smart farming systems; promoting
weather based insurance schemes especially among small holder farmers; strengthening
the capacity at local, sub-national and national levels on early warning system through
trainings; establishment of the national call centre and development of a country wide
information management system. The policy also proposes to build capacity at all levels to
carry out climate change risk assessments through trainings of stakeholders in climate
change risk assessments. Regarding the climate change and forest policies and the REDD
strategy, sustainable agriculture is being promoted as a strategy for reducing climate
change shocks on farming systems and also for reducing deforestation and promoting
sustainable forest management.
2) iFarming information contained on Zedupad educational tablets from iSchool have been
provided to all pilot sites to enhance adaptation options knowledge sharing among
community members in all seven (7) main local languages and English language. The
information has formed the extension package for dissemination to farmers resulting in
more awareness on climate change issues and adaptation measures.
Output 3.2: National policy dialogues conducted to discuss project findings in relation to
cost-effectiveness of piloted adapted options.
1) By end of June 2015, 4 provincial and 8 district policy dialogues were conducted after which
a policy brief was developed. The policy brief has since been submitted to the Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock for consideration. This information from the dialogues has built
the capacity of the Provincial and District Development Coordinating Committees ( PDCC
and DDCC) to facilitate coordinated and climate-resilient development planning at provincial
and district levels.
Output 3.3: Policies that require adjustments to promote adaptation identified and
reviewed.
1) With the support of the project climate resilient agriculture has been integrated in the
revised agriculture policy, climate change policy, revised forest policy and Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Strategy.
2) At local level Kazungula district revised the district development strategic plan in order to
support and influence policy change on climate change to include strategies on promoting
crop diversification, soil conservation and sustainable livelihood options for increased food
security, increased household income and job creation especially among the youth in both
rural and urban areas.
Outcome 4: Lessons-learned and knowledge management component established.
Output 4.1: Knowledge and lessons learned to support implementation of adaptation
measures compiled and disseminated.
1) By end of June 2015, the project had hosted three (3) Regional Missions on climate change
and project lessons learnt information was shared. One international workshop on
community based adaptation was also attended where lessons were shared.
2) By end of 2014, the project identified, documented and disseminated sixteen (16) lessons
learnt and ten (10) good practices on adaptation measures employed.
3) In order to disseminate project information on how the community is applying adaptive
measures that would ensure their resilience to the effects of climate change and variability,
the National Agricultural Information Services disseminated project information through ten
(10) field days (rice farming/seed multiplication/crop diversification), five (5) feature stories,
14
five (5) success stories, three (3) news articles to ZNBC, community video show on the
project documentary and local community radio stations.
4) During the period under review the project disseminated project information in conjunction
with other partners on the 14 series radio programme on community radio stations.
5) The project also facilitated a two-day workshop on “climate change and adaptation issues”
on behalf of PSRD’s Citizens’ Participation in Adaptation Climate Change (CPACC Project
– funded by Oxfam) among various stakeholders mostly community leaders from Kasaya
site. The major topical issues were gender and climate; deforestation; climate change
variability; and climate change adaptation. The number of participants was 30 (10 females
and 20 males).
The strategies/project interventions so far undertaken will contribute to national food security and
the government’s policy of diversification such as beekeeping, goat rearing and cultivation of rice
and industrial crops such as sorghum and sunflower meant for the processing industry, which can
contribute to job creation and uplift standard of living among rural people. The interventions will
also contribute to the country’s 2030 vision of a prosperous middle-income nation.
During the period under review, the project achieved 48% women participation in trainings, project
input provision and management committees. Gender and HIV/AIDS were mainstreamed and
farmers were sensitised on the need to talk about gender issues and HIV/AIDS at household level.
In conclusion, the Climate Change Adaptation Project as attested by beneficiaries has brought
about changes in the way beneficiaries perceive agricultural practices for their maximum benefits.
The early warning system is still the main planning and adaptation strategy for climate change and
hence the main focal area of capacity building for Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock staff
members and farmers.
15
l) Summary of Achievements and Non-achievements of Planned Results/Implementation
Table 1: Achievements and Non-achievements against planned results/implementation
Output
Output
Indicator(s)
Baseline
Project Specific Outputs and Results
Target
Results attained
Reasons for achievement/ non-achievemen
Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and
Output 1.1: Institutional capacity to support climate risk management in the agric sector at the national, district, village level developed
ZMD staff trained to provide
No. of ZMD staff
0 staff
2 staff
All ZMD two (2)
Staff commitment and good cooperation by the
short-term & seasonal
trained
staff in Livingstone
forecasts
able to provide
downscaled
forecasts
Extension staff & Agriculture No. of staff trained 0 staff
250 staff
All 250 staff
Staff commitment and good cooperation by the
and natural resources
trained
subcommittee members
trained on access,
application & interpretation
of forecasts for planning
Farmers trained on access,
No. of farmers
NO farmers
250 farmers
1218 farmers (656 Staff commitment and good cooperation by the
application & interpretation
trained
females & 562
of forecasts for planning
males) trained
Local weather station
No. of automatic
NO weather
8 AWS
8 AWS installed
UNDP provision of financial assistance to ZMD
installed
weather stations
and functional
(AWS)
Output 1.2: Effective EWS(s) developed to enhance preparedness and reduce climate-related risks
EWS needs assessed and
documented
Number assessed
& documented
NO assessment
& documentation
1 needs assessment
and documentation
Needs assessed &
documented
Staff commitment and good cooperation by the
Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change
Output 2.1: Techniques for soil and water conservation as well as soil improvement implemented to reduce erosion and improve the productiv
farmers
Farmers trained on soil and
No. farmers
0 farmers
900 farmers
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
1083 farmers
water conservation
trained
(502 females and soil and water conservation
techniques
581 males)
trained
Agricultural extension
workers trained on soil and
No. of extension
workers trained
8 extension
workers
8 extension workers
16
All 8 extension
workers trained
Cooperation with FISRI and CASU project on c
provision of funds for staff training
water conservation
Farmers adopted soil and
water conservation
techniques
No. of farmers
0 farmers
900 farmers
Soil and water management
committees formed and
trained
No. of
management
committees
NO management
committees
8 management
committees
Percentage increase in
agricultural incomes (maize)
Percent increase
in agricultural
incomes (maize)
K1,300/hectare
maize (in 2012)
10%
1083 farmers
adopted soil and
water conservation
techniques
8 management
committees of 80
farmers formed
and trained
100% increase in
maize income
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
soil and water conservation
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
soil and water conservation
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
soil and water conservation
Output 2.2: Crop diversification practices promoted to improve the resilience of farmers to drought
Farmers trained on crop
No. of farmers
0 farmers
1000 farmers
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
1306 farmers
diversification
trained
(661 females and crop diversification
645 males)
trained
Farm trials undertaken
No. of farm trials
NO farm trials
16 farm trials
Farmers trained on seed
production
No. of farmers
trained
NO farmers
trained
300 farmers
Crop diversification
management committees
formed and trained
No. of
management
committees
NO management
committees
8 management
committees
Seed production
management committee
No. of
management
committees
Percent increase
in agricultural
incomes (rice)
NO management
committees
1 management
committee
0%
10%
Percentage increase in
agricultural incomes (rice)
NO farm trials
undertaken
423 farmers (215
females & 208
males) trained
8 management
committees of 80
farmers.
Lack of involvement of ZARI due to time factor
implementation
Failure by small-scale farmers to adhere to QD
mistrust by fellow farmers on locally produced
1 seed growers
cooperative
registered
>100% increase in
rice income
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
crop diversification
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
crop diversification
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
crop diversification
Output 2.3: Alternative livelihoods tested for their ability to diversify livelihoods away from maize production
Output 2.3a: Bee keeping tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production
Farmers trained on bee
keeping
No. of beekeepers
trained
NO farmers
trained
220 beekeepers
Beehives made from
No. of beehives
NO sustainable
880 beehives
17
240 farmers (88
females & 152
males) trained
1200 beehives
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
bee keeping
Pass-on of hives being done to increase the nu
sustainable sources
beehives
Bee keeping management
groups established
No. of
management
committees
NO management
committees
3 management
committee
Percentage increase in
agricultural incomes (honey)
Percent increase
in agricultural
incomes (honey)
0%
10%
made and given
to 240 beekeepers
(88 females & 152
males)
4 management
committees
formed and
trained.
1 beekeeping
cooperative
registered
100% increase in
honey income
Farmers have been linked to Zambia Honey Co
and market linkages.
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
bee keeping
Improved management in bee keeping practice
Output 2.3c: Rice farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production
Farmers trained on rice
production, processing &
marketing
Equip rice farmers with
processing equipment
No of farmers
trained
0 farmers
300 farmers
No. of rice mills
NO rice mill
2 rice mill
Rice management groups
established
No. of
management
groups
NO management
committees
2 management
committee
Percentage increase in
agricultural incomes (rice)
473 farmers (176
females & 297
males) trained
4 rice mills
procured and
installed in 4
project sites. Mills
functional with rice
mill structure
4 rice
management
groups formed.
1 rice growers
association
registered with two
(2) subcommittees
Good farmer cooperation and increasing exten
rice production, processing and marketing
Community contribution to rice mill structure an
materials and rice mill
Rice growers good cooperation and commitme
Percent increase
0%
10%
100% increase in
Increasing knowledge on rice production skills
in agricultural
rice income
incomes (rice)
Output 2.3e: Additional Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production
Identified suitable NTFPs
No. of NTFPs
1 NTFP
3 NTFPs
Mushroom
Delayed project commencement and re-prioriti
production done in
18
Feasibility assessments on
extraction methods
undertaken
Community members trained
on NTFP for use
No. of
assessments
zero
3 feasibility
assessments
No. of community
members trained
zero
100 community
members
NTFPs management groups
established
NO management
committees
5 NTFPs management
committees
zero
2 market sources
Potential to access carbon
finance assessed
No. of
management
groups
No. of market
linkages
No. of carbon
finance assessed
Percentage increase in
agricultural incomes
(NTFPs)
Percent increase
in agricultural
incomes (NTFPs)
0%
Market linkages established
zero
Chongwe and
Luangwa.
NO assessments
done
50 community
members trained
in mushroom
growing
NO committees
formed
No market
linkages
One assessment report NO report
to access carbon
finance
10%
0%
Output 2.3f: Goat farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production
Farmers trained on goat
farming and
entrepreneurship skills
Goats distributed to farmers
No. of farmers
trained
0 farmers
120 farmers
621 farmers
trained
Farmer-to-farmer extension approach through
provide capacity to remaining farmers
No. of goats
0 goats
240 goats
Pass-on system approach to provide goats to o
Goat management groups
established
No. of
management
groups
NO management
committees
4 management
committees
Goats passed-on-system
established
Pass-on-system
report
NO pass-onsystem
1 pass-on-system
guide
346 goats
distributed by
2013 & increased
to 981 goats by
June 2015
4 management
committees
established with
written by-laws
1 pass-on-system
guide developed &
each initial
recipient passed
on one pregnant
female goat
19
Good farmer cooperation and commitment to e
sustainability of activities
Community commitment and project sustainab
Percentage increase in
agricultural incomes (goats)
Percent increase
0%
10%
60% increase in
Increasing knowledge on goat production and h
in agricultural
agricultural
incomes (goats)
incomes (goats)
Output 2.4: Community-based water storage and irrigation systems improved or developed to test their ability to raise agricultural productivity
Output 2.4a Community-level, multipurpose dams in Kasaya, Sioma, Zalapango and Kabeleka constructed and irrigation systems tested for their ability to
productivity
Dam management
No. of
NO management 4 dam management
1 management
committees established
management
committees
committees
committee
committees
established for
siankapu dam in
Siavonga
Dam management
No. of dam
NO management 4 dam management
1 dam
committees trained
committees
committees
committee of 10
management
trained
trained
members
trained
Farmers trained on water
No. of farmers
50 farmers
250 farmers
NO farmers
management, irrigation
trained
trained
Delayed project implementation, high cost of ir
techniques, water extraction
poor site suitability. As a result the MTE recom
methods, irrigated crop
dam that could be financed with the available f
production, fish farming,
livestock production & use
communal water resources
Dams constructed
No. of dams
NO dam
4 dams
1 dam
constructed
constructed
Extent of area under
Area under
0 hectares
81 hectares
4 hectares
irrigation
irrigation
Percentage increase in
Percent increase
2%
10%
0%
agricultural incomes
in agricultural
incomes
Output 2.4c: A community-level storm water dam in Kasaya constructed and irrigation system tested for its ability to improve agricultural productivity
Storm water dam
No. of
NO management 1 dam management
NO committee
management committees
management
committees
committee
established
established
committees
Delayed project implementation, high cost of ir
Storm water dam
No. of committees NO management 1 dam management
NO committee
poor site suitability
management committees
trained
committees
committee of 10
trained
trained
trained
members
(Farmers at Kasaya Primary School utilising wa
Farmers trained on water
No. of farmers
0 farmers
150 farmers
NO farmers
road contractor)
management, irrigation
trained
trained
techniques, water extraction
methods, irrigated crop
20
production, fish farming,
livestock production & use
communal water resources
Storm water dams
constructed
Extent of area under
irrigation
Percentage increase in
agricultural incomes
No. of storm water NO storm water
6 storm water dams
NO storm water
dams constructed dams
dams constructed
Area under
5 hectares
28 hectares
0 hectares
irrigation
Percent increase
2%
10%
0%
in agricultural
incomes
Output 2.4e: A community-level weir in Kasaya constructed and irrigation system tested for its ability to improve agricultural productivity
Weir management
No. of
NO management 1 dam management
NO committee
committees established
management
committees
committee
established
committees
Weir management
No. of committees NO management 1 dam management
NO committee
committees trained
trained
committees
committee of 10
trained
trained
members
Farmers trained on water
No. of farmers
40 farmers
200 farmers
NO farmers
management, irrigation
trained
trained
techniques, water extraction
methods, irrigated crop
Delayed project implementation, high cost of ir
production, fish farming,
poor site suitability
livestock production & use
communal water resources
Storm water dams
No. of storm water NO storm water
3 weirs
NO weirs
constructed
dams constructed dams
constructed
Extent of area under
Area under
8 hectares
39 hectares
0 hectares
irrigation
irrigation
Percentage increase in
Percent increase
2%
10%
0%
agricultural incomes
in agricultural
incomes
Outcome 3: National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector
Output 3.1: Awareness of climate change risks and to the economic value of adaptation responses raised among policy- and decision-makers
Functional climate resource
and support centre
No. of centres
NO resource and
support centre
8 centres of excellence
8 centres
established
Good community cooperation and commitment
building sand and river sand
Output 3.2: National policy dialogues conducted to discuss project findings in relation to cost-effectiveness of piloted adapted options
Meetings conducted for
DDCC members to enable
No. of meetings
conducted
NO adequate
coordination
8 district and 4
provincial
21
Conducted 8
district dialogues
Good cooperation from stakeholders and other
into knowledge acquired from CCAP implemen
coordinated and climateresilient development
planning in the vulnerable
communities
and 4 provincial
dialogues
Output 3.3: Policies that require adjustments to promote adaptation identified and reviewed
Sectoral plans that promote
or impede the resilience of
communities within AER I &
II to climate change
analysed
No. of plans
NO plans
exclusively
addressing
climate change
2 provincial plans and
district plans and 5 key
national policies
Revised the
Agriculture policy,
developed the
climate change
policy, revised the
forest policy and
the REDD
strategy.
1 district plan
revised to include
CC
Revision done in consultation withother key sta
At district level revision was done through regu
meetings called upon by the Chairpersons.
Outcome 4: Lessons-learned and knowledge management component established
Output 4.1: Knowledge and lessons learned to support implementation of adaptation measures compiled and disseminated
Regional and national
workshops conducted for
dissemination of project
lessons
Radio and television
programmes developed to
convey project lessons
Lessons learnt captured and
disseminated
No. of regional
workshops hosted
NO regional
missions
1 regional workshop
No. of radio and
television
programmes
NO systematic
knowledge
transfer on
climate change
adaptation
10 field days
5 feature stories
5 success stories
3 radio & TV news
articles
2 documentaries
No. of lessons
learnt captured
NO systematic
knowledge
transfer on
climate change
adaptation
20 key project lessons
learnt
Table 2. Project outcomes and progress made
Goal: To improve food security through
22
Hosted 3 regional
missions on
adaptation in 2013
and 2015
10 field days, 5
feature stories, 5
success stories, 3
radio & TV news
articles and
2 documentaries
done
16 lessons learnt
captured.
Success stories from the sites interventions su
production and goat pass-on system
Committed NAIS officers to document and diss
learnt and good agricultural practices (GAPs)
enhanced adaptive capacity to respond to
the risks posed by the effects of climate
change (including variability) in AER I and II
of Zambia
Outcome 1
Climate change risks integrated into critical
decision-making processes for agricultural
management at the local, sub-national and
national levels
Performance Indicator
2010 baseline
2015 End of Project target
2015 End of project status
Terminal Evaluation
comments
Rating
Number of government
planners and extension staff
that include climate risk
information in their decision
making processes
At present, climate risk
information is not
included in decisionmaking processes
By the end of the project, 250
government planners and
extension staff trained to
routinely include climate risk
information in their decisionmaking processes
250 government planners
and extension staff using
rainfall forecasting
information in their
decision-making processes
and in turn training farmers
in the use of the same
Satisfactory
Number of farmers using
climate forecasting
information for agricultural
production purposes
Farmers not using
climate forecasting
information for
agricultural production
purposes
250 farmers
Number of Automatic
Weather stations to provide
local level climatic and
weather information for
0 AWSs
8 AWS installed and
functioning
1218 (656 female and 562
male) farmers using climate
forecast information to
choose seed varieties, time
to plant, frost prevention,
where to plant and
production of 2 crops in one
season as was the case in
Kazungula in the 2013/14
season. Farmers are also
using the information to
select the type of crops to
plant such as the early
maturing varieties and
planting two crops
concurrently on the same
price of land. Depending on
the forecasts, farmers are
now able to avoid growing
certain crops in places
where floods occur when
more rain is predicted such
as in mambwe district
8 AWSs installed and
functional. ZMD in
Livingstone using local
weather information to
This outcome has been
achieved as all the targeted
government planners have
been trained in
interpretation of climate
information thereby
contributing to stregthening
of the EWS at community
level and effective
application of the
information
This outcome has been
achieved as 1218 farmers
are now using climate
forecast information to plan
for their farming activities
resulting in improved yields
and food security at
household level
The targeted AWSs have
been installed and
transmitting data to the
central server at ZMD. At the
Satisfactory
23
Satisfactory
agricultural production
Outcome 2.
Agricultural Productivity in the pilot sites
made resilient to the anticipated impacts of
climate change
advise farmers on
agricultural production e.g.
frost damage prevention
Number of EWS needs
assessed and documented
and number of farmers using
the Indigenous and modern
EWS for agricultural
production
Zambia’s national
disaster Management
Policy identifies gaps
affecting its
functionality and
measures that need to
be undertaken to
improve disaster risk
reduction
1 assessment with 1000
farmers using the information
Number of interventions
implemented with
appropriate management
(including cost recovery)
plans in place agreed by all
stakeholders for sustainability
beyond the project period.
At present, although
there are a number of
measures that the
government and other
donors are
implementing, these do
not take into account
climate change, neither
are they mentioned for
their adaptation value
900 farmers
Percent increase in
agricultural incomes resulting
from climate resilient
agricultural practices
implemented.
100% increase in income for
farmers using soil and water
conservation techniques.
48% of women involved in
climate resilient agricultural
production practices.
Number pf women involved
in climate resilient
agricultural production
practices.
Number of soil and water
management committees
formed using soil and water
conservation techniques
knowledge to improve
agricultural productivity of
their fields and those of other
farmers
Percent increase in output
1 Needs assessment done
(including addressing the
identified gaps) and
documented. 1000 farmers
are using indigenous and
modern EWS for agricultural
production purposes to
protect their incomes
against effects of extreme
weather events.
1083 (502 F; 581M) farmers
using soil and water
conservation techniques
increased maize crop
productivity from 1 ton/ha
to 3tons/ha.
Lean months (months
without food) have been
reduced from 6 in some
instances to 1 and in some
cases to zero.
local level weather forecasts
are being used to advise
farmers on agricultural
production e.g frost damage
prevention
1000 farmers using a
combination of modern and
indigenous EWS to plan their
agricultural season and
protect their incomes
against extreme weather
events
Satisfactory
In the pilot sites farmers
have been using the soil and
water conservation
technique to improve their
productivity. Maize yileds
have increased to an
average of 3tons/ha from an
average of 1ton/ha. Lean
months of food scarcity have
been reduced from 6
months to 1 month and in
some cases to zero. Women
participation in project
activities has risen to 48%
and this has contributed to
food security as most
women are concerned with
the issue of food security.
Satisfactory
0 committees
8 committees with 1 ton/ha
maize yield
8 management committees
of 80 farmers using soil and
water conservation
techniques have improved
maize yield from 1t/ha to
3t/ha
The committee has provided
the necessary platform as
lead farmers in encouraging
other farmers. This has
resulted in improved yields.
Satisfactory
0 farmers
1000 farmers
1306 (661 F; 645M) farmers
The introduction of
Satisfactory
24
and productivity of all crops
introduced by the project and
livelihood activities as
registered by crop yield
forecasts
Number of farm trials
undertaken to pilot crop
diversification
with more than 100% yield
increases in diversified crops
and alternative livelihoods.
0 farm trials
16 farm trials
0 trials
However, lead farmer
models have been used to
address this issue for crops
such as rice, legumes and
vegetables
Number of farmers trained in
seed multiplication and
producing quality seed
0 farmers
300 farmers
Number of crop
diversification management
committees formed and
trained to promote crop
diversification for improved
agricultural productivity and
food security
0 committees
8 management committees
423 farmers (215F; 208M)
producing quality and
certified seed. Farmers in
the areas targeted are
accessing quality seed which
has contributed to increased
productivity. Seed growers
have also increased their
income due to the
profitability of seed growing.
8 management committees
of 80 members improved
food security through crop
diversification and that of
other farmers they
represent.
Number of seed growers
management committees
promoting seed multiplication
for improved agricultural
productivity
0 management
committee
1 management committee
Percent increase in
agricultural incomes (rice) as
determined by district
seasonal crop forecasts
0 income
10%
25
1 seed growers cooperative
formed and registered
promoting local level
production of quality
certified seed. Access to
certified seeds have been
achieved through this.
100 % increase in income
from rice
diversified crops has
improved food security and
resilience of the local
communities to the adverse
effects of climate change
Despite trials not being
undertaken, lead farmers
were used as models to
showcase technology
transfer. This was enhanced
with field days where
lessons were shared and
technology uptake by other
farmers took place. Farmer
to farmer trainings also
improved technology uptake
This outcome has been
achieved. Quality seed is
availed at local level thereby
contributing to improved
yields and income for seed
growers.
Moderately sa
Satisfactory
Manageemnt committee
members are model farmers
through which technologies
are being transferred. They
are also providing extension
services to fellow farmers
resulting in better uptake of
technologies.
Access to local level certified
quality seed has been
enhanced resulting into
better yields and income at
household level
Satisfactory
Flood waters were used to
introduce a new crop of rice
resulting in 100% income as
this was non existent in
Kazungula (Kasaya), and
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Percent increase in honey
production
0 beekeepers
220 beekeepers
Number of beehives made
from sustainable sources
0 sustainable beehives
880 beehives
Number of beekeeping
management committees
established and using the
beekeeping knowledge to
produce honey
0 management
committees
3 management committees
Percent increase in
agricultural incomes (honey)
0%
10%
Percent increase in rice
production resulting from
training of farmers in
production, processing and
marketing.
No farmers and no
production
300 farmers. 10% increase
High quality rice as a result of
polishing using the rice mill
0 mills
2 rice mills.
26
240 beekeepers (88F; 152M)
have an average yield of
19,200 tons (average of
80kg/farmer/yr) of honey
annually from a baseline of
zero leading to increased
income and household food
security
1200 sustainable beehives
produced and used by honey
farmers. Forests stress has
been reduced as this activity
rejuvenated and promoted
sustainable forest
management
4 management committees
formed and 1 beekeeping
cooperative formed and
registered and utilizing the
beekeeping knowledge to
produce honey. Processing
of honey is being done and
packaged in competitive
packaging for the markets in
urban areas leading to
increased income and
subsequent resilience of
homes as a result of
diversified livelihood options
100% in income (baseline of
0) utilizing the knowledge
acquired from the training in
beekeeping
473 farmers (176 F; 297M)
increased production of rice
by utilizing the knowledge
provided through training.
4 rice mills. Farmers fetching
high rice prices as a result of
value addition through
processing and reduced post
Senanga (Kataba)
Beekeeping was introduced
in 4 pilot sites with honey
production increasing from
zero to 19,200 tons per year.
This has contributed to
increased household income
and improved nutrition.
Satisfactory
Bee hives are made from
carefully selected materials
to ensure that as honey
production is increasing the
health and vitality of the bee
population is maintained by
maintaining a healthy local
biodiversity.
Management committees
working closely with
beekeepers to increase
honey production and
ensuring a healthy
biodiversity by avoiding
cutting trees and bush fires.
Satisfactory
Areas where honey is being
produced had a baseline of
zero. Income levels are
above 100% currently
Incomes for farmers growing
rice have improved.
Nutrition has also improved
as children can now carry
rice to school resulting into
improved school
attendance.
Rice mills helping farmers to
add value and reduce postharvest losses. This has
improved income levels and
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
harvest losses.
Number of rice management
groups established and using
the knowledge on rice
production
O groups
2 management committees
Percent increase in income
(rice)
0
10%
Number of Non Timber Forest
Products introduced
0
3 NTFP
Number of assessments for
extraction methods of NTFP
0
3 feasibility assessments
None
Number of community
members trained in NTFP
0
100
30 farmers in Luangwa and
20 in Chongwe trained in
mushroom growing
Number of NTFP
management groups formed
0
5 NTFP
2
27
4 rice management
committees formed; 1 rice
growers association
registered with 2 subcommittees. Group
members utilizing
knowledge on rice
production and now training
other farmers.
100% increase in rice
production resulting from
trainings. This has led to
food security, resilience to
floods and income
generation
Mushroom growing in
Luangwa and Chongwe
provided by-products being
used as feed for livestock
production
Management committee
members are model farmers
and their fields are being
used as demo plots for rice
growing through field days.
This has improved the
uptake of rice growing by
other farmers.
Satisfactory
Food security, improved
incomes and resilience to
flooding have been achieved
through rice growing.
Satisfactory.
Mungongo oil was targeted
but market information did
not provide enough data to
engage in the activity. In
Luangwa district farmers
undertook mushroom
growing with the help of the
Chinese Technology Centre
who provided the training
and spores. Chongwe were
supported by the University
of Zambia in terms of
training and sourcing of
spores. Production of
mushroom was contributing
to household food security
These were not developed
as the mungongo oil which
was targeted for this was
not developed.
The mushroom produced in
the 2 districts was
contributing to household
food security and income
One committee in Luangwa
and another in Chongwe.
These were model farmers
and constantly in touch with
Moderately sa
Unsatisfactory
Moderately sa
Moderately sa
Number of NTFP market
linkages formed
0
2
1
Number of carbon finances
assessed
Percent increase in
agricultural incomes (NTFP)
0
1
0
0%
10%
0%
Percent increase in small
livestock introduced by the
project through technical and
entrepreneurship skills
trainings
0
120
621 farmers utilizing the
technical training and
entrepreneurship skills
training for goat production
Number of goat management
committees established and
utilizing the technical training
on goat rearing
0
4
4 management committees
of 40 farmers utilizing the
technical training on goat
rearing and training other
farmers on the same.
Number of goat pass-on
systems established and
being applied by farmers
0
1
Percent increase in
agricultural incomes (goats)
0
10%
Number of dam management
committees established and
utilizing the water resources
0
4
1goat pass-on system
established and 621 farmers
utilizing the system in
passing on the goats to
other beneficiaries in 7
districts.
60% in income from goats
and increased nutrition from
goat milk and meat
1 dam management
committee established in
Lusitu and utilizing the water
28
fellow farmers to ensure
that technical knowledge
was used to enhance
production
Most of the production was
consumed at household
level. Arrangements were
made between the farmers
in Luangwa with the Chinese
Technology centre to be
buying all their produce if
production increased.
No assessments were done
Moderately sa
Unsatisfactory
The contribution to
household nutrition was well
noted though actual income
increase was not
determined
Introduction of goats has
contributed to improved
nutrition through meat and
milk, income levels and use
of manure for vegetable
production.
Committees are ensuring
that the activity is sustained
through the passing-on the
gift to cover more farmers.
Maintaining a healthy head
is also ensured by following
appropriate livestock
production management
practices.
The pass-on has contributed
to sustainability of the
activity
Moderately sa
Farmers having household
incomes from the sale pf
goats.
The Mid Term review
recommended the
construction of 1 dam out of
Satisfactory
Satsifactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
from the constructed dams
from the dam for livestock
production
Number of dam management
committees trained
0
4 committees
1 trained
Percent increase in
agricultural productivity
resulting from knowledge
acquired through training in
water management, irrigation
techniques and water
extraction
Number of dams constructed
50 farmers
250 farmers
0
4
250 farmers improved
livestock production from
Siankapu dam resulting from
the acquired knowledge
through the trainings
provided in water
management.
1
Area under irrigation
0 ha
81
20
Percent increase in
agricultural incomes
2%
10%
20%
Number of storm water dam
management committees
0
1
0
Number of storm water dam
management committees
trained
0
1
0
29
4 due to limited funds. The
constructed dam is
contributing to improved
livestock production
The committee is working
towards safeguarding the
dam by creating awareness
to fellow farmers on the
need to avoid activities that
can increase siltation of the
dam
20 hectare s have been
earmarked for irrigation of
horticultural crops. This will
contribute to improved
nutrition and household
income in addition to
livestock production
The number of dams was
reduced to accommodate
the available funds and with
the recommendation of the
MTR
20 out of the planned 81
hectares have been
earmarked for irrigation
purposes.
The increase in income from
the dam so far has been due
to improved livestock
production where an
estimate of 20% per year is
made
The storm water dams were
not constructed due non
availability of funds. The
MTR and the PSC
recommended that
construction could not be
done due to limited funds
and that only one dam be
constructed instead.
No committees since no
storm water dams were
constructed. Plans changed
based on evaluation by the
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Moderately sa
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Number of farmers trained on
water management, irrigation
techniques and water
extraction
0
150
200
Number of storm water dams
constructed
0
6
0
Area under irrigation using
water from storm water dams
5 hectares
28 ha
0
Percent increase from
agricultural incomes
2%
10%
0
Number of weir management
committees established
0
1
0
Number of weir management
committees trained
0
1
0
Number of farmers trained in
water management, irrigation
techniques and water
extraction and using the
information for agricultural
production
Number of storm water dams
constructed
40
200
200
0
3 weirs
0
30
MTR and the PSC regarding
the limited budget
150 farmers trained in Lusitu
for the siankapu dam and 50
in Chongwe for the irrigation
scheme. Farmers have
started applying the
knowledge for the
production of a variety of
horticultural crops
Budgetary limitations could
not enable the construction
of the storm water dams.
This was confirmed by the
MTR and the PSC who in
turn advised that only one
dam should be constructed
in line with the available
funds.
Funds were not adequate
for the construction hence
no irrigation done. This was
confirmed by the MTR and
the PSC who then advised
that only one dam be
constructed in line with the
available funds.
This was expected from the
storm water dams which
were not constructed due to
limited funds
Limited funds hence weirs
could not be constructed.
This was confirmed by the
MTR and the PSC
Management committees
not formed as there was no
weir
Farmers were trained in
Mambwe, Siavonga and
Chongwe and have since
used the knowledge for
production of horticultural
crops
Limited funds could not
enable construction of
Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Outcome 3. National fiscal, regulatory and
development policy revised to promote
adaptation responses in the agricultural
sector
Lessons learned and knowledge
management component established
Area under irrigation
8ha
39ha
0
Percent increase in
agricultural incomes
2%
10%
0
Number of functional climate
resource support centres
0
8
Awareness levels of rural
population in pilot sites and
local/national government of
climate change and its
impacts improved
At present, rural
populations’
understanding of
climate change and its
impacts is minimal
Rural populations within the
eight pilot sites will have been
exposed to climate change
information and adaptation
training with catalytic
intentions
8 climate resource centres
being used for capacity
building and sharing of
climate resilient
information. IPads have also
been used in the resource
centres to bolster the
information resources
A total of 5,926 rural
populations in the eight pilot
sites exposed to climate
change information and
adaptation training with
catalytic intentions
Number of sectoral plans that
promote or impede the
resilience of communities
within AER I and II to climate
change
National policies as well
as the provincial and
district development
plans that are available
do not address climate
change and adaptation
issues in an integrated
manner.
2 provincial plans and district
plans and 5 key national
policies are revised to promote
sustainable climate resilient
development
Number of proposals, papers
and other documents that
incorporate learning from the
project.
Development projects
do not systematically
benefit from learning
practices and project
lessons on community-
31
At least four proposed or ongoing projects draw on lessons
and knowledge generated by
the LCDF
Revised the agriculture
policy, contributed to the
development of the climate
change policy, revised the
forest policy and the REDD
strategy. Revised 1 district
plan to include CC. The
policies are adapted to take
into account climate change
risks to promote sustainable
climate resilient
development.
Conducted 4 provincial, 8
district policy review
awareness meetings after
which a policy brief was
developed.
Hosted 3 regional missions
on adaptation in 2013 and
2015.
Attended 1 international
workshop on community
weirs. This was confirmed by
the MTR and the PSC
Non construction of weirs
could not enable irrigation
Increased income expected
from weirs could not be
realized as they were not
constructed.
Farmers are using the
resource centres to improve
their knowledge on climate
resilient agriculture through
meetings, trainings and use
of ipads
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Satisfactory
Awareness levels of the rural
populations in the pilot sites
regarding climate resilient
agriculture and adaptation
has improved and this is
being applied in the planning
of agricultural seasons
The revised policies will
provide an input in the
national development plans
for the country
Satisfactory
The lessons will be used in
future programming of
similar projects and applied
in projects that are currently
running.
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Number of lessons included in
the ALM
based adaptation
At least 20 key project lessons
are captured and disseminated
in the ALM
Number of regional and
national workshops
conducted for dissemination
of project lessons.
The number of awareness
campaigns conducted on the
need to incorporate
adaptation needs in policy
32
based adaptation where
lessons were shared.
At least 1 national and 1
international workshop on
adaptation to effects of
drought and climate change is
conducted
Conducted 10 field days,
produced 5 feature stories, 5
success stories, 3 radio/TV
news articles.
16 key project lessons
captured and disseminated.
At least 2 campaigns have
been conducted.
2 documentaries produced
and broadcast
m) Participating farmers
Table 3: Direct and Indirect Participating Farmers
Direct Beneficiaries
Output/Activities
Male
Female
Total
1.1 Climate change adaptation techniques - EWS
Indirect Beneficiaries
Male
Female
Total
No. of beneficiaries
562
2.1 Soil conservation techniques
665
1218
2540
2168
4708
No. of beneficiaries
2.2a Crop diversification
581
502
1083
2350
2385
4735
No. of beneficiaries
2.2b Seed multiplication
645
661
1306
2127
2337
4464
No. of beneficiaries
2.3 Alternative livelihoods
2.3a Bee keeping
208
215
423
963
427
1390
88
240
1119
782
1901
No. of beneficiaries
297
176
2.3f Small livestock production - Goat rearing
473
556
403
959
No. of beneficiaries
Total
no.
beneficiaries
No. of beneficiaries
152
2.3c Rice farming in flood prone areas
325
296
621
1560
1532
3092
572
564
1,136
11,269
9,980
21,249
of
Note: Indirect Beneficiaries
1. Crop diversification/beekeeping/rice production/goat production/soil and water
conservation.
a) Indirect beneficiaries under 1 above include members of the direct household
beneficiaries estimated by a factor of six (6) members per beneficiary to give
us a the total number of estimated indirect beneficiaries
b) Also project indirect beneficiaries include project site population who would
benefit from the production outputs and sales.
2. Seed multiplication/Early Warning System
a) Indirect beneficiaries under 2 above include the prospective buyers of
commercial seed produced by seed growers and this includes number of
households in the area where seed is being produced
b) Indirect beneficiaries of EWS information include all farm households who
might be vulnerable to the hazards of weather and climate
33
4.0 Key Lessons learnt and Best Practices
4.1 Early warning and weather information
i.
The community and the project learnt that timely dissemination of weather information
and farming practices resulted into planting twice for crops like cowpeas and limiting
frost damage on crops thus strengthening resilience of small-scale farmers to climate
change and improving their food security and household income. Therefore, Early
Warning Systems (EWS) are important for any interventions that beneficiaries wish to
undertake at the Sites because it affects their ability to become resilient to effects of
climate change and variability. It also resulted into good choice of crop types and
varieties to plant.
ii.
Early Warning Systems (EWS) are important tools for any interventions that
beneficiaries wish to undertake because it affects their ability to become resilient to
effects of climate change and variability. This was quite clear with how some farmers
tackled the issue of frost in June 2014, after early warning preparedness meetings were
held on frost mitigation.
iii.
A combination of seasonal weather forecast, early warning and local indigenous early
warning is contributing to timely planting, early planting and planting twice of field crops
in the project area during the rainy season. The aspect of modern and indigenous early
warning indicators and system should be explored in depth by researchers in order to
devise appropriate mechanisms and strategies of disseminating such important
information for farming.
4.2 Soil conservation
i.
The community learnt that minimum tillage practices and early land preparation
practices improve crop production and productivity when compared to conventional
farming system practices thus strengthening community resilience to climate change
and sustaining soil productivity and farm ecosystem conservation.
ii.
Conservation agriculture provides good practices for drought prone areas; because it
ensures moisture conservation and rational use of rare and expensive agricultural
inputs.
iii.
Conservation agriculture practices application is increasing and non-project farmers are
applying the use of planting basins. These good agricultural practices (GAPs) are
forming one of the good practices that would be used by farmers in Agro-ecological
region I and II of Zambia. Conservation agriculture (CA) results in better yields than
conventional farming systems. CA contributes to the much talked about carbon credits
which are held up by the soil through organic matter being placed as crop residue
retention, later decompose for soil fertility improvement and stable soil ecosystem.
4.3 Crop diversification
i.
The project team learnt that lack of and/or inadequate marketing strategies in the project
document resulted in delayed sale of seed produced by small-scale seed growers thus
making them vulnerable to competition from seed products sold by seed companies who
have aggressive promotion strategies.
ii.
The seed growers learnt that through look and learning approach, they adopted
Obatampa maize variety into their seed multiplication activities because of its higher
34
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
protein content than the normal maize varieties, which would enhance their household
nutrition security.
The community and project team learnt that seed multiplication provides immediate
access and availability of locally adapted seed varieties and additional household
income, and thus strengthening community’s income levels even in times of climate
change effects.
Seed multiplication intervention ensures availability and access of appropriate and
suitable seed among farmers. The farmer field day held at Mr. Billy Muleya’s farm in
Kazungula had a variety of seed crops (maize, cowpeas, groundnuts and sunflower).
Farmers acknowledged the importance of seed multiplication of drought tolerant crop
varieties, which makes locally produced seed available and accessible to farmers at
competitive prices. Local seed production offers one of the good agricultural practices
(GAP), by ensuring adaptive crop varieties that climatologically, ecologically, socially,
economically and nutritionally adapt to climate change affected communities.
The community learnt that growing two or more alternative crops protected them from
risks of general crop failure and instead enhanced their resilience to climate change and
increased food security and household income.
The project learnt that use of red sorghum variety (ZSV-36R) among targeted farmers
reduced loss of production due to birds and saved on time for other farming activities
and thus children that are normally sent for bird scaring had ample time for their social
plays and assisting parents with house chores and reading their school books.
The farmers learnt that growing of industrial crops like sorghum and sunflower leads to
processing activities, which creates employment and enabling production of feed
supplement for pigs, goats and chickens that are commonly being fed on the same.
Crop diversification is forming a key strategy to reducing dependency on maize and in
2014, A Senior Headman, in Kasaya Mr. Samankondo, reported during the rice farming
field day that in his area there was no need for relief food because of adequate food
availability among his people. Rice farming has higher gross margin than maize, and
therefore it will remain a main centre of focus for farmers in flood prone areas.
The use of quality protein maize variety (such as Obatampa), early maturing crop
varieties, and legume crops provides the farmers with an opportunity to use crop
varieties with high nutrition content (variety in farmers’ diets and improved nutrition), with
drought tolerant traits and opportunity for farmers to harvest early in case of early
maturing crop varieties.
4.4 Rice farming
i.
The project learnt even though rice farming was not targeted for some flood prone sites
like Kasaya, the promotion of paddy and upland rice through exchange visits and study
tour increased production and productivity so as to take advantage of the flood water
and reduce risks of climate change effects.
ii.
The rice growers learnt that untimely planting of paddy rice (after flood water rises)
affects germination for direct sown seed and thus making the targeted farmers
vulnerable to climate change effects of food insecurity and reduced household income.
iii.
Rice farmers are utilising dambo areas and areas prone to flooding. This practice
requires sustainable use of dambos to prevent damaging effects to the ecosystem. The
practice is that farmers would plant their rice crop before water collects in the dambos
and before water floods the flood plains. If planted on time, the rice crop normally
matures in readiness for harvest.
4.5 Alternative livelihoods – beekeeping
i.
The beekeepers learnt that apiculture as an alternative livelihood option plays an
important role in combating deforestation through charcoal production and thus engages
the community in forest ecosystem protection and conservation making the community
resilient to effects of climate change.
35
ii.
iii.
The project learnt that strong community leadership and strong farmer group
associations give way to long-term project results and ownership of outcomes as seen
during the construction of the apiculture market/centre of excellence building when
community members contributed local building materials.
The rearing of bees will provide the much needed alternative sources of income at farm
household among communities because the intervention when well managed will bring
about rural development and ensure that in the event of crop failure, alternative sources
of livelihood are available.
4.6 Alternative livelihoods – goat farming
i.
The project learnt that the use of the goat pass-on-the-gift approach of payback system
and ensuring that each initial beneficiary signs an agreement form resulted into more
than 70% payback and thus ensure that more farmers are recipients and provide
sustainable alternative household income sources when climate change affects
communities.
ii.
The use of adaptive livestock, goats, provides best options compared to growing maize
and provides quick and regular incomes, which is characteristic of small livestock.
4.7 Project management and coordination
i.
The project team learnt that with increasing women participation in all adaptation
measures and farmer group committees, it has resulted in high success rate in most
interventions except in beekeeping were women participation was less than 38%.
ii.
The project team learnt that stakeholder coordination and involvement through meetings
resulted in reduced double targeting, and increased knowledge transfer and sharing on
areas of strength and thus increasing accumulative net contribution to strengthening
community resilience to climate change.
5.0 Exit Strategy
The project has defined transitional, long and short term activities. Transitional activities are critical
activities that need to be undertaken before closure of the project. Long term activities are
activities which will continue after termination of the project while short term activities are activities
which will stop by the termination of the project. Long term activities require necessary national
budgets to be allocated and effectively/ efficiently used for implementing the activities. Long term
activities form part of the exit strategy of the project and are discussed in detail under section 5.1
below.
5.1 Exit Strategy activities
The project is already being implemented within the framework of the MAL, Land Husbandry
Section at HQ and the DACO at national and district level respectively. The project is also
supporting activities that fit within the framework of the MAL and other relevant line ministry work
plans. As the project phases over funding of long term activities to MAL and other relevant line
ministries, the onus will be on these line ministries to ensure that adequate resources are
allocated to these long term activities to ensure not only sustainability but also replication and
expansion.
There will be need to continue to build the capacity at the Land Husbandry section at HQ and the
pilot district sites. Specific officers at both levels should continue to be designated to follow-up on
climate change activities. Staff morale should continue to be boosted by ensuring that the officers
have adequate resources to perform their duties i.e., office furniture and office equipment,
36
operational funds and adequate transport. Staff should continuously be upgraded through training
and exposure visits.
Communities are organized in farmer groups, have been trained in appropriate techniques and are
implementing activities. The communities have been linked to service providers through the
groups. However, farmer groups and service providers still need to be properly coordinated and
supported through training, networking and continuous monitoring to consolidate efforts already
made.
Communities through the farmer groups have expressed keen interest in the technologies being
advocated by the project and this is seen by their interest in using the techniques being
disseminated and the crops/ commodities being promoted. Demand for the technologies is high
with the project only being limited by availability of resources to expand the activities to include
more farmers. Communities through the groups have expressed strong desire to continue with
project activities in the long term.
As part of this exit strategy it is being proposed that an input revolving fund/pass-on system be
established/continued where it exists to be administered by the sub-committees where farmers
that benefit from initial inputs supported by the project payback to the fund to enable other farmers
to access inputs. The project is already supporting a payback system for goats (as well as seed
growers) where farmers that are supplied with goats under the project payback to the committee
for distribution to other farmers once the goat has off spring. There are also proposals to develop
community nurseries and seed banks to benefit other farmers and disadvantaged groups in the
community. It is also proposed that the cooperatives and or associations to be developed under
the project operate as viable and sustainable organizations so that they can continue to purchase
commodities from farmer groups, process/ package and sell the commodities at a profit to the
organizations2.
2 The cooperatives and or associations should develop long term business plans and solicit for financial assistance to support plans
37
5.0 Success Stories
The farmers interviewed testified that they have observed changes in weather and the prominent
problems noticed due to climate change included: hot temperatures, poor rainfall, droughts, floods
and frost. These occurrences affected farming hence leading to crop failure and food insecurity.
However with the coming of Climate Change Adaptation Project two farmers gave a testimony of
how they are becoming resilient and are adapting to whatever changes in the environment they
can experience. The farmers are now using good farming practices like conservation agriculture
which does well even when there is little rainfall. Others are practicing crop diversification, rearing
goats, beekeeping and seed multiplication. All these interventions have proved to be helpful as
can be attested by the following success stories by Mr and Mrs Mumbela and, Mr Billy Muleya.
5.1 Mr and Mrs Mumbela’s Success Story – Crop diversification, Rice and Weather
Forecast Application
Mr and Mrs Mumbela of 64 years old and 55 years old, respectively have 6 children and 4 grand
children. Farming has been their livelihood at Mumbela Village in Sikaunzwe Camp. They say that
they have observed a lot of changes in weather which has affected their agricultural activities. Mr.
Mumbela says unreliable rainfall pattern, hot temperatures, persistent frosts and flash floods have
affected the production leading to food insecurity and less income for the household. Hunger and
poverty was the order of the day. Relief food was the only hope for his family like many other
families in the area.
However with the coming of the Climate Change Adaptation Project in the area the Mumbelas’ life
has changed. They have embraced conservation agriculture and crop diversification as adaptation
strategies. They grow drought tolerant crops and early maturing crops that they never used to like
sorghum, sunflower and cowpeas. The flash floods which were a threat are now a blessing to
their family as they are growing rice in the dambos. “We could just watch these dambos, without
doing anything productive out of them,” he said. Mr &and Mrs Mumbela who harvested about 53
by 50kg of rice in the 2013/14 season say that there is more cash in growing rice than commercial
dry maize grain since a 50kg bag of polished rice grain can fetch at K450 compared to K75 for
grain maize.
The Mumbela family have also seen the benefits of using weather forecast in farming. Because of
following closely the seasonal forecast promoted in the project, they were able to make good
decisions such as early planting and therefore increased their production. In the 2013/14 farming
season, Mr and Mrs Mumbela planted two crops in one field in the same season. The first crop
was sold as green maize and made K3,450. They later planted a second crop (sunflower) in the
same field which also did well.
38
Figure 1: Paddy & Upland Rice Field for Mr. & Mrs Imata
5.2 Mr. Billy Muleya’s Success Story – Conservation Agriculture and Seed
Multiplication
Mr. Billy Muleya is 55 years old with two wives and 14 children of Namapande in Sekute
Resettlement of Mambova Camp. He lives to testify the negative effects of climate change. He is
one of the victims who were displaced by floods from the area called Kasaya in 2008 and were
resettled in an area called Namapande.
Mr. Muleya says his household and many others which were relocated to this area suffered loss of
household property and animals. Their livelihood was distorted due to the extreme weather
conditions. When they were relocated to Namapande people suffered from hunger. “Even if we
were resettled here our problems were not over because the poor rainfall could not afford us to
have enough food and we only depended on relief food which was also not sustainable,” he said.
Mr. Muleya appreciates the good farming system introduced to them by the Climate Change
Adaptation Project. He is practicing conservation agriculture using planting basins and has also
diversified crops grown. “With these unpredictable rains, I have seen a better yield by using
conservation agriculture and growing a variety of crops has made my household food secure” he
said. Mr. Muleya testified on behalf of other farmers in Namapande that relief food is no more in
the area as many farmers are growing a variety of crops to avoid any climate related risks.
Mr. Muleya is also a seed grower who has successfully produced seed. “I have produced 4 by
50kg of cowpea seed, 7 by 50kg obatampa maize seed, 8 by 50kg sunflower seed and 5 by 50kg
groundnut seed, which has already been certified by Seed Control Certification Institute and I am
already getting some income out of the sales of the seed,” he said. Having local seed growers
has alleviated problems faced by farmers such as long distances and availability. Mr. Muleya
promises to continue growing seed so that his fellow farmers can easily access seed to enable
them plant early as they adapt to climate change.
39
Figure 2: Crop diversification and seed multiplication farmer field day
5.3 Mr. Mayumbo Njamba’s Beekeeping Success Story
The farmers interviewed testified that they have observed changes in weather and the prominent
problems noticed due to climate change included: hot temperatures, poor rainfall, droughts, floods
and frost. These occurrences affected farming hence leading to crop failure and food insecurity.
However with the coming of Climate Change Adaptation Project the farmers gave a testimony of
how they have become resilient and are adapting to whatever changes in the environment they
can experience. The farmers are now using best farming practices like conservation agriculture
which does well even when there is little rainfall. Others are practicing crop diversification rearing
goats, beekeeping and seed multiplication. All these interventions have proved to be helpful as
can be attested by the following success story of Mr. Mayumbelo Njamba (Beekeeper).
Figure 3: Mr. Njamba giving a bottle of honey to GEF Monitoring Mission
“59 year old Mayumbelo Njamba is a small scale farmer married to one wife with 7 children and 4
grandchildren who lives in Njamba village of Sikaunzwe agricultural camp. Mr Njamba was born in
Sikaunzwe and has lived to see the changes and experience the variations in weather. Mr.
Njamba has experienced three major disasters that affected his life adversely and he alludes them
to climate change. In 1990s, Mr. Njamba was leading a normal and comfortable life, when things
started changing by 1995 when they experienced severe drought which led to hunger. According
to him, that was not a problem as they had a lot of cattle which cushioned everything as they could
earn some income from sale of animals. In 2005/2006 season, the second disaster happened, the
rainfall pattern seemed well, little did they know that climate change was real, they were hit by
great floods which swept all the crops, the grazing grounds were submerged. At this point, farmers
thought of protecting their animals from water and they shifted the entire animal population to
upland areas. The third disaster happened when all animals were hit by Contagious Bovine
Pleural Pneumonia (CBPP). Mr Njamba lost over 300 animals. And that was the beginning of
problems as it was double loss of animals and food crops. He sold off all the household assets in
order to find food, his house hold suffered to an extent of him allowing his daughter leading a
promiscuous life to bring food home for the entire family, the daughter later contracted HIV/AIDS
and later died. Mr Njamba’s hardships were too much. “I almost committed suicide”. He said, other
40
organizations came in to help from time to time with relief food. But Mr. Njamba said that was not
very helpful as the households still remained in poverty and hunger. However Mr. Njamba saw
light at the end of the tunnel in 2012 when Climate Change Adaptation Project came in his area
as he was equipped with knowledge and skills to become resilient and adapt to the effects of
climate change. Mr Njamba is one of the farmers that received trainings and materials to use in
various activities. Mr. Njamba testifies that because of the project he has knowledge of
conservation farming which assures good yields despite drought, crop diversification which
assures food security despite crop failure in one crop due to floods or droughts. Mr. Njamba is now
a beekeeper who is assured of enough income for the family in whatever weather condition. Mr
Njamba who has started harvesting and selling honey boasts of making more than ZMW2,500
(US$320) per harvest. As a family head he cannot allow his child to find food using wrong
methods now as he can now provide for his household. “There is no more relief food in the area,
thanks to Climate Change Adaptation Project”, Mr Njamba said.”
6. Project Challenges
During the implementation phase of the project, the following challenges were observed:
h) Late commencement of project activities; the project implementation started in August of
2012 (2 years after signing the project agreement).
i) Community water access still the biggest challenge for the Kasaya, Chongwe, Sioma
and Mambwe sites, was not carried (output 2.4) for Kasaya Site; largely due to high activity
cost caused by delayed project implementation and also technical constraints for suitable
sites meant for storm dams, weirs and earth dams;
j) Delayed funding of project activities on time due coupled with delayed technical report
submission to the project management unit by the dictricts.
k) Bee keeping at one of the three (3) sub-sites (Kasaya sub-site) was constrained by failure
to bait bees and open woodlands with flood plain exposing bees to severe weather
conditions.
l) Lack of provision of rice threshing equipment, which is used after cutting rice tillers before
milling or polishing rice with rice dehuller.
m) Failure to implement output 2.3e on additional alternative livelihoods for NTFPs; difficulties
with market linkage arrangements for Mongongo nut oil.
n) Late release of seasonal weather forecast and inadequate information on rain season
distribution pattern for timely planning of farming operations.
o) Inadequate animal draft power (ADP) to increase area under soil and water conservation
tillage still remains another main obstacle.
7. Conclusion and Recommendations
It is evident that the Climate Change Adaptation Project has contributed to the overall adaptive
and resilient capacity of the communities in the 8 pilot sites which are prone to high temperatures,
frost, flooding and drought. The communities have acquired capacity to apply modern early
warning system methods combined with indigenous knowledge to ensure food security is
maintained and sustained. The communities have been sensitised and trained on how to combine
multiple livelihoods options, which are adaptive to the hazards of climate/ weather. The more than
1,000 households across project sites have shown capacity and willingness to form management
41
committees to ensure project sustainability in and outside the project sites. The likelihood of
replicating adaptation measures in other parts of the pilot sites is high considering that the project
has built capacity in the district implementation teams through staff trainings, provision of
computers, automatic weather stations and vehicles to carry out activities.
In conclusion the following recommendations could be considered for future programming of
similar/follow-up projects:
f) In order to improve weather information dissemination discussions with mobile service
providers to provide an SMS service to farmers on either weekly or daily dissemination of
weather indicators could be tabled or considered in phase II (if any).
g) Phase II (if any) should address the position of the project M and E Officer to ensure
consistent M and E reporting formats, data collection tools and implementation of the M &
E plan.
h) Any project on disaster risk reduction and climate change should not be less than three (3)
implementation year period and could include mitigation measures during the first to second
year.
i) On-farm trials would be critical to providing localized climatic conditions to enable easy
adaptation of considered interventions. A longer time span is necessary with a minimum of
five (5) years given other issues such as attitudes of farmers or beneficiaries that need to
be changed.
j) Exposure of assets and equipment. The project procured and distributed various taypes of
assets and equipment. These are at National, district and camp level. It is recommended
that for the project activities to be sustained the assets and equipment be handed over to
the sites where they are located to be used in the promotion of climate change adaptation
activities.
ANNEX 1 Project budget and expenditure
Co-financing
(type/source)
UNDP own financing (mill. US$)
Government
(mill. US$)
Planned
Actual
1,529,000
0
Partner Agency (GEF)
(mill. US$)
Planned
Actual
3,795,000
3, 661, 910.59
Total
(mill. US$)
Planned
5,499,000
Actual
Grants
Planned
175 000
Loans/Concessions
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
710 452.31

In-kind
support
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Totals
175,000
710 452.31
1,529,000
42
3,795,000
3,661,910.56
5,499,000
Annex 2 Project Exit strategy
Components/ outputs
District Management and Coordination:
Strengthened capacity of district to
plan, monitor and evaluate project
activities
Soil
and
water
conservation:
Techniques for soil and water
conservation
as
well
as
soil
improvement implemented to reduce
erosion and improve the productivity
of small-scale agriculture.
Activities

Provision of office furniture and
equipment
 Provision of appropriate transport
to support field activities especially
in those districts facing challenges
with transport
 Support with operating expenses
 Training of district staff
 Monitoring project activities
 Training of agricultural extension
staff in soil and water conservation
 Continue supporting the farmer
user groups that were formed and
training them in soil and water
conservation
 Assessment of soil and water
conservation techniques
 Continue
Established
committees
Crop
diversification:
Crop
diversification practices tested for
their ability to improve resilience of
farmers to drought.
Pilot sites
All sites
All eight sites
supporting
the
management
 Continue
supporting
the
established farmer user groups and
training them on the importance of
crop diversification as well as crop
diversification techniques
 Farm trials to demonstrate drought
resilient and alternative crops
All eight sites
 Facilitate production of drought
resilient seeds in communities
 Continue
supporting
the
established
management
committees
Beekeeping: Bee keeping tested for its
ability to diversify incomes away from
maize production
 Facilitate
the
support
to
beekeeping groups
 Facilitate the the linkage of
beekeeping groups to Zambia
Honey Council
Kasaya, Chikowa , MundalangaN’ganjo, and Kabeleka
 Provision of tools and training of
selected farmers in manufacture of
beehives
 Provision of honey press equipment
 Strengthen the study circle groups
that were formed.
Goat rearing: Goat rearing tested for
its ability to diversify incomes away
from maize production
Fish farming: Fish farming tested for its
ability to diversify incomes away from
maize production
 Continue supporting the goat
rearing groups that were formed.
 Continue supporting the groups so
that the pass-on concept is
continued and sustained
 Formation and training of a fish
farming group in fish farming
 Rehabilitation of drainage canals
 Stocking of newly constructed fish
43
Kasaya, Chikowa, MundalangaN’ganjo, Zalapango and Kabeleka
Kataba
ponds.
 Assessment of fish management?
techniques
 Establishment and training of
subcommittee
Rice farming: Rice farming tested for its
ability to diversify incomes away from
maize production
 Continue supporting the rice
farming groups that were formed
 Ensure proper maintenance of rice
mills.
Mundalanga-N’ganjo, Kasaya, Kataba
and Sioma.
 Facilitate rice harvesting and
processing
 Establishment and training of
subcommittee
Irrigation: Irrigation systems in Lusitu
rehabilitated and tested for its ability to
improve agricultural productivity
EWS
 Formation and training of user
group in water management
irrigation techniques
 Rehabilitate irrigation systems
 Assess
suitability
of
water
harvesting and irrigation techniques
 Establishment and training of
subcommittee
Lusitu
MAL in conjunction with ZMD to
be sending the seasonal rainfall
forecasts
to
the
districts
immediately they are received to
help the farmers
All the districts
AWS to be taken over and be
maintained by ZMD
All the districts
District Assets
Land where resource centres
were built to be secured by way of
title.
DACOs
to
obtain
documentation
showing
the
ownership of land on the sites
where the centres were built
Management strutures
Management committees at each
site to have a formal registration.
DACO
to
facilitate
their
registration where they are not
registered especially if they are
managing assets.
All the districts
MAL to revise the PIF that was
developed and submit to Ministry
of Finance for possible funding of
another phase of the project
To be in all the 8 pilot sites.
44
45