Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
References Abbadie L, Mariotti A, Menaut JC. 1992. Independence of savanna grasses from soil organic matter for their nitrogen supply. Ecology 73: 608-613. Atkins DP, Trueman IC, Clarke CB, Bradshaw AD. 1982. The evolution of lead tolerance by Festuca rubra on a motorway verge. Environmental Pollution 27: 233-241. Aerts R. 1996. Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are there general patterns? Journal of Ecology 84: 597-608. Agrell D, Oscarson P, Larsson CM. 1994. Translocation of N to and from barley roots: its dependence on local nitrate supply in split-root culture. Physiologia Plantarum 90: 467474. Alpert P, Lumaret R, Di Giusto F. 1993. Population structure inferred from allozyme analysis in the clonal herb Fragaria chiloensis (Rosaceae). American Journal of Botany 80: 10021006. Ameziane R, Richard-Molard C, Deleens E, Morot-Gaudry JF, Limami AM. 1997. Nitrate 15 NO3 limitation affects nitrogen partitioning between metabolic and storage sinks and nitrogen reserve accumulation in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Planta 202: 303-312. Anderson-Taylor G, Marshall C. 1983. Root-tiller interrelationships in spring barley (Hordeum distichum (L.) Lam.). Annals of Botany 51: 47-58. Andrews DL, Beames B, Summers MD, Park WD. 1988. Characterization of the lipid acyl activity of the major potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber protein, patatin, by cloning and abundant expression in a baculovirus vector. Biochemical Journal 252: 199-206. Andrews M. 1986. The partitioning of nitrate assimilation between root and shoot of higher plants. Plant, Cell & Environment 9: 511-519. Austin RB, Ford MA, Edrich JA, Blackwell RD.1977. The nitrogen economy of winter wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science 88: 159-167. Avice J-C, Ourry A, Volenec JJ, Lemaire G, Boucaud J. 1996. Defoliation induced changes in abundance and immuno-localization of vegetative storage proteins in taproots of Medicago sativa. Plant Physiology & Biochemistry 34: 561-570. Azcón R, Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM. 1998. The 15N of lettuce and barley are affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal status and by external concentrations of N and P. New Phytologist 138: 19-26. Bakken AK, Macduff JH, Collison M. 1998. Dynamics of nitrogen remobilization in defoliated Phleum pratense and Festuca pratensis under short and long photoperiods. Physiologia Plantarum 103: 426-436. Bardgett RD, Chan KF. 1999. Experimental evidence that soil fauna enhance nutrient mineralization and plant nutrient uptake in montane grassland ecosystems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31: 1007-1014. Barthram GT, Grant SA, Elston DA. 1992.The effects of sward height and nitrogen fertilizer application on changes in sward composition, white clover growth and the stock carrying capacity of an upland perennial ryegrass/white clover sward grazed by sheep for four years. Grass & Forage Science 47: 326-341. Bausenwein U, Millard P, Thornton B, Raven JA. 2001. Seasonal nitrogen storage and remobilisation in the forb Rumex acetosa. Functional Ecology 15: 370-377. Bayer RJ. 1990. Patterns of clonal diversity in the Antennaria rosea (Asteraceae) polyploid agamic complex. American Journal of Botany 77: 1313-1319. Berendse F, Elberse WT, Geerts RHME. 1992. Competition and nitrogen loss from plants in grassland ecosystems. Ecology 73: 46-53. Bobbink R. 1991. Effects of nutrient enrichment in Dutch chalk grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology 28: 28-41. Bouchart V, Macduff JH, Ourry A, Svenning MM, Gay AP, Simon JC, Boucaud J. 1998. Seasonal pattern of accumulation and effects of low temperatures on storage compounds in Trifolium repens. Physiologia Plantarum 104: 65-74. Bradshaw AD. 1959. Population differentiation in Agrostis tenuis Sibth I. Morphological differentiation. New Phytologist 58: 208-227. Bradshaw AD. 1965. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Advances in Genetics 13: 115-155. Burdon JJ. 1980. Intra-specific diversity in a natural population of Trifolium repens. Journal of Ecology 68: 717-735. Caputo C, Barneix AJ. 1997. Export of amino acids to the phloem in relation to N supply in wheat. Physiologia Plantarum 101: 853-860. Chapin FS. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11: 233-260. Chapin FS, Shaver GR, Kedrowski RA.1986. Environmental controls over carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fractions in Eriophorum vaginatum in Alaskan tussock tundra. Journal of Ecology 74: 167-195. Chapin FS, Schulze ED, Mooney HA. 1990. The ecology and economics of storage in plants. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics 21: 423-447. Chapin FS, Moilanen L, Kielland K. 1993. Preferential use of organic nitrogen for growth by a nonmycorrhizal arctic sedge. Nature 361: 150-153. Cheplick GP. 1995. Genotypic variation and plasticity of clonal growth in relation to nutrient availability in Amphibromus scabrivalvis. Journal of Ecology 83: 459-468. Clark FE. 1977. Internal cycling of 15Nitrogen in shortgrass prairie. Ecology 58: 1322-1333. Clark JM, Campbell CA, Cutforth HW, Depauw RM, Winkleman GE. 1990. Nitrogen and phophorus uptake, translocation, and utilization efficiency of wheat in relation to environment and cultivar yield and protein levels. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70: 965-977. Clarkson DT, Jones LHP, Purves JV. 1992. Absorption of nitrate and ammonium ions by Lolium perenne from flowing solution cultures at low temperature. Plant, Cell & Environment 15: 99-106. Clarkson DT, Warner AJ. 1979. Relationship between root temperature and the transport of ammonium and nitrate ions by Italian and perennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum and Lolium perenne). Plant Physiology 64: 557-561. Clausen J, Keck DK, Hiesey WM. 1940. Experimental studies on the nature of species I. Carnegie Inst. of Washington Publ., 520. Cordell S, Goldstein G, Meinzer FC, Handley Low L. 1999. Allocation of nitrogen and carbon in leaves of Metrosideros polymorpha regulates carboxylation capacity and 13C along an altitudinal gradient. Functional Ecology 13: 811-818. Corre N, Bouchart V, Ourry A, Boucaud J. 1996. Mobilization of nitrogen reserves during regrowth of defoliated Trifolium repens L and identification of potential vegetative storage proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany 47: 1111-1118. Coulson JC, Whittaker JB. 1978. Ecology of moorland animals. In: Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands, pp. 52-93. Heal OW, Perkins DF, eds. SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg New York. Cunningham SM, Volenec JJ. 1996. Purification and characterization of vegetative storage proteins from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) taproots. Journal of Plant Physiology 147: 625632. Cyr DR, Bewley JD. 1989. Carbon and nitrogen reserves of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) roots as related to overwintering strategy. Physiologia Plantarum 77: 67-72. Cyr DR, Bewley JD. 1990a. Seasonal variation in nitrogen storage reserves in the roots of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and responses to decapitation and defoliation. Physiologia Plantarum 78: 361-366. Cyr DR, Bewley JD. 1990b. Proteins in the roots of the perennial weeds chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) are associated with overwintering. Planta 182: 370-374. Cyr DR, Bewley JD, Dumbroff EB. 1990. Seasonal dynamics of carbohydrate and nitrogenous components in the roots of perennial weeds. Plant,Cell & Environment 13: 359-365. Davidson RL. 1969. Effect of root/leaf temperature differentials on root/shoot ratios in some pasture grasses and clover. Annals of Botany 33: 561-569. Davies MS, Snaydon RW. 1976. Rapid population differentiation in a mosaic environment III Coefficients of selection. Heredity 36: 56-66. Department of the Environment. 1992. The UK Environment, HMSO. Deubel A, Gransee A, Merbach W. 2000. Transformation of organic rhizodeposition by rhizosphere bacteria and its influence on the availability of tertiary calcium phosphate. Journal of Plant Nutrition & Soil Science 163: 387-392. Dickinson CE, Dodd JL. 1976. Phenological pattern in the shortgrass prairie. American Midland Naturalist 96: 367-378. Downes MT. 1978. An improved hydrazine reduction method for the automated determination of low nitrate levels in freshwater. Water Research 12: 673-675. Dudley SA, Schmitt J. 1995. Genetic differentiation in morphologiacl responses to simulated foliage shade between populations of Impatiens capensis from open and woodland sites. Functional Ecology 9: 655-666. Edwards JW, Walker EL, Coruzzi GM. 1990. Cell-specific expression in transgenic plants reveals nonoverlapping roles for chloroplast and cytosolic glutamine synthetase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 87: 3459-3463. Eissenstat DM, Yanai RD. 1997. The ecology of root lifespan. Advances in Ecological Research 27: 2-60. Ellis R, Forster BP, Waugh R, Bonar N, Handley LL, Robinson D, Powell W. 1997. Mapping physiological traits in barley. New Phytologist 137: 149-157. Ellstrand NC, Roose ML. 1987. Patterns of genotypic diversity in clonal plant species. American Journal of Botany 74: 123-131. Evans JR, Loreto F. 2000. Acquisition and diffusion of CO2 in higher plant leaves. In: Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism, pp. 321-352. Leegood RC, Sharkey TD, von Caemmerer S, eds. Kluwer: Dordrecht. Evans RD, Bloom AJ, Sukrpanna SS, Ehleringer JR. 1996. Nitrogen isotope composition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. T-5). Plant, Cell & Environment 19: 13171323. Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT. 1989. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology & Plant Molecular Biology 40: 503537. Feller U, Fischer A. 1994. Nitrogen metabolism in senescing leaves. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 13: 241-273. Finnemann J, Schjoerring JK. 1999. Translocation of NH4+ in oilseed rape plants in relation to glutamine synthetase isogene expression and activity. Physiologia Plantarum 105: 469477. Fischer A, Brouquisse R, Raymond P. 1995. Organic nitrogen reserves and their mobilization during sprouting of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) tubers. Journal of Experimental Botany 46: 1803-1808. Fitter AH. 1986. Spatial and temporal patterns of root activity in a species-rich alluvial grassland. Oecologia 69: 594-599. Floate MJS. 1970. Decomposition of organic materials from hill soils and pastures. III. The effect of temperature on mineralisation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from plant materials and sheep faeces. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 2: 187-196. Floate MJS. 1987. Nitrogen cycling in managed grasslands. In: Ecosystems of the World 17B: Managed Grasslands, pp. 163-172. Snaydon RW, ed. Elsevier. Forde BG, Clarkson DT. 1999. Nitrate amd ammonium nutrition of plants: physiological and molecular perspectives. Advances in Botanical Research 30: 1-90. Gansel X, Munos S, Tillard P, Gojon A. 2001. Differential regulation of the NO3- and NH4+ transporter genes AtNrt2.1 and AtAmt1.1 in Arabidopsis: relation with long-distance and local controls by N status of the plant. Plant Journal 26: 143-155. Garwood EA. 1967. Seasonal variation in appearance and growth of grass roots. Journal of the British Grassland Society 22: 121-206. Gastal F, Nelson CJ. 1994. Nitrogen use within the growing leaf blade of tall fescue. Plant Physiology 105: 191-197. Gebauer G, Schulze ED. 1991. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a healthy and declining Picea abies forest in the Fichtelgebirge, NE Bavaria. Oecologia 87: 198-207. Geelhoed JS, Findenegg SR, van Riemsdijk WH. 1997. Availability to plants of phosphate adsorbed on goethite: experiment and simulation. European Journal of Soil Science 48: 473-481. Genstat 5 Committee. Genstat 5 Release 3 Reference Manual 1993. Grayston SJ, Vaughan D, Jones D. 1996. Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees: the importance of root exudates and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Applied Soil Ecology 5: 29-56. Gregory PJ, Marshall B, Biscoe PV. 1981. Nutrient relations of winter wheat. 3. Nitrogen uptake, photosynthesis of flag leaves and translocation of nitrogen grain. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 96: 539-547. Grant SA, Hunter RF. 1968. Variation in yield, maturity, winter greenness and sensitivity to cutting of hill grass species. Journal of the British Grassland Society 23: 149-155. Grime JP. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England. Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R. 1988. Comparative Plant Ecology. A Functional Approach to Common British Species. Unwin Hyman Ltd, London. Grime JP. 1994. The role of plasticity in exploiting environmental heterogeneity. In: Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by plants. pp. 1-19. Caldwell MM, Pearcy RW, eds. Academic Press Guehl AM, Domenach M, Bereau TS, Barigah H, Casabianca A, Ferhi A, Garbaye J. 1998. Functional diversity in an Amazonian rainforest of French Guyana: a dual isotope approach (15N, 13C). Oecologia 116: 316-330. Hamrick JL, Godt MJW. 1990. Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources, pp. 43-63. Brown AHD, Clegg MT, Kahler AL, Weir BS, eds. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland. Handley LL, Raven JA. 1992. The use of natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes in plant physiology and ecology. Plant, Cell & Environment 15: 965-985. Handley LL, Daft MJ, Wilson J, Scrimgeour CM, Ingleby K, Sattar MA. 1993. Effects of the ecto- and VA-mycorrhizal fungi Hydnagium carneum and Glomus clarum on the 15N and 13C values of Eucalyptus globulus and Ricinus communis. Plant, Cell & Environment 16: 375-382. Handley LL, Nevo E, Raven JA, Martinez-Carrasco R, Scrimgeour CM, Pakniyat H, Forster BP. 1994. Chromosome 4 controls potential water use efficiency (13C) in barley. Journal of Experimental Botany 45: 1661-1663. Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM. 1997. Terrestrial plant ecology and 15N natural abundance: the present limits to interpretation for uncultivated systems with original data from a Scottish old field. Advances in Ecological Research 27: 133-212. Handley LL, Robinson D, Forster BP, Ellis RP, Scrimgeour CM, Gordon DC, Nevo E, Raven JA. 1997. Shoot 15N correlates with genotype and salt stress in barley. Planta 102: 100-102. Handley LL, Azcón R, Lozano JMR, Scrimgeour CM. 1999. Plant 15N is associated with arbuscular mycorrhization, drought and N deficiency. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectroscopy 13: 1320-1324. Harberd DJ. 1961. Observations on population structure and longevity of Festuca rubra. New Phytologist 60: 184-206. Harberd DJ. 1962. Some observations on natural clones of Festuca ovina. New Phytologist 61: 85-100. Harberd DJ. 1967. Observations on natural clones of Holcus mollis. New Phytologist 66: 401408. Harberd DJ, Owen M. 1969. Some experimental observations on the clone structure of a natural populations of F. rubra L. New Phytologist 68: 93-104. Harper JL. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press. Harms H, Nowak G. 1990. Effects of foliar applied nitrogen and kinetin on nitrogen redistribution during grain growth in wheat. III. Mobilization of nitrogen from vegetative plant parts. Angewandte Botanik 64: 435-444. Hauck B, Gay AP, Macduff J, Griffiths CM, Thomas H. 1997. Leaf senescence in a nonyellowing mutant of Festuca pratensis: implications of the stay-green mutation for photosynthesis, growth and nitrogen nutrition. Plant, Cell & Environment 20: 1007-1018. Heilmeier H, Schulze ED, Whale DM. 1986. Carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the biennial monocarp Arctium tomentosum Mill. Oecologia 70: 466-474. Hendershot KL, Volenec JJ. 1992. Taproot nitrogen accumulation and use in overwintering alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Journal of Plant Physiology 141: 68-74. Hewitt EJ. 1966. Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux: Farnham Royal. Hewitt EF, Hucklesby DP, Notton BA. 1976. Nitrate metabolism. In: Plant Biochemistry, pp. 633-681. Bonner J, Varner JE, eds. Academic Press. Hill PW, Raven JA, Loubet B, Sutton MA, Fowler D. 2001. Comparison of gas exchange and bioassay determinations of the ammonia compensation point for Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaud. Plant Physiology 125: 476-487. Hobbie EA, Macko SA, Williams M. 2000. Correlations between foliar delta 15N and nitrogen concentrations may indicate plant-mycorrhizal interactions. Oecologia 122: 2, 273-283. Hobbie SE. 1992. Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7: 336-339. Hodge A, Grayston SJ, Ord B. 1996. A novel method for characterisation and quantification of plant root exudates. Plant & Soil 184: 97-104. Hodge A, Robinson D, Fitter A. 2000. Are microorganisms more effective than plants at competing for nitrogen? Trends in Plant Science 5: 304-308. Högberg P, Johannisson C. 1993. N-15 abundance of forests is correlated with losses of nitrogen. Plant & Soil 157: 147-150. Huffaker RC, Peterson LW. 1974. Protein turnover in plants and possible means of its regulation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 25: 363-392. Hulme PE. 1996. Herbivory, plant regeneration, and species coexistence. Journal of Ecology 84: 609-615. Hunt LA, Brougham RW. 1966. Some aspects of growth in an undefoliated stand of Italian ryegrass. Journal of Applied Ecology 3: 21-28. Hutchinson GE. 1961. The paradox of the plankton. American Naturalist 95: 137-145. Imsande J, Touraine B. 1994. N demand and the regulation of nitrate uptake. Plant Physiology 105: 3-7. Jackson RB, Caldwell MM. 1993. The scale of nutrient heterogeneity around individual plants and its quantification with geostatistics. Ecology 74: 612-614. Jaeger CH, Monson RK. 1992. Adaptive significance of nitrogen storage in Bistorta bistortoides, an alpine herb. Oecologia 92: 578-585. Jaeger CH, Lindow SE, Miller W, Clark E, Firestone MK 1999. Mapping of sugar and amino acid availability in soil around roots with bacterial sensors of sucrose and tryptophan. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 2685-2690. Janzen HH. 1990. Deposition of nitrogen into the rhizosphere by wheat roots. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 22: 115-116. Jefferies TA. 1915. Ecology of the purple heath grass (Molinia caerulea). Journal of Ecology 3: 93-109. Johnston AM, Scrimgeour CM, Henry MO, Handley LL. 1999. Isolation of NO3-N as 1phenylazo-2-naphthol (Sudan-1) for measurement of 15N. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 13: 1531-1534. Jonasson S, Chapin FS III. 1985. Significance of sequential leaf development for nutrient balance of the cotton sedge, Eriophorum vaginatum L. Oecologia 67: 511-518. Jones D, Darrah PR. 1993. Influx and efflux of amino acids from Zea mays L. roots and their implications for nitrate influx. Plant & Soil 155/156: 87-90. Jones MB, Collett B, Brown S. 1982. Sward growth under cutting and continuous stocking managements: sward canopy structure, tiller density and leaf turnover. Grass Forage Science 37: 67-73. Junc GA, Svec HJ. 1958. Nitrogen isotope abundance measurements. US Atomic Energy Commission. Office of Technical Information. ISC 1138. Kamichi K, Yamaya T, Mae T, Ojima K. 1991. A role for glutamine synthetase in the remobilization of leaf nitrogen during natural senescence in rice leaves. Plant Physiology 96: 411-417. Kielland K, Barnett B, Schell D. 1998. Intraseasonal variation in the 15N signature of taiga trees and shrubs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28: 485-488. Kim TH, Ourry A, Boucaud J., Lemaire G. 1991. Changes in source-sink relationship for nitrogen during regrowth of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) following removal of shoots. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 18: 593-602. Kirschenbaum I, Smith JS, Crowell T, Graff J, McKee R. 1947. Separation of the nitrogen isotopes by the exchange reaction between ammonia and solutions of ammonium nitrate. Journal of Chemical Physics 15: 440-446. Kohl DH, Shearer G. 1980. Isotopic fractionation associated with symbiotic N2 fixation and uptake of NO3- by plants. Plant Physiology 66, 51-56. Kreher SA, Fore SA, Collins BS. 2000. Genetic variation within and among patches of the clonal species, Vaccinium stamineum L. Molecular Ecology 9: 1247-1252. Klerk H, Van Loon LC. 1997. Characteristics of protein turnover in the developing first leaf of oats (Avena sativa L.). Journal of Plant Physiology 151: 176-187. Laemmli UK. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 222: 680-685. Laine P, Bigot J, Ourry A, Boucaud J. 1994. Effects of low temperature on nitrate uptake, and xylem and phloem flows of nitrogen, in Secale cereale L. and Brassica napus L. New Phytologist 127: 675-683. Langelaan JG, Troelstra SR. 1992. Growth, chemical composition, and nitrate reductase activity of Rumex species in relation to form and level of N supply. Plant & Soil 145: 215229. Ledgard SF, Woo KC, Bergersen FJ. 1985. Isotopic fractionation during reduction of nitrate and nitrite by extracts of spinach leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 12: 631640. Lee JA, Harmer R, Ignaciuk R. 1983. Nitrogen as a limiting factor in plant communities. In: Nitrogen as an Ecological Factor, pp. 95-112. Lee JA, McNeill S, Rorison ICH, eds. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Li R, Volenec JJ, Joern BC, Cunningham SM. 1996. Seasonal changes in nonstructural carbohydrates, protein, and macronutrients in roots of alfalfa, red clover, sweetclover, and birdsfoot trefoil. Crop Science 36: 617-623. Li YS, Redmann RE, van Kessel C. 1992. Nitrogen budget and perennial wheatgrass. Functional Ecology 6: 221-225. 15 N translocation in a Limami MA, Dufosse C, Richard-Molard C, Fouldrin K, Roux L, Morot-Gaudry JF. 1996. Effect of exogenous nitrogen (15NO3) on utilization of vegetative storage proteins (VSP) during regrowth in chicory (Cichorium intybus). Journal of Plant Physiology 149: 564-572. Lipson DA, Bowman WD, Monson R. 1996. Luxury uptake and storage of nitrogen in the rhizamatous alpine herb, Bistorta bistortoides. Ecology 77: 1277-1285. Louahlia S, Macduff JH, Ourry A, Humphreys M, Boucaud J. 1999. Nitrogen reserve status affects the dynamics of nitrogen remobilization and mineral nitrogen uptake during recovery of contrasting cultivars of Lolium perenne from defoliation. New Phytologist 142: 451-462. Luster DG, Farrell HM. 1996. Seasonal expression patterns and characterization of a Euphorbia esula root storage protein. Plant Physiology & Biochemistry 34: 111-118. Lutman J. 1978. The role of slugs in an Agrostis-Festuca grassland. In: Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands, pp. 332-347. Heal OW, Perkins DF, eds. SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg New York. MacKown CT, Van Sanford DA, Zhang N. 1992. Wheat vegetative nitrogen compositional changes in response to reduced reproductive sink strength. Plant Physiology 99: 14691474. Maeshima M, Sasaki T, Asahi T. 1985. Characterization of major proteins in sweet potato tuberous roots. Phytochemistry 24: 1899-1902. Mariotti A, Mariotti F, Amarger N, Pizelle G, Ngambi J-M, Champigny M-L, Moyse A. 1980. Fractionnements isotopiques de l'azote lors des processus d'absorption des nitrates et de fixation de l'azote atmospherique par les plantes. Physiologie Vegetale 18: 163-181. Mariotti A, Germon JC, Hubert P, Kaiser P, Letolle R, Tardieux A, Tardieux P. 1981. Experimental determination of nitrogen kinetic isotope fractionation: some principles; illustration for the denitrificiation and nitrification processes. Plant & Soil 62: 413-430. Mariotti A, Mariotti F, Champigny M-L, Amarger N, Moyse A. 1982. Nitrogen isotope fractionation associated with nitrate reductase activity and uptake of NO3- by pearl millet. Plant Physiology 69: 880-884. Mattson M, Lundborg T, Larsson C-M. 1993. Nitrogen utilization in N-limited barley during vegetative and generative growth. IV. Translocation and remobilization of nitrogen. Journal of Experimental Botany 44: 537-546. McNeilly T, Roose ML. 1996. Co-adaptation between neighbours? A case study with Lolium perenne genotypes. Euphytica 92: 121-128. Medina R, Schmidt H-L. 1982. Nitrogen isotope ratio variations in biological material, indicator for metabolic correlations? In: Stable Isotopes, pp. 465-473. Schmidt H-L, Förstel H, Heinzinger K, eds. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company: Amsterdam. Michelsen A, Schmidt IK, Jonasson S, Quarmby C, Sleep D. 1996. Leaf 15N abundance of subarctic plants provides field evidence that ericoid, ectomycorrhizal and non- and arbuscular mycorrhizal species access different sources of soil nitrogen. Oecologia 105: 5363. Millard P. 1988. The accumulation and storage of nitrogen by herbaceous plants. Plant, Cell & Environment 11: 1-8. Millard P, Neilsen GH. 1989. The influence of nitrogen supply on the uptake and remobilization of stored N for the seasonal growth of apple trees. Annals of Botany 63: 301309. Millard P, Proe ME. 1993. Nitrogen uptake, partitioning and internal cycling in Picea sitchensis (Bog.) Carr. as influenced by nitrogen supply. New Phytologist 125: 113-119. Millard P. 1996. Ecophysiology of the internal cycling of nitrogen for tree growth. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung & Bodenkunde 159: 1-10. Milne JA, Pakeman RJ, Kirkham FW, Jones IP, Hossell J. 2001. Biomass production of upland vegetation types in England and Wales. Submitted to Journal of Applied Vegetation Sciences. Muller B, Touraine B. 1992. Inhibition of NO3- uptake by various phloem-translocated aminoacids in soybean seedlings. Journal of Experimental Botany 43: 617-623. Murphy J, Riley JP. 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27: 31-36. Nambiar EKS, Fife DN. 1991. Nutrient retranslocation in temperate conifers. Tree Physiology 9: 185-207. Näsholm T. 1994. Removal of nitrogen druing needle senescence in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Oecologia 99: 290-296. Neilson R, Hamilton D, Wishart J, Mariott CA, Boag B, Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM, McNicol JW, Robinson D. 1998. Stable isotope natural abundance of soil, plant and soil invertebrates in an upland pasture. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30: 1773-1782. Nicotra AB, Chazdon RL, Schlichting CD. 1997. Patterns of genotypic variation and phenotypic plasticity of light response in two tropical Piper (Piperaceae) species. American Journal of Botany 84: 1542-1552. Nordin A, Näsholm T. 1997. Nitrogen storage forms in nine boreal understorey plant species. Oecologia 110: 487-492. O’Neil JR. 1986. Theoretical and experimental aspects of isotopic fractionation. Reviews in Mineralogy 16: 1-40. Osorio J, Pereira JS. 1994. Genotypic differences in water use efficiency and discrimination in Eucalyptus globulus. Tree Physiology 14: 871-882. 13 C Ougham HJ, Jones TWA, Evans MLL. 1987. Leaf development in Lolium temulentum L: progressive changes in soluble polypeptides complement and isoenzymes. Journal of Experimental Botany 38: 1689-1696. Ourry A, Boucaud J, Salette J. 1988. Nitrogen mobilization from stubble and roots during regrowth of defoliated perennial ryegrass. Journal of Experimental Botany 39: 803-809. Ourry A, Bigot J, Boucaud J. 1989. Protein mobilization from stubble and roots, and proteolytic activities during post-clipping. Journal of Plant Physiology 134: 298-303. Ourry A, Macduff JH, Ougham HJ. 1996. The relationship between mobilization of N reserves and changes in translatable messages following defoliation in Lolium temulentum L. and Lolium perenne L. Journal of Experimental Botany 47: 739-747. Pachepsky E, Crawford JW, Bown JL, Squire G. 2001. Toward a general theory of biodiversity. Nature 410: 923-926. Paiva E, Lister RM, Park WD. 1983. Induction and accumulation of major tuber proteins of potato in stems and petioles. Plant Physiology 71: 161-168. Pakniyat H, Handley LL, Thomas WTB, Connolly T, Macaulay M, Caligari PDS, Forster BP. 1997. Comparison of shoot Na+ content and 13C values of ari-e and other semi-dwarf barley mutants under salt stress. Euphytica 94: 7-14. Pate JS. 1980. Transport and partitioning of nitrogenous solutes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31: 313-340. Pate JS. 1981. Patterns of nitrogen metabolism in higher plants and their ecological significance. In: Nitrogen as an Ecological Factor. pp. 225-255. Lee JA, McNeill S, Rorison ICH, eds. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Pate JS, Unkovich MJ, Erskine PD, Stewart GR. 1998. Australian mulga ecosystems – 13C and 15N abundances of biota components and their ecophysiological significance. Plant, Cell & Environment 221: 1231-1242. Pearson CJ, Jacobs BC. 1987. Yield components and nitrogen partitioning of maize in response to nitrogen before and after anthesis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38: 1001-1009. Peterson LW, Kleinkopf GE, Huffaker RC. 1973. Evidence for the lack of turnover of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase in barley leaves. Plant Physiology 51: 1041-1045. Pigliucci M, diIorio P, Schlichting CD. 1997. Phenotypic plasticity of growth trajectories in two species of Lobelia in response to nutrient availability. Journal of Ecology 85: 265-276. Platenkamp GAJ, Foin TC. 1990. Ecological and evolutionary importance of neighbors in the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum. Oecologia 83: 201-208. Power JF. 1986. Nitrogen cycling in seven cool-season perennial grass species. Agronomy Journal 78: 681-687. Racusen D, Foote M. 1980. A major soluble glycoprotein of potato. Journal of Food Biochemistry 4: 43-52. Rao RCN, Udaykumar M, Farquhar D, Talwar HS, Prasad TG. 1995. Variation in carbon isotope discrimination and its relationship to specific leaf area and ribulose-1,5bisphosphate carboxylase content in groundnut genotypes. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22: 545-551. Rawat SR, Silim SN, Kronzucker HJ, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM. 1999. AtAMT1 gene expression and NH4+ uptake in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for regulation by root glutamine levels. Plant Journal 19: 143-152. Robinson D, Rorison IH. 1988. Plasticity in grass species in relation to nitrogen supply. Functional Ecology 2: 249-257. Robinson D, Van Vuuren MMI. 1998. Responses of wild plants to nutrient patches in relation to growth rate and life-form. In: Inherent variation in plant growth. Physiological mechanisms and ecological consequences, pp. 237-257. Lambers H, Poorter H, Van Vuuren MMI, eds. Backhys Publishers, Leiden. Robinson D, Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM, Gordon DC, Forster BP, Ellis RP. 2000. Using stable isotope natural abundances (15N and 13C) to integrate the stress responses of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch.) genotypes. Journal of Experimental Botany 51: 41-50. Roderick ML, Berry SL, Saunders AR, Noble IR. 1999. On the relationship between the composition, morphology and function of leaves. Functional Ecology 13: 696-710. Rodwell JS (ed). 1992. British Plant Communities. Volume 3. Grasslands and Montane Communities. Cambridge University Press. Rosnitschek-Schimmel I. 1985a. Seasonal dynamics of nitrogenous compounds in a nitrophilic weed .1. Changes in inorganic and organic nitrogen fractions of the different plant parts of Urtica dioica. Plant & Cell Physiology 26: 169-176. Rosnitschek-Schimmel I. 1985.b Seasonal dynamics of nitrogenous compounds in a nitrophilic weed. 2. The role of free amino-acids and proteins as nitrogen store in Urtica dioica. Plant & Cell Physiology 26: 177-183. Ryser P. 1996. The importance of tissue density for growth and life span of leaves and roots: a comparison of five ecologically contrasting grasses. Functional Ecology 10: 717-723. Sagisaka S. 1987. Amino-acid pools in herbaceous plants at the wintering stage and at the beginning of growth. Plant & Cell Physiology 28: 171-178. Scheiner SM. 1993. Plasticity as a selectable trait – reply to Via. American Naturalist 142: 371373. Schlichting CD, Pigliucci M. 1993. Control of phenotypic plasticity via regulatory genes. American Naturalist 142: 366-370. Schulte auf'm Erley G, Rademacher I, Kühbauch W. 2000. Growth response of Lolium perenne L. and Festuca rubra L. seedlings to differing nitrogen nutrition. In: Grassland Farming, Proceedings of the 18th general meeting of the European grassland federation, pp. 397-399. Soegaard K, Ohlsson C, Sehested J, Hutchings N, Kristensen T, eds. Schulze E-D. 1982. Plant life forms and their carbon, water and nutrient relations. In: Physiological Plant Ecology II, Water Relations and Carbon Assimilation, pp. 615-676. Lange OL, Nobel PD, Osmond CB, Yiegler H, eds. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York. Schulze E-D, Chapin III FS, Gebauer G. 1994. Nitrogen nutrition and isotope differences among life forms at the northern treeline of Alaska. Oecologia 100, 406-412. Shand CA, Williams BL, Smith S, Young ME. 2000. Temporal changes in C, P and N concentrations in the soil solution following application of synthetic sheep urine to a soil under grass. Plant & Soil 222: 1-13. Shearer G, Schneider JD, Kohl DH. 1991. Separating the efflux and influx components of net nitrate uptake by Synechoccus R2 under steady-state conditions. Journal of General Microbiology 137: 1179-1184. Shmida A, Ellner S. 1984. Coexistence of plant species with similar niches. Vegetatio 58: 2955. Simpson RJ, Lambers H, Dalling MJ. 1982. Translocation of nitrogen in a vegetative wheat plant (Triticum aestivum). Physiologia Plantarum 56: 11-17. Spackman DH, Stein WH, Moore S. 1958. Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Analytical Chemistry 30: 1190-1205. Spiertz JHJ, Ellen J. 1978. Effects of nitrogen on crop development and grain growth of winter wheat in relation to assimilation and utilization of assimilates and nutrients. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 27: 297-231. Staswick PE. 1994. Storage proteins of vegetative plant tissue. Annual Review of Plant Physiology & Plant Molecular Biology 45: 303-322. Stebbins GL. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, New York. Stenström A, Jonsson BO, Jonsdottir IS, Fagerstrom T, Augner M. 2001. Genetic variation and clonal diversity in four clonal sedges (Carex) along the Arctic coast of Eurasia. Molecular Ecology 10: 497-513. Steinlein T, Heilmeier H, Schulze ED. 1993. Nitrogen and carbohydrate storage in biennials originating from habitats of different resource availability. Oecologia 93: 374-382. Streeter TC, Bol R, Bardgett RD. 2000. Amino acids as a nitrogen source in temperate upland grasslands: the use of dual labelled (13C, 15N) glycine to test for direct uptake by dominant grasses. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 14: 1351-1355. Stuckey IH. 1941. The seasonal growth of grass roots. American Journal of Botany 28: 481491. Sugiyama S, Bazzaz FA. 1997. Plasticity of seed output in response to soil nutrients and density in Abutilon theophrasti: implications for maintenance of genetic variation. Oecologia 112: 35-41. Sultan SE, Bazzaz FA. 1993. Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. I. Diversity and uniformity in genotypic norms of reaction to light. Evolution 47: 1009-1049. Swift MJ, Heal OW, Anderson JM. 1979. Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA. Thornton B, Millard P. 1993. The effects of nitrogen supply and defoliation on the seasonal internal cycling of nitrogen in Molinia caerulea. Journal of Experimental Botany 44: 531536. Thornton B, Millard P, Duff EI, Buckland ST. 1993a. The relative contribution of remobilization and root uptake in supplying nitrogen after defoliation for regrowth in four grass species. New Phytologist 124: 689-694. Thornton B, Millard P, Galloway S. 1993b. The effects of temperature and form of nitrogen supply on the relative contribution of root uptake and remobilization in supplying nitrogen for laminae regrowth of Lolium perenne. Journal of Experimental Botany 44: 1601-1606. Thornton B, Millard P, Bausenwein U. 2000. Reserve formation and recycling of carbon and nitrogen. In: Grassland Ecophysiology and Grazing Ecology, pp. 85-99. CAB International. Thornton B, Bausenwein U. 2000. Seasonal protease activity in storage tissue of the deciduous grass Molinia caerulea. New Phytologist 146: 75-81. Turesson G. 1922. The genotypic response of the plant species to the habitat. Hereditas 3: 211350. Turkington R, Harper JL. 1979. The growth, distribution and neighbour relationsships of Trifolium repens in a permanent pasture. IV. Fine scale biotic differentiation. Journal of Ecology 67: 245-254. Van Damme EJM, Smeets K, Torrekens S, Van Leuven F, Goldstein IJ, Peumans WJ. 1992. The closely related homomeric and heterodimeric mannose-binding lectins from garlic are encoded by one-domain and two-domain lectin genes, respectively. European Journal of Biochemistry 206: 413-420. Van Damme EJM, Hao Q, Barre A, Rouge P, VanLeuven F, Peumans WJ. 2000. Major protein of resting rhizomes of Calystegia sepium (hedge bindweed) closely resembles plant RNases but has no enzymatic activity. Plant Physiology 122: 433-445. Van Breemen N, Finzi AC. 1998. Plant-soil interactions: ecological aspects and evolutionary implications. Biogeochemistry 42: 1-19. Van Dobben WH. 1962. Influence of temperature and light conditions on dry-matter distribution, development rate and yield in arable crops. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 10: 377-389. Van Rijn CPE, Heersche I, Van berkel YEM, Nevo E, Lambers H, Poorter H. 2000. Grwoth characteristics in Hordeum spontaneum populations from different habitats. New Phytologist 146: 471-481. Van Sanford DA, MacKown CT. 1987. Cultivar differences in nitrogen remobilization during grain fill in soft red winter wheat. Crop Science 27: 295-300. Vazquez de Aldana BR, Geerts RHEM, Berendse F. 1996. Nitrogen losses from perennial grass species. Oecologia 106: 137-143. Veresoglou DS, Fitter AH. 1984. Spatial and temporal patterns of growth and nutrient uptake of five coexisting grasses. Journal of Ecology 72: 259-272. Volenec JJ, Ourry A, Joern BC. 1996. A role for nitrogen reserves in forage regrowth and stress tolerance. Physiologia Plantarum 97: 185-193. Vouillot MO, Devienne-Barret F. 1999. Accumulation and remobilization of nitrogen in a vegetative winter wheat crop during or following nitrogen deficiency. Annals of Botany 83: 569-575. Waters, SP, Peoples MB, Simpson RJ, Dalling MJ. 1980. Nitrogen redistribution during grain growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). I. Peptide hydrolase activity and protein breakdown in the flag leaf, glumes and stem. Planta 148: 422-428. Watson CA, Ross JM, Bagnaresi U, Minotta GF, Roffi F, Atkinson D, Black KE, Hooker JE. 2000. Environment-induced modifications to root longevity in Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens. Annals of Botany 85: 397-401. Watson MA, Cook GS. 1987. Demographic and developmental differences among clones of water hyacinth. Journal of Ecology 75: 439-457. Weber M, Brändle R. 1994. Dynamics of nitrogen-rich compounds in roots, rhizomes, and leaves of the sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) at its natural site. Flora 189: 63-68. Wedin DA, Tilman D. 1990. Species effect on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses. Oecologia 84: 433-441. Weinmann H. 1948. Underground development and reserves of grasses - a review. Journal of the British Grassland Society 3: 115-140. Welker JM, Briske DD, Weaver RW. 1991. Intraclonal nitrogen allocation in the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium Hubb.: an assessment of the physiological individual. Functional Ecology 5: 433-440. Wendler R, Carvalho PO, Pereira JS, Millard P. 1995. Role of nitrogen remobilization from old leaves for new leaf growth of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings. Tree Physiology 15: 679683. West CP, Mallarino AP, Wedin WF, Marx DB. 1989. Spatial variability of soil chemical properties in grazed pastures. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53: 784-789. Wetzel S, Demmers C, Greenwood JS. 1989. Seasonally fluctuating bark storage proteins are a potential form of nitrogen storage in three temperate hardwoods. Planta 178: 275-281. White PJ, Cooper HD, Clarkson DT, Earnshaw MJ, Loughman BC. 1991. Effects of low temperature on growth and nutrient accumulation in rye (Secale cereale) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Annals of Botany 68: 23-31. Whitehead DC. 2000. Nutrient Elements in Grasslands. Soil-Plant-Animal Relationships. CAB International, Wallingford. Williams RF. 1955. Redistribution of mineral elements during development. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 6: 25-42. Wilkins PW, Macduff JH, Raistrick N, Collison M. 1997. Varietal differences in perennial ryegrass for nitrogen use efficiency in leaf growth following defoliation: performance in flowing solution culture and its relationship to yield under simulated grazing in the field. Euphytica 98: 109-119. Williams BL, Shand CA, Hill M, O’Hara C, Young ME. 1999. Impact of synthetic sheep urine on N and P in two pastures in the Scottish uplands. Plant & Soil 214: 93-103. Xu X-Y, Bewley JD, Greenwood JS. 2000. Cloning and characterization of an 18 kiloDalton protein in the roots of the perennial weel Taraxacum officinale Weber (Dandelion) which has allergen- and pathogenesis-related protein properties. Plant, Cell & Environment 23: 1227-1236. Yeh KW, Chen JC, Lin MI, Chen YM, Lin CY. 1997. Functional activity of sporamin from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.): a tuber storage protein with trypsin inhibitory activity. Plant Molecular Biology 33: 565-570. Yoneyama T. 1977. Nitrogen nutrition and growth of the rice plant I. Nitrogen circulation and protein turnover in rice seedlings. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition 23: 237-245. Yoneyama T, Sano C. 1977. Nitrogen nutrition and growth of the rice plant II. Considerations concerning the dynamics of nitrogen in rice seedlings. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition 24: 191-198. Yoneyama T, Yamada H, Yamagata M, Kouchi H. 1987. Nitrate reduction and partitioning of nitrogen in Komatsuna (Brassica campestris L. var. rapa) plants: compartmental analysis in combination with 15N tracer experiments. Plant & Cell Physiology 28: 679-696. Yoneyama T, Kaneko A. 1989. Variations in the natural abundance of 15N in nitrogenous fractions of komatsuna plants supplied with nitrate. Plant & Cell Physiology 30: 957-962. Yoneyama T, Omata T, Nakataka S, Yazaki J. 1991. Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes during the uptake and assimilation of ammonia by plants. Plant & Cell Physiology 32: 1211-1217. Yoneyama T, Kamachi K, Yamaya T, Mae T. 1993. Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes by glutamine synthetase isolated from spinach leaves. Plant & Cell Physiology 34: 489-491. Yoneyama T, Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM, Fisher DB, Raven JA. 1997. Variations of the natural abundances of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in Triticum aestivum, with special reference to phloem and xylem exudates. New Phytologist 137: 205-213. Yoneyama T, Tanaka F. 1999. Natural abundance of 15N in nitrate, ureides, and amino acids from plant tissues. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition 45: 751-755. Yoneyama T, Matsumaru T, Usui K, Engelaar WMHG. 2001. Discrimination of nitrogen isotopes during absorption of ammonium and nitrate at different N concentrations by rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Plant, Cell & Environment 24: 133-139. Zhen-Chang L, Bush DR. 1991. (delta)pH-dependent amino acid transport into plasma membrane vesicles isolated from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves. Plant Physiology 96: 1338-1344.