Download English Review Sheet Modifiers: you will not be tested on forms of

English Review Sheet
Modifiers: you will not be tested on forms of comparison or double negatives
Adjectives
 Adjectives: modify nouns and pronouns
 They tell which, how many, and what kind of the noun or pronoun
 Examples
 The girl wears a beautiful red cape.
 The hairy and scary wolf tries to eat her.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Some words that are actually other parts of speech can function as adjectives:
 Possessive nouns
 The girl’s cape is red.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Articles
 The wolf is scary.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Nouns
 Could you put this back on the book shelf?
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Verbs in the 2nd and 4th parts
 The scared girl ran away.
 The howling wolf chased after her.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Adverbs
 Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
 Tell how, when, where, and to what extent
 HOW: The girl sat down slowly.
 WHEN: I’ll be leaving soon.
 WHERE: I can’t find my book anywhere.
 TO WHAT EXTENT: I am rather excited about this lesson.
 When an adverb modifies a verb:
 When an adverb modifies an adjective:
 She was very sad after reading the book.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 When an adverb modifies another adverb:
 My grandmother sat down quite slowly.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 When an adverb modifies a verb:
 I spent the whole day reading the book carefully.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Punctuation
Commas
 Use commas to:
 Separate items in a series (three or more related words, phrases, or clauses)
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Separate two or more adjectives that come before a noun
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Separate long, independent clauses in a sentence
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Set off words, phrases, and clauses that come at the beginning of a sentence
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Separate interrupters from the rest of the sentence
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Separate nouns of direct address from the rest of the sentence
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Create an appositive phrase
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Quotation Marks
 Direct Quote: write speaker’s exact words
 QUOTATION MARKS NEEDED (as well as other punctuation)
 Example: First Romeo said, “But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?” and then
Juliet was all, “What’s in a name?”
 Indirect quote: tells what speaker said without using the exact words
 QUOTATION MARKS NOT NEEDED
 Example: Romeo said that Juliet was a great source of light and Juliet asked if a name
actually means anything.
 Place comma after introduction and begin quote with a capital letter
 Romeo asked, “But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?”
 “But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?” asked Romeo.
 Question marks and exclamation points that belong to the quote are placed inside the quotation
marks
 Juliet asked, “What’s in a name?”
 Did Juliet say, “A rose would still smell as sweet”?
 Periods and commas belong inside the quotation marks
 Friar L said, “These violent delights have violent ends.”
 Friar L said, “These violent delights have violent ends,” and then he performed the
marriage for Romeo and Juliet.
 Direct quotes can be divided into two parts with correct punctuation
 The first letter of the second part of the quote is not capitalized if it’s all in one sentence
 “A plague,” cried Mercutio, “on both your houses!”
 If the quote is broken up into two sentences, then the first letter of the second part is
capitalized
 “A plague on both your houses!” cried Mercutio. “Tomorrow you shall find me a
grave man.”
 Place a comma after the first part
 “A plague,” cried Mercutio, “on both your houses!”
 “The two houses,” stated the Chorus, “are both alike in dignity.”
 Titles of short works always go in quotation marks
 Short Story: “The Ransom of Red Chief” (O. Henry)
 Poem: “Nothing Gold Can Stay” (Robert Frost)
 Chapter of a Book: “My Name” (Sandra Cisneros)
 Magazine Article: “How to Read Shakespeare”
 Song: “Awake My Soul” (Mumford & Sons
 On the contrary, titles of long words go in italics if typed or underlined if handwritten
 Book: A Day No Pigs Would Die (Robert Peck)
 Magazine: People
 Newspaper: The Maycomb Tribune
 Play: The Crucible (Arthur Miller)
 Movie: Romeo and Juliet (Baz Luhrmann)
 TV Series: Pretty Little Liars
 Painting: Mona Lisa (da Vinci)
 Musical Works (album titles): Babel (Mumford & Sons)
Colons
 Uses:
 After the greeting in a business letter
 Dear Sir:
 Writing the time
 10:05
 Before a list of items (especially if you have the word ‘following’ or ‘these’)
 Bring the following to school: pencil, pen, iPad, and brain.
 Example: _____________________________________________________________________________________
 **Do NOT use a colon after a preposition or verb
Semicolons
 Uses
 Take the place of a coordinating conj. to join two related clauses (compound sentence)
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
 To join two related clauses especially if there is a conjunction such as ‘however’ or
‘therefore’ starting the second clause
 Ex: ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Apostrophes
 Uses
 Show possession
 St. Mary’s Elementary School
 Romeo’s poison
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Form contractions
 I didn’t do the homework and don’t plan on it
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Form plurals of letters, numbers, and symbols
 So many of the answers on the math test were 4’s.
 A lot of you got 3’s on the ELA test
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Form plurals of words used as the names of words
 I don’t want to hear any if’s, and’s, or but’s.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hyphens
 Uses:
 Write compound numbers
 Twenty-two
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Expressing an adjective in two or more words
 Long-awaited
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Write some compound nouns
 Sister-in-law
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dashes
 Uses:
 Set off a sudden change of thought or an afterthought
 To tell you the truth – it’ll help you
 I love watching thunderstorms – especially ones with lots of heavy rain
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Express “namely” or “in other words”
 The meeting – the one with the other teachers – lasted all afternoon
 I didn’t like that cake – it was really terrible.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Parentheses
 Uses
 Indicate an interrupted thought with information that isn’t necessary to understanding the
sentence
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Enclose extra information
 Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an excellent playwright.
 My brother (the tall one in blue) just scored a goal.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary
Romeo and Juliet
Abhor (verb): to loathe; detest; strongly hate
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Adversary (noun): an opponent; enemy; foe
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Amorous (adjective): loving; pertaining to love
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Array (noun): a large and impressive grouping of items
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Banish (verb): to condemn to exile
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Calamity (noun): a great misfortune or disaster
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dispose (of) (verb): to get rid of (can mean to kill)
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Disposition (noun): characteristic attitude; inclination or tendency
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Distraught (adjective): deeply distracted and agitated
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fester (verb): to rot (literally or metaphorically)
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pernicious (adjective): deadly, wicked
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unsavory (adjective): unpleasant; unappealing; disagreeable
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Valiant (adjective): courageous; brave
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Vile (adjective): wretchedly bad; repulsive or disgusting
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Quarrel (noun): angry dispute or altercation; disagreement marked by a temporary or permanent
break in friendly relations
(verb): to disagree angrily; to make a complaint; to find fault
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
synonym: ___________________________________
sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________