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Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Name Period Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Overview 1. What is ecology? 2. Study Figure 52.2. It shows the different levels of the biological hierarchy studied by ecologists. Notice also the different types of questions that might be studied by an ecologist at each level of study. Use this figure to define or explain the following terms: organismal ecology population ecology community ecology ecosystem ecology landscape ecology global ecology Concept 52.1 - Earth’s climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly 3. What is climate? What 4 abiotic factors are important components of climate? 4. Describe the difference between a MACROCLIMATE and MICROCLIMATE. -1- Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 5. Briefly describe how the following affect climate patterns: - Seasonality/ Earth’s tilted axis of rotation - Bodies of Water - Mountains - Altitude/Elevation Concept 52.2 - The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance. 6. What is a biome? What is a climograph? 7. Label the axes of this figure, and identify each biome shown here. Try to do this based on your understanding of the figure, and then use the text to check your answers. You will use these biomes: temperate grassland, temperate broadleaf forest, tropical forest, northern coniferous forest, desert, tundra. -2- Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 8. What are most terrestrial biomes names for? 9. What is vertical layering? What are the different layers? Why are they important? 10. Briefly summarize the major features of terrestrial biomes Terrestrial Biome Typical Autotrophs Typical Heterotrophs Precipitation/ Temperature Tropical Forest Desert Savanna Chaparral Temperate Grassland Northern Coniferous Forest (Tiaga) Temperate Broadleaf Forest Tundra -3- Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Concept 52.3 - Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth 11. Aquatic biomes are characterized by their _____________________. 12. What’s the difference between marine and freshwater biomes? 13. What is the largest marine biome, and how much of Earth’s surface does it cover? What impact does it have on the biosphere? 14. As you read this section and study Figure 52.13, you will encounter a number of new terms. Distinguish between each of the following pairs of terms: photic/aphotic benthic/pelagic zooplankton/phytoplankton intertidal/ neritic/abyssal 15. Lakes are standing bodies of water that range from small ponds (a few square meters in area) to lakes covering thousands of square miles. Light decreases with depth. Describe the difference between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. -4- Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 16. Describe the physical environment and features of the following aquatic biomes: Aquatic Biome Physical Environment Typical Autotrophs & Heterotrophs Wetlands Streams and rivers Estuaries Intertidal Oceanic pelagic Coral Reefs Marine Benthic Zone Concept 52.4 - Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species 17. Describe the difference between ecological time and evolutionary time. -5- Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 18. Both biotic and abiotic factors affect the distribution of species. Read this section carefully to understand different types of experiments and observations that help explain the distribution of species. A. As you conclude this section, describe four examples of biotic factors affecting the distribution of species. Biotic Factor Description and Example Pathogens/ Parasites Predators Herbivores Food Availability B. List five examples of abiotic factors and briefly describe how they affect the distribution of species. -6-