Download Fourth Crusade on Constantinople in 1204 AD and its effects on

‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
Fourth Crusade on Constantinople in 1204 AD and its
effects on relations between the Church of
Constantinople and Rome
Dr. SALAH .A .A SULAYMAN
Department of the History, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Al-marj,
University of Benghazi - Libya
Abstract
Relations between Rome and Constantinople started since the mid of the 2nd century AD
to take a dangerous direction. The researcher can draw a curve of enmity rising between
both peoples; the Latin and the Greek. This enmity between peoples started during
campaigns, then, aggravated with the increase of these campaigns and when Christian
peoples in the east and west realized their results. The Latin never gave up thinking that
Byzantines were responsible for difficulties the first crusade in 1095 AD suffered from
and that the Byzantine emperor was responsible for disaster of the crusade in 1101 AD.
On the other hand, Byzantines never forgot that Rome asked Robert Guiscard to invade
the Byzantine Empire and never forgot that Gregory VII deprived Alexius I Comnenus
from the church. Also, Byzantines never forgot that Paschal II supported promised of
campaign of Bohemond son of Guiscard against the Byzantine Empire in 1107 AD,
besides, they did not forget that the Latin invaded Antioch dismissed the orthodox
patriarch out of it. On the other side, the Latin did not forget the threat of John IV
Comnenus to Antioch and humiliating its French, originally, prince, Raymond De
Poitiers in 1137 AD. Moreover, Byzantines did not forget the pope's, Innocent II,
decision to in which he asked the Latin to come out of John Comnenus army if as he
threatened Antioch And the Latin properties in the east. In addition, Byzantines never
forgot humiliation that happened to them at the hands of Arnot in 1185 AD. However,
the Latin never gave up thinking that the disaster that happened to the 2nd campaign
(1147-1188 AD) was because of the Byzantine Empire. While Byzantines never forgot
that a European ally was formed against them due to the pope's sympathy and the
western religion men in 1150 AD.
Key words: the Byzantine Empire, Christian, the Latin, the fourth crusade, the church,
Constantinople, Rome.
1
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
1. Introduction.
The Western perception of the movement of the Crusades, was somewhat complicated,
it has numerous analyzes about the reasons for the Crusades, the mismatch religious
reasons, such as freedom of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and the encroachments of the
Seljuks1, including the military and political causes of the ambitions of the Byzantine
territory.
But the Byzantine perception was completely different, when the Emperor Alexius
I Comnenus2 (1081-1118 AD) seek help from the Pope Urban II,3 the bulk of what was
requested by some the difference mercenaries for the war with the Muslims, which is
not something new to the Byzantine Empire. The recovery of the Asian region was the
responsibility of the Byzantine Empire and not on all the Christian world in the east and
the west. The Byzantine Empire looked at the Crusader movement as syphilis Burberry
European project, and considered it a political movement and met with caution and
suspicion, then withstood him later.
The objectives of the Byzantine emperor and the interests of his state, contradict
and conflict with the papal crusade movement and the goals which oversaw the
organization: The Crusaders came to fight the Muslims, while the Byzantine Empire
was the runner with a class of them all, they are the Seljuk Turks who grob of the
Byzantine Empire Asia Minor. With the First Crusade in 1097 AD, the first shift in
relations point came, it was the inauguration of the Patriarch of Latin at Antioch, and
the expulsion of Patriarch the Orthodox to Constantinople, as well as the command in
the Jerusalem.. which is in the rear was a historic victory for the center of the papacy
and its ambition of global religious leadership.
The Seljuk are attributed to their grandfather Seljuk (meaning the very strong) Ibn Dākāk, who was the
leader of Kinik tribe of Oghiez and this tribe had no name before his leadership of them, so the tribe was
attributed to him and gave in to his govern. Before 985 AD, Seljuk separated from his group of the large
Ghuzz tribes, then, he settled down at the right bank of the down Syr Darya River in Jhond near Perowask
currently. Thus, the Seljuk became neighbours of Samanians; this in turn led them to leaving Buddhism
and embracing Islam. Then they were enthusiastic for Islam. This affected on their behaviours making
them respect Imams strongly and lean to theosophy, consequently, theosophy spread in their era and the
theosophical denominations won respect and appreciation of people and governors. See: L.S. Stavrianos,
the Balkans since 1453, New York: University Press, 1958, pp. 29-31.
1
2
Alexius I Comnenus was born in 1057 AD, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire, and died August 15 th,
1118 AD, Byzantine emperor (1081-1118 AD) at the time of the first Crusade who founded the
Comnenus Dynasty and partially restored the strength of the Empire after its defeats by the Normans and
Turks in the 11th century AD. The third son of John Comnenus and a nephew of Isaac I (emperor 10571059 AD) Alexius came from a distinguished Byzantine landed family and was one of the military
magnates who had long urged more effective defence measures, particularly against the Turks’
encroaching on Byzantine provinces in eastern. See, Online:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14548/Alexius-I-Comnenus (4th October 2015).
3
Urban II, or Odo of Châtillon-sur-Marne, was born in 1035 AD, Châtillon-sur-Marne, Champagne,
France, and died July 29th, 1099 AD, Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church (1088-1099 AD) who
developed ecclesiastical reforms begun by Pope Gregory VII, launched the Crusade movement, and
strengthened the papacy as a political entity. See: A. Kazhdan, the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,
U.S.A.: Oxford University Press, 1991, Vol. 1, p. 236.
2
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
The second turning point, when he was Bohemnd4 a crusade out of Antioch,
Constantinople and the support of Pope Paschal II5 (1099-1118 AD) him, causing a
serious turning point in relations between the two churches and peoples.
With the advent of the Second Crusade in 1147 AD, it was hostile attitudes have
pervaded the ranks of all the military, so they came to the east have prior ideas about the
Byzantines Kalmthel who says and became a radical wing in the campaign are the
clergy Latins unlike the first campaign ... and the failure of the second campaign trail in
Europe, where King Louis VII6 returned to tell about betrayal Byzantines, and calls for
a European campaign on a Byzantine, but the Pope's project was not connected to the
other.
During the Crusades, in the twelfth century AD, there have been numerous
attempts to reach a unity between the Churches of Constantinople and Rome. The most
important reasons for the failure are:
i. Doctrinal issues in the emergence and use of unleavened bread as well as
secondary issues.
ii. The political issues in the leadership of the Roman bishop and differences in the
concept of Christian Unity, from Rome to imagine the absolute authority to the
concept of community at the Eastern Church.
iii. Mixing of political and religious objectives, the link between the unit and the
crown, Rome were not willing to replace the German Emperor the Byzantine.
Also, the position of the pope and political strength in Italy, was affecting his
zeal in pursuing the subject of unity.
iv. Oppose the Patriarch of Constantinople, where the negotiations were taking
place mostly between the Pope and the Byzantine emperor and was the
containment process of the Church of Constantinople rejected.
v. Ego Byzantine public opinion, towards the behavior and actions of the
Crusaders in Constantinople, the center of the Empire.
4
Bohemond I, also spelled Bohemund, (1058 AD- 3rd March 1111 AD) Prince of Taranto and Prince of
Antioch, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade. The Crusade had no outright military leader, but
instead was ruled by a committee of nobles. Bohemond was one of the most important of these leaders.
See, Online:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/71610/Bohemond-I (11th October 2015).
5
Pope Paschal II was born in 1050 AD, Bieda di Galeata, and died January 21 st, 1118 AD, born
Ranierius, was Pope from August 13th, 1099 AD, until his death. A monk of the Cluniac order, he was
created cardinal priest of the Titulus S. Clementi by Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085 AD) about 1076 AD,
and was consecrated pope in succession to Pope Urban II (1088-1099 AD) on August 19th, 1099 AD. See,
Online:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445477/Paschal-II (13th October 2015).
6
Louis VII, also called Louis the Younger, (1120 AD -18th September 1180 AD in Paris) was King of
France, the son and successor of Louis VI. He ruled from 1137 AD until his death. He was part of the
genetic ascendancy of the House of Capet. His reign was dominated by feudal struggles (in particular
with the Angevin family) and saw the beginning of the long feud between France and England. It also
saw the beginning of construction on Notre-Dame de Paris, the founding of the University of Paris and
the disastrous Second Crusade. See, Online:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/348827/Louis-VII (11th October 2015).
3
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
In the context of the skirmishes in Constantinople, the massacres of the Latin
community has got the year 1182 AD. In contrast, Norman came down on Thessalonica,
where he earned a deliberate massacres of the year 1185 AD. During the Third Crusade,
it was created for the Latin state in Cyprus in 1191 AD.
The final chapter of the differences, he came up with the fourth crusade in 1204
AD, which sparked a final position between the two churches and the popular hostility
reached its peak, the campaign has begun to occupy the Christian city of Zara7 on the
Adriatic shore, despite the sanctuary established by Pope Innocent III.
As it has been the campaign for the primary purpose converter, which is Egypt,
to Constantinople at the instigation of the ruler of Venice, the arrival of the crusader
army to the capital, looted Hagia Sophia fully and burning many of the icons,
manuscripts and holy books.
Then the Crusaders inauguration Latin Emperor of Constantinople, and the
Patriarch of Latin, which made the Byzantine patriarch fled to Nicaea city,8 where the
Byzantine Empire until the year 1261 AD and its return to Constantinople.
This is the fourth campaign, came a temporary victory for the West, so the
Greeks failed to Catholicism or to subject the Eastern Church, and led to the end of the
relations between East and West. Church of Bulgaria, Trabzon and Serbs have resigned
from the Byzantine Empire because of it. (Refer to Figure 1.1).9
7
Siege of Zara city in 1202 AD, a major episode of the Fourth Crusade; the first attack on a Christian
city by a crusading army, it foreshadowed the same army’s assault on Constantinople, the Byzantine
capital, in 1203-1204 AD. Zara (modern Zadar, Croatia), a vassal city of the Venetian republic, rebelled
against Venice in 1186 AD and placed itself under the protection of King Béla III of Hungary. Anxious to
reassert their claims over Zara, the Venetians diverted the fourth Crusade from its original objectives,
Palestine and Egypt, to attack the city. See: J. H. Hussey, Byzantine and its Neighbours, Vol. IV, The
Byzantine Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge Medieval History, 1966, Vol. IV, p. 522.
Nicaea, also İznik town north-western Turkey. It lies on the eastern shore of Lake İznik. Founded in the
4th century BC by the Macedonian king Antigonus I Monophthalmus, it was an important centre in late
Roman and Byzantine times. The ancient city’s Roman and Byzantine ramparts, 14,520 feet (4,426 m) in
circumference, remain. The town was besieged and conquered in 1331 AD by the Ottoman Turks, who
renamed it İznik and built the Green Mosque (1378-1391 AD). See, Online:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/298490/Nicaea (26th October 2015).
8
9
A. Vasiliev, A History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453 C.E, Vol. I & II, Wisconsin, n.p., 1952. Vol.
II, p. 460.
4
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
2. The Crusade begins.
Pope Innocent III10 succeeded to the papacy in January 1198 AD, and the preaching of a
new crusade became the prime goal of his pontificate, expounded in his bullPost
miserabile.11 His call was largely ignored by the European monarchs, the Germans were
struggling against Papal power, and England and France were still engaged in warfare
against each other.12 However, due to the preaching of Fulk of Neuilly, a crusading
10
Pope Innocent III was born in 1160 or 1161 AD Gavignano Castle and died 16 th July 1216 AD, was
Pope from 8th January 1198 AD until his death. His birth name was Lotariodei Conti di Segni, sometimes
anglicised to Lothar of Segni. Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential popes in the
history of the papacy, who exerted unilateral control over the Christian states of Europe using wealth,
power, and religious support, and claimed supremacy over all of Europe's kings. Pope Innocent was
central in supporting the Catholic Church’s reforms of lay investiture, in which Innocent worked to
prevent kings from selling of clerical positions to bishops and archbishops in exchange for money or
service. Pope Innocent is notable for harshly punishing and even excommunicating lords and feudal lords
who refused to comply with his rules. One of Pope Innocent's most critical historical decisions was in
calling upon Christian forces to begin the fourth Crusade. Originally intended to support the Byzantine
people of the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople from attack by the Seljuk, the Crusades became one of
the greatest wars in history. Pope Innocent attempted to exercise tremendous power and military control
by calling upon armies of Christian European nations such as the Franks and the English to fight for
religious causes and under his command. Pope Innocent decreed that the Muslims were heretical and
decided upon unilaterally attacking them and seizing the Holy Lands, which included Judaea and modern
day Syria, Jordan, and Palestine from Muslim Control. This was in direct response to the failure of the
third Crusade to secure Jerusalem following the victory of the Muslim forces led by Saladin in 1187 AD.
See: Nicetas, C. 1828-1897. In Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Bonn. Bonn, O city of
Byzantium, p. 294.
Madden, Thomas F. (August 19, 2008). ‘The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath, and Perceptions:
Papers from the Sixth Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East in
Istanbul’, Turkey. ISBN 0-7546-6319-1.
11
12
Runciman, Steven, A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, 1954,
Vol. 3. p. 101.
5
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
army was finally organised at a tournament held at Écry-sur-Aisne by Count Thibaut of
Champagne in 1199 AD.13 Thibaut was elected leader, but he died in 1201 AD and was
replaced by an Italian count, Boniface of Montferrat.14
Boniface and the other leaders sent envoys to Venice, Genoa, and other citystates in 1200 to negotiate a contract for transport to Egypt, the object of their crusade;
one of the envoys was the future historian Geoffrey of Villehardouin. Earlier crusades
focused on Palestine had involved the slow movement of large and disorganised land
hosts across a generally hostile Anatolia. Egypt was now the dominant Muslim power in
the eastern Mediterranean but also a major trading partner of Venice.15 An attack on
Egypt would clearly be a maritime enterprise, requiring the creation of a fleet. Genoa
was uninterested, but in March 1201 AD negotiations were opened with Venice, which
agreed to transport 33,500 crusaders, a very ambitious number. This agreement required
a full year of preparation on the part of the Venetians to build numerous ships and train
the sailors who would man them, all the while curtailing the city's commercial activities.
The crusading army was expected to consist of 4,500 knights (as well as 4,500 horses),
9,000 squires, and 20,000 foot-soldiers.16
The majority of the crusading army that set out from Venice in early October
1202 AD originated from areas within France. It included men from Blois, Champagne,
Amiens, Saint-Pol, the Île-de-France, and Burgundy. Several other regions of Europe
sent substantial contingents as well, such as Flanders and Montferrat. Other notable
groups came from the Holy Roman Empire, including the men under Bishop Martin of
the Pairis Abbey and Bishop Conrad of Halberstadt, together in alliance with the
Venetian soldiers and sailors led by the doge, Enrico Dandolo. The crusade was to be
ready to sail on 24th June 1203 AD and make directly for the Ayyubid capital, Cairo.
This agreement was ratified by Pope Innocent, with a solemn ban on attacks on
Christian states.17
3. The fall of Constantinople at the hands of Crusaders in 1204 AD.
The years from 1204 to 1354 AD are considered the worst and darkest years of the
Byzantine history. This period starts with the Latin Crusaders' occupation of
Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This was a bitter bill to swallow
for the Byzantine-Greek community after Constantinople became governed by a Latin
western emperor. The Byzantine Empire could not rise again after this disaster in 1204
13
Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries. American Philosophical Society. p. 7.
14
Boniface I of Montferrat was born in 1150 AD and died in 1207 AD, was Marquess of Montferrat and
the leader of the Fourth Crusade. He was the third son of William V of Montferrat and Judith of
Babenberg, born after his father's return from the Second Crusade. He was a younger brother of William
'Longsword', Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, and of Conrad I of Jerusalem. See, Online:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/73052/Boniface-I-of-Montferrat (12th October 2015).
15
Runciman, a History of the Crusades, Vol. 3. P. 111.
16
Encyclopaedia Britannica 15th Edition, page 306 Macropaedia Volume 5.
17
Philips Hughes, "Innocent III & the Latin East," History of the Church, Sheed & Ward, 1948, Vol. 2, p.
370.
6
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
AD as it deepened in sequential phases of deterioration, declining and disputes. The fall
of Constantinople at the hands of the Latin in 1204 AD was the fourth Crusade
campaign (1203-1204 AD) the Pope Innocent III, who took up then the throne of popery
in Rome in February 1198 AD, called for. This Pope wanted to regain the complete
sovereign of the popery and that the popery become at the head of the Christian
movements against the Islam and Muslims.
However, the key character that played an important role in this Christian
campaign was Enrico Dandolo,18 the Doge of Venice. Although he was eighty years old
at that time, he was an able politician, he was active, firm and brave which then led him
to hero rank. Dandolo was Venetian originally in his mind and qualities especially in the
economic aspects and he put economical interests of Venice and its welfare above all,
comes rain or shine. In addition, he had great experience and ability in dealing with
men, and a state man of first class, a smart diplomatic man, and an economic expert.19
The Crusaders reached Venice which was where Crusaders gather. Then, the
Crusaders were unable to collect a sum of 85,000 Mark of silver, the sum that Venice
asked for in exchange for transferring them to where they were heading for. Here,
Dandolo suggested delaying the sum agreed on in exchange for that the Crusaders help
Venetians to restore Zara city at the Dalmatian coast. It is the city Venice claimed that it
had the sovereign over which than the Hungarians.20 Then, Dandolo urged the crusaders
to Venetians to restore Zara in exchange for that Venice transfer Crusaders on its ships
to Egypt. So that, Venetians used the Crusaders to achieve their own interests. The
attack against the Christian city of Zara was a strong strike to Crusaders and the
Crusading movement and a victory for Dandolo. As Venetian entered negotiations
before with al-Malik al-Ādil Ayyūbid in Egypt, no doubt they meant, otherwise, to
protect Egypt from attack of Crusaders.21 (Refer to Figure 2.1).
18
Enrico Dandol (born in 1107 AD Venice and died 21thJune 1205 AD Constantinople) was the 41st Doge
of Venice from 1195 AD until his death. Remembered for his blindness, piety, longevity, and shrewdness,
and is infamous for his role in the Fourth Crusade which he, at age ninety and blind, surreptitiously
redirected against the Byzantine Empire from re-conquering the Holy Land, sacking Constantinople in the
process. See: A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222)". Speculum A
journal of Mediaeval Studies, No. 1. Vol. XI, p. 39.
19
Vasiliev, a History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II, pp. 450-452.
20
Hungarians is capital Budapest. The people are an amalgam of Magyars and various Slavic, Turkish,
and Germanic peoples. Language: Hungarian (Magyar; official). Religion: Christianity (mostly Roman
Catholic; also Protestant). Currency: forint. The Great Alfold (Great Hungarian Plain) with fertile
agriculture land, occupies nearly half of the country. Hungary’s two most important rivers are the Danube
and the Tisza. Lake Balaton, in the Transdanubian highlands, is the largest lake in central Europe. Forests
cover nearly one-fifth of the land. See: Hussey, Byzantine and its Neighbours, Vol. IV, p. 525.
21
Luscombe, D., & Riley-Smith, J. The Fourth Campaign and Greek and Latin Empires 1204-1261 C.E,
Vol. 4, Part. I & II, In the New Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge: University Press, 2004, pp.
278-279.
7
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
Figure 2.1 the fourth crusade in 1204 AD22
Consequently, Venetians exerted their best efforts after occupying Zara city to
stop the Crusaders from doing what they aimed do, so they saw that invading
Constantinople would achieve the best benefits for them after the Byzantine Empire,
Alexius III Angelus (1195- 1203 AD), necked it for Venetians and their commercial
community in Constantinople, while he granted their competitors of Piacenza plenty of
concessions.23 Besides, Venice wanted to secure its special commercial roads in the
Byzantine Empire pushed by jealousy of activities of its competing Italian Republics in
the East, besides, Venice condemned of the new Byzantine trials to limit its several
concessions.24 After the Crusaders occupied Zara city, Alexius III started to bargain
Crusaders, thus, Alexius III promised to pay for Crusaders the sum which was a debt for
Venetians in exchange for help him to restore his father's throne in Constantinople.25
The Crusaders were eager and determined to join the attack against
Constantinople. Occupation of Constantinople was a new idea but it appeared at that
time in its high time. In addition, the myth that says that Byzantines were always
responsible for the bad luck of the Crusading movement was getting deep. Then,
22
Vasiliev, a History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II, p. 499.
23
G. Finlay, History of Greece from Conquest by the Roman to the Present time (146 B.C-1884 AD) Vol.
IV, Oxford, n.p., 1877, pp. 143-150.
24
J. M. Hussey, The Byzantine World, 3rd ed. London: n.p, 1955, p. 67.
25
J.R. Vryonis, Byzantium and Europe, London: Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1967, p. 150.
8
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
Crusaders stipulated that after they seize Constantinople, they would stay in it for a
short while, then, they would head for Egypt as it was decided.26 This means that,
according to Henry Grégoire, changing the purpose of the fourth campaign was
intended since the beginning, in other words since the moment at which Boniface I of
Montferrat27 was elected to be the successor of the Count Thibault of Champagne.28
This way, Dandolo exploited cleverly the Crusaders eagerness and the policy of the
Byzantine dynasty, besides, the Germans joined the attack, and thus, he exploited all
this to achieve interests of Venice in the Byzantine Empire.29
The Crusaders and Venetians entered Constantinople in the summer in 1203 AD,
and the emperor Alexius III Angelus restored the throne and assigned his son Alexius as
the assistant of the emperor by the name of Alexius IV Angelus30 (1203-1204 AD).
However, Alexius IV was unable to achieve what he promised the Crusaders to pay a
huge sum of money due to his bad need to money, besides; he was unable to fulfil his
promise to join them in their campaign against Egypt. In addition, inhabitants of the
Byzantine capital resisted any churchly ally with the Latin. Moreover, of things that
increased tension of relations between the Latin and the Byzantine-Greek, what the
Latin committed of Fleecing and pillaging of the Greek cities next to Constantinople,
besides, they burnt a side of the capital itself.31
26
The Crusaders thought of attacking Egypt at first thinking that if they conquered it, restoring Palestine
would be a piece of cake as Egypt was the heart of resistance against Crusaders in the Levant, besides, it
provided the Islamic struggle movement with human forces and materials to fight those Crusaders.
However, for Venetians, they saw the opposite of this and did not want to join in the war against Egypt,
besides, they had a big community in Alexandria and the Venetian quarter in it included two hotels, a
bath, a bakery and a Church. Besides, al-Malik al-Ādil granted Venetians generous commercial
concessions and exempted them from taxes. See: Vasiliev, A History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II, p.
455.
27
Boniface I of Montferrat was born in 1150 AD and died in 1207 AD, was Marquess of Montferrat and
the leader of the Fourth Crusade. He was the third son of William V of Montferrat and Judith of
Babenberg, born after his father's return from the Second Crusade. He was a younger brother of William
'Longsword', Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, and of Conrad I of Jerusalem. See: Vryonis, Byzantium and
Europe, p. 151.
28
Thibault I (30th May 1201 AD - 8th July 1253 AD), called the Troubadour, the Chansonnier, and the
Posthumous, was Count of Champagne (as Thibault IV) from birth and King of Navarre from 1234 AD.
He was the first Frenchman to rule Navarre. See: Luscombe & Riley-Smith, The Fourth Campaign, Vol.
4, part. I, p. 279.
29
H. Grégoire, "The Question of the Diversion of the Fourth Campaign," Vol. XV, International Journal
of Byzantine studies, 1941, pp. 158-166.
30
Alexius IV Angelus, also spelled Alexios IV Angelos (died February 8 th, 1204 AD in Constantinople,
Byzantine emperor from 1203 to 1204 AD. Alexius was the son of Emperor Isaac II (1185-1195 AD). He
regained control of his rights to the Byzantine throne with the help of the Fourth Crusade but was deposed
soon after by a palace coup. Imprisoned in 1195 AD with his father (who had been blinded) by Alexius
III, he escaped in 1201 AD and joined his sister and her husband, Philip of Swabia, in Germany. See:
Hussey, The Byzantine World, p. 67.
31
Vryonis, Byzantium and Europe, p. 151.
9
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
In March, 1204 AD, the Crusaders held a meeting with Venetians outside walls
of Constantinople, in which they decided to stop disputes against Muslims and held a
treaty amongst them regarding dividing the Byzantine Empire after invading and
occupying it. This treaty decided future of the Latin Kingdom in Constantinople. Then
they agreed on that if a French person was chosen the emperor, the patriarch must be
from Venetians, besides, they agreed on that a quarter of the city would be for the
person who became the emperor as a private possession for him only.32 However, the
other three quarters would be divided into two, one of them for Venetians and the other
for the Crusaders. Besides, everything would be considered a fief of the emperor. Then,
they assigned a group of the Crusaders' army to bring what they got from fleecing and
pillaging to the leaguer. In addition, they should not molester or harm women or monks
and not to break into any Church or monastery.33
In April, 1204 AD, the Latin attacked Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor
Alexius V Ducas escaped, and so did the patriarch Theodore I Lascaris with a group of
other the Greeks, to Asia Minor and Balkan so as to form a resistance there. On the
other hand, the Crusaders fleeced the greatest city in Europe. And the Latin soldiers
spent three days killing and raping inhabitants of the Byzantine capital and fleeced and
took all what they found of mention, antiques and treasures. Besides, they destroyed and
ruined establishments of Constantinople, its squares, playgrounds and markets.34
For Latin administration of Constantinople, Dandolo was frightened of
enthusiasm of the Christian campaign leader, Boniface of Montferrat, as he was a very
strong leader, especially as his properties were near Venice, thus, Dandolo saw that it
was better to choose another less strength and enthusiasm than Boniface I to be the
emperor. This one was Baldwin I of Flanders. Besides, another person of Venetians was
chosen the patriarch, he was Thomas Morosini. In 26th May, 1204 AD, Baldwin I was
crowned the emperor in the Church of Saint Sophia.35 Then, the Byzantine Empire was
32
R. Hassanein, the Financial System of Egypt 1169-1341A.D, London, n.p., 1972, p. 9.
33
K. M. Setton, A History of the Crusades, Pennsylvania: University press, 1958, Vol. II, pp. 183-185.
34
R. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture, Santa Barbara: ABCCLIO, 2005, Vol. 1, p. 613.
Constantinople was a museum of the ancient art and the Byzantine art and was a rich and
wonderful city. However, the Crusaders, who drank wine till being drunkard in its streets and raped the
nuns and killed the Orthodox clergy, destroyed it. Then, the Crusaders expressed their hatred to the
Byzantines and the Greeks through desecrating the greatest Christian Church of Saint Sophia. Besides,
they ruined the shiner, other icons and holy books kept in that Church, then, the Crusaders sat on the chair
of patriarch singing and drinking wine in holy pots of the church. Accordingly, the dissenter prevailed
between the Orthodox east and Catholic west was reflected and increased during the past centuries due to
that horrible massacre which accompanied crusaders' invasion of Constantinople. Then, concurrent
Byzantines were sure that if Constantinople had fallen at the hands of the Turkish Muslims, they would
not have done the same as the Latin Crusaders did in it. See: Vryonis, Byzantium and Europe, p. 152.
35
The Church of Saint Sophia is located in the city of Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. The church is one
of the most important monuments of Macedonia, housing architecture and art from the middle ages. It
was built during the First Bulgarian Empire, after the official conversion to Christianity. Some sources
date the building of the church during the rule of Knyaz Boris I (852-889 AD) others during the rule of
11
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
divided according to what was agreed on previously. Baldwin I took the South of
Thrace36 and 8/5 of Constantinople and a small part in the North-west of Asia Minor
near the Bosporus and Marmara Sea and some of Aegean Sea islands like Chios37 and
Sámos.38 However, his opponent the leader of campaign, Boniface of Montferrat, took
Thessaloniki city and some near regions in Macedonia and the South of Thessaly39
forming the kingdom of Thessaloniki which he governed as a follower to King Baldwin
I. Then, Otto de la Roche40 took Attica.41 For Venetians, they claimed for areas which
achieve safety and security for their commercial interests, most important of these areas
were 3/8 of Constantinople, the Church of Saint Sophia, Dyrrachium city, islands of the
Tzar Samuel of Bulgaria (997-1014 AD). Originally the synod church of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, it
was later converted into a mosque during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The interior of the church has
been preserved with frescoes from the 11 th, 12th and 13th century AD, which represent some of the most
significant achievements in Byzantine painting of the time. The main part of the church was built in the
11th century AD, while external additions were built by Archbishop Grigorie in the 14 th century AD. See:
Frucht, Eastern Europe, Vol. 1, p. 613.
36
Thrace ancient and modern region of the South-eastern Balkans. The historical boundaries of Thrace
have varied. To the ancient Greeks it was that part of the Balkans between the Danube River to the north
and the Aegean Sea to the South, being bounded on the East by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara
and on the West by the mountains east of the Vardar River. See: Setton, A History of the Crusades, Vol.
II, p. 186.
37
Chios island Modern Greek Khíos, island, situated 5 miles (8 km) off the Western coast of Turkey in
the Aegean Sea that with Psará and other islands makes up the nomós (department) of Khíos, Greece. Of
volcanic and limestone origins, it is about 30 miles (50 km) long North-south and from 8 to 15 miles (13
to 24 km) wide. It is traversed North-south by mountains culminating in Mount Pelinaíon (4,255 feet).
Khíos, the capital and port on the east coast, has a small, safe harbour. See: Vryonis, Byzantium and
Europe, p. 155.
38
Sámos island Greek island in the Aegean Sea, the closest one to the mainland of Asia Minor, from
which it is separated by the narrow Sámos Strait. The 184-sq-mi (476-sq-km) island is wooded and
mountainous; Mount Kerketeus, the highest peak (4,701 ft [1,433 metres]) forms the Western tip of the
island. The East coast is amply indented, but the smoother South coast has broad, deep plains except
around the port of Tigáni, which is hemmed in by hills. See: Hussey, The Byzantine World, p. 77.
39
Thessaly region of Northern Greece South of Macedonia, lying between upland Epirus and the Aegean
Sea and comprising chiefly the fertile Tríkala and Lárissa lowlands. It is well delineated by topographical
boundaries: the Khásia and Cambunian mountains to the North, the Óthrys massif to the South, the main
Pindus Mountains to the West, the Olympus massif to the North-east, and the coastal ranges of Óssa and
Pelion to the South-east. See: Hussey, The Byzantine World, p. 80.
40
Otto de la Roche (died 1234 AD) was a Burgundian nobleman from the castle of La Roche-surl'Ognon, in the Franche-Comté commune of Rigney, Doubs. He joined the Fourth Crusade in 1204 AD
and became the first Duke of Athens. The historians Geoffroy de Villehardouin and Robert de Clari both
relate that Otto captured the Shroud of Turin and gave it to the Knights Templar, who brought it back to
France. He took the title of megaskyr or grand seignior in Athens. He held his Greek possessions from the
King of Thessalonica. See: Setton, A History of the Crusades, Vol. II, p. 188.
41
Attica Modern Greek Attikí, Temple of Poseidon, Attica, Greece. Ancient district of East-central
Greece; Athens was its chief city. Bordering the sea on the South and East, Attica attracted maritime
trade. In early times there were several independent settlements there, centring on Eleusis, Athens, and
Marathon. Athens may have been paramount in the Mycenaean age, but in the historical period it did not
completely control Attica until the 7th century AD. See: Luscombe & Riley-Smith, The Fourth Campaign,
Vol. 4, part. I, p. 279.
11
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
Ionian Sea and the largest number of Aegean Sea islands in the South of Peloponnese42
in addition to some ports of Dardanelles and Marmara Sea and Adrianople city. Then,
Ionian Islands, Crete and islands of Aegean Sea formed the rest of their kingdoms.
After ruining the Byzantine Empire, the Crusaders started conflicts with
Bulgarians around taking control of Balkans.43 Since 1196 AD, Kaloyan was the tsar of
Bulgarians and he was known for his hatred to the Byzantine Empire in the era of
Angelus Dynasty. Then, relations between Bulgarians and the Latin got tensioned when
the Latin asked Bulgarians to profess and approve their sovereign and threatened the
Bulgarian king to invade Bulgaria. At the same time the Crusaders annoyed the Greeks
in Thrace and Macedonia due to their prostituting of the Greek religious beliefs. Then,
secret communications started between the Greeks and Bulgarians. The former patriarch
of Constantinople, John Comaterus, played an important role in forming the ByzantineBulgarian ally (1204-1205 AD) as he lived in Bulgaria before being the patriarch. The
Bulgarian king wished to get the Byzantine crown. Then, Bulgarians fought the Latin
Crusaders. In the battle of Adrianople44 which occurred on 14th of April, 1205 AD, the
Bulgarian king Kaloyan, with the help of the Cumans knights was able to defeat the
Crusaders. In this battle, the best Western knights were killed and the Latin emperor
Baldwin I was captivated at the hands of Bulgarians and his destiny was not known. It
seems that the Bulgarian king ordered, otherwise, to kill him in mysterious conditions.45
42
Peloponnese, also spelled Peloponnesus, Modern Greek Pelopónnisos, peninsula of 8,278 square miles
(21,439 square km) a large, mountainous body of land jutting southward into the Mediterranean that since
antiquity has been a major region of Greece, joined to the rest of mainland Greece by the Isthmus of
Corinth. The name, which is derived from Pelopos Nisos (Island of Pelops, a legendary hero) does not
appear in Homer, who preferred to apply the name of Árgos, a Mycenaean city-state, to the whole
peninsula. See: Hussey, The Byzantine World, p. 82.
43
Nicetas Choniates, who was an eyewitness of the Crusaders' occupation of Constantinople, gave a very
clear picture of fleecing the city and what happened in it of demolition till it was said that Muslims when
restoring Jerusalem in 1187 AD, they were more merciful to Christians than those who were described as
soldiers of the Christ the Crusaders. See: C. Nicetas, IN C.S.H.B, 1828-1897, pp. 220-221.
There was another eyewitness of Constantinople's invasion incident, he was Nicholas Mesarites.
He was of Ephesus's inhabitants and he gave a very sad description of what happened in Constantinople
in the consolation speech which he gave on the occasion of his older son death. In which, he spoke about
the Crusaders' demolition of Constantinople and "that cities of Western Europe were filled with treasuries
and munitions from Constantinople, even the four bronze horses which beautified race ground in
Constantinople Dandolo took to Venice and these horses are still beautifying the front of patriarchal
cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark in current Venice. See: Luscombe & Riley-Smith, The Fourth
Campaign, Vol. 4, part. I, pp. 280-281.
44
The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14th, 1205 AD between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of
Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I. It was won by the Bulgarians after a skilful ambush using the
help of their Cuman and Greek allies. Around 300 knights were killed; including Louis of Blois, Duke of
Nicaea and Baldwin was captured, blinded, and later died in captivity. The Bulgarians then overran much
of Thrace and Macedonia. Baldwin was succeeded by his younger brother, Henry of Flanders, who took
the throne on August 20th, 1206 AD. See: R. L. Wolff, Baldwin of Flanders and Hainaut, First Latin
Emperor of Constantinople: His Life. Death and Resurrection 1172-1225A.D, Speculum 27, n.p., 1952,
pp. 287-290.
45
Ambroise, The Crusade of Richard Lion- Heart, Translate From the old French by: M.J. Hubert, New
York, n.p., 1941, pp. 82-83.
12
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
The Crusaders did not get any news about destiny of Baldwin I, his brother
Henry of Hainault,46 was chosen to govern the kingdom during his absence. The Doge
Dandolo was one of those who took participated in this battle. However, he withdrew
with those who were defeated and died soon after that in Constantinople and was buried
in the Church of Saint Sophia. In fact, the battle of Adrianople in April 14th, 1205 AD
put the Crusaders in miserable conditions and was a very strong strike to the Latin
kingdom. In addition, it was the beginning of its end.47
Relations between Rome and Constantinople started since of mid-the
12thcenturyC.E to take a dangerous direction. The researcher can draw a curve of enmity
rising between both peoples; the Latin and the Greek. This enmity between peoples
started during the Crusades campaigns, then, aggravated with the increase of these
campaigns and when Christian peoples in the East and West realized their results.48
In fact the fourth Crusade was a natural result of the Church religious, politic
and economical claims that lived for long in the hearts of European in general and the
Italian Commercial Republics - as we will see later on - in particular in the Byzantine
Empire. If the popery triumphed through this a campaign and the throne of the Church
of Saint Sophia was taken up by a Latin patriarch who followed Pope of Rome and
accordingly the popery achieved a dream which it had since the 4th century AD, this
46
Henry of Hainault was born in 1174 AD Valenciennes, and died in June 11 th, 1216 AD, Thessalonica,
was the second emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. He was a younger son of Baldwin V,
Count of Hainaut (later Baldwin VIII, count of Flanders), and Margaret I of Flanders, sister of Philip of
Alsace, count of Flanders. See: Hussey, The Byzantine World, p. 85.
47
G. Villehardouin, The Congest of Constantinople, Translated by: M. R. Shaw, London, n.p., 1963, pp.
29-32.
48
The Latin never gave up thinking that Byzantines were responsible for difficulties the first Crusade
(1095- 1099 AD) suffered from and that the Byzantine emperor Alexius I was responsible for disaster
of the Crusade in 1101 AD. On the other hand, Byzantines never forgot that Rome asked Robert Guiscard
to invade the Byzantine Empire (1081-1085 AD) and never forgot that Gregory VII deprived Alexius I
Comnenus from the Church. Also, Byzantines never forgot that the Pope Paschal II (1099-1118 AD)
supported promised of campaign of Bohemund I son of Guiscard against the Byzantine Empire in 11071108 AD, besides, they did not forget that the Latin invaded Antioch dismissed the Orthodox patriarch
out of it. On the other side, the Latin did not forget the threat of John Comnenus to Antioch and
humiliating its French, originally, prince Raymond of Poitiers in 1137 AD. Moreover, Byzantines did not
forget the Pope's, Innocent II, decision to in which he asked the Latin to come out of John IV army if as
he threatened Antioch and the Latin properties in the East. See: Anon., Jālā' al-Abṣār min Ghshā alAqdār, Manuscript No. 487, Belmnd, Arabic, n.d., paper 99.
The fourth Crusade came (1203-1204 AD) to make a bad matter worse between both churches
Constantinople and Rome to form the reasonable result of aggravation of popular enmity, which started to
increase a century before between the Byzantines and the Latin. The fourth Crusade is not important for
us itself; however, the final point for us is what relations between both churches ended up to during this
fourth Crusade and after it. A man with a great personality in medieval ages was assigned the Pope in
1198 AD, he was the Pope Innocent III, who put for himself and the Church and the popery a huge
program starting with removing impacts of Saladin Ayyūbid wars in the east and taking Jerusalem again
form Muslims. Besides, his great concern regarding unity of both churches, thus, Innocent III called for a
Crusade. See: T. Balsamon, Canonical Images of Women, edited by: G. A. Rhalles & M. Potles, Athens,
n.p., 1852-1859, Vol. III, pp. 181-182.
13
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
victory was temporary as the popery failed to change the Byzantines into Catholics and
hardly half a century passed and the priestly appearance that surrounded the Byzantine
churches went away.49 The Byzantine Church was destroyed and taken apart due to that
a campaign as Bulgaria, Trabzon and the Serbs got independent of the Byzantine
Empire due to that as the legal patriarchs lived in Nicaea city.50 However, this was not a
loss in the long run as the Byzantine patriarch came back to their positions and thrones
before half a century. The point is the fourth Crusade left and resulted in a real dissenter
between both churches and simultaneously it was the end of the strained relations that
lasted for around 8th centuries past.51
The Byzantines never ever forgot that fourth Crusade, especially they thought
that the popery was after all this and the Crusaders were mere soldiers of the Rome
Church. In addition, the churchly circles in the West European, in general, were
convinced that since the early 12thcentury AD the Byzantine Empire was the dangerous
enemy of Crusaders, and thought since the disaster of 1101 AD Crusade that any
Christian program would be launched in the future must be headed to solve the
Byzantine problem and occupy Constantinople. Accordingly, the Pope Paschal II (10991118 AD) supported the campaign of Bohemond in 1107 AD.52 And at this very point
declarations of the Saint Bernard of Clairvaux53 came about the second Crusade
containing that "Constantinople is a Christian city nominally but not actually" and
Hence the saying, "that the cross and the tomb of the Christ will not be safe as long as
that man (the Byzantine emperor) is taking up the throne of the Byzantine Empire as he
49
Hussey, Byzantine and its Neighbours, Vol. IV, part 1, p. 291.
50
Accordingly, the throne of the Byzantine Empire was taken up by a Latin patriarch and the legal
Byzantine patriarch John X Camaterus, escaped. The Pope Innocent III realized that converting a
complete people and affecting on it by Latin was impossible. Bishops advised the Pope Caressingly the
Byzantines, and not to rush to a policy of appointing bishops of Latin, and realized the seriousness of the
situation of the priests of the Latin on the Byzantine Orthodox Churches. Consequently, he sent a
representative carrying the script of the oath the Byzantine bishops should take. The oath contained
loyalty to Rome and professing the sovereign of the Pope. Anyway, the Byzantines bishops were shocked
of what happened, thus, they left their positions and went to Nicaea city where a Byzantine kingdom was
established in this city under the leadership of Theodore Lascaris and the Orthodox bishops chose a legal
Byzantine patriarch in this city (Nicaea). Then, everything continued the same till the Latin Kingdom that
was established in Constantinople fell down in 1261 AD, then, the Byzantine Empire returned back to
Constantinople as it was before but with Lascaris, the legal Orthodox Greek. See: Frucht, Eastern Europe,
Vol. 1, p. 622.
51
J. Longnon, L’Empire Latine de Constantinople et la Principaute de Morée. Paris, 1949, p. 33.
Ibn Jubayr, Abū al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad (died: 614 H / 1217 AD), Riḥlah Ibn Jubayr, edited
by: Ḥusayn Naṣar, Bayrūt: DārṢādir, 1964, p. 98.
52
53
Bernard of Clairvaux was born in 1090 AD, Burgundy, and died August 20 th, 1153 AD, Clairvaux,
was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order. In the year 1128 AD,
Bernard assisted at the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights
Templar, who soon became the ideal of Christian nobility. Following the Christian defeat at the Siege of
Edessa, the Pope commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade. The last years of Bernard's life
were saddened by the failure of the crusaders, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him.
Bernard died at age 63, after 40 years spent in the cloister. See: Hussey, Byzantine and its Neighbours,
Vol. IV, part 1, p. 293.
14
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
is the enemy of Saint Peter the Apostle54 and his throne." Thus, here the call of the Saint
Bernard rose in 1150 AD to form an ally against the Byzantine Empire and promise of a
campaign to occupy Constantinople.55
The fall of Constantinople was a dream that the Church circles had, besides, the
economic and politic circles in the European west had. However, was this dream in
favour of Christianity? Was it in favour of the saint Peter and his church? Was it in
favour of the Christian peoples in the east and west? Besides, the apostles did not spread
Christianity among the heathens using force in the first centuries, thus, how did
followers of Peter, the prince of disciples, spread catholicity among Christians using
force?56
In any case, solutions, the political and the intellectual failed to find a way
through which they could reach a settlement of disputes between both churches, thus,
both Christian peoples, Eastern and Western, kept leading their way alone till Modern
Ages. We cannot say that the popery was behind the campaign to Constantinople.57
However, a large group of the fourth Crusade men were thinking that the Pope of Rome
would accept the idea of occupying Constantinople and making the Eastern Church give
in to the Western one.58 However, Byzantines, in their turn, thought at that time that
Crusaders sacked their city and divided the Byzantine Empire according to indications
of the popery. The fourth Crusade killed any hopes to unify both churches, and
increased the dissenter between them, besides; it caused a real dissenter between them.
Thus, here it was the disaster of churchly relations between Rome and Constantinople in
medieval ages.59
4. Effects of the Fourth Crusade on the relations between the
Church of Constantinople and Rome.
All these events and many others caused hatred between both peoples, the Latin and the
Greek, and this hatred was increasing continuously and reflected on relations between
Constantinople and Rome and on the future of these relations as the church and religion
men were not separated from their peoples. The pope felt carefully what was going on
54
Saint Peter the Apostle original name Simeon (died in 64 AD, Rome), disciple of Jesus Christ,
recognized in the early Christian Church as the leader of the disciples and by the Roman Catholic Church
as the first of its unbroken succession of Popes. Peter, a fisherman, was called to be a disciple of Jesus at
the beginning of his ministry. He received from Jesus the name Cephas (i.e., Rock, hence Peter, from the
Latin Petra). See: Setton, A History of the Crusades, Vol. II, p. 190.
55
Anon., Al-Dūr al-Manẓūm fī AkhbārMulūk al-Rūm, Manuscript No. 488, paper 236.
R. Clary, Fatḥ al-Qustantiniyyah alā yad al-Ṣalībiyyn, Translate from French by: Ḥusayn Ḥabshe, AlQāhirah: Dār al-Ma'ārif, 1964, pp. 48-49.
56
57
Villehardouin, the Congest of Constantinople, p. 53.
58
Vasiliev, A History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II, p. 454.
59
Clary, Fatḥ al-Qustantiniyyah alā yad al-Ṣalībiyyn, p. 78.
15
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
deeply inside his Latin subjects and those in their turn felt that the Pope was their
spiritual leader, however, the Byzantine Church and the Byzantine patriarch felt what
was in hearts of the Greeks (Byzantines) of hatred to the Latin. Accordingly, it was
normal that this hatred between both peoples reflected on relations between both
churches.
For traders who came to the Byzantine Empire, they formed rich communities in
big cities of that empire,60 then, they started to spurn the Byzantines, while the latter
envied those rich colonists amongst them. The Byzantines thought that the commercial
communities in Constantinople were mere colonies which persecuted them through
markets and banks. Then, Manuel I Comnenus's policy (1143-1180 AD) prove positions
of those Latin, traders and politicians, and at the same time prove the Byzantines'
enmity to them and push their enmity to explosion. After death of Manuel I, his Latin
widowed from Antioch and her counsellor took up the throne. During this period, the
Latin reached the highest positions in the Byzantine Empire and people thought that this
government was Latin, thus, popular movements started to take actions but failed to get
rid of these conditions.61 For the emperor Andronicus I Comnenus (1182-1185 AD) he
exploited the Byzantine popular hatred to the existing government and people exploited
Andronicus arrival to save them from the Latin oppression. Accordingly, they revolted
against the Latin communities in the capital in 1182 AD and used their swords against
Latin women, old men, children and religion men, including the popery representative
who was in Constantinople at that time.62 The Latin who survived this massacre
revenged that through attacking all what they met, thus, they attacked monasteries,
churches and slew Byzantine monks and priests.63
The popery and the European west in general were surprised of what happened
to Italians and the Latin such that massacre in Constantinople. Perhaps it was thought in
the west at those times that this massacre was an expiration of what the Latin committed
when they called, in the past, for a holy war against the Byzantine Empire. Ibn Jubiar
specially looks at the Latin massacres in Constantinople from a religious angle and
considers them as a result of the religion dissenter between both peoples.64 Besides,
William of Tyre also considered them as a result of the religion dissenter between the
Latin and the Greeks, and a result of Greeks' hatred to the Latin as the Latter were
different from the Byzantine Empire with regard to its beliefs.65
Then, the Norman campaign in 1185 AD came to commit against Byzantines in
Thessalonica the same as what latter committed, even more violently, against the Latin
60
Nicetas. IN C.S.H.B, pp. 220-221.
61
Anon. Jālā' al-Abṣār min Ghshā al-Aqdār. Manuscript No. 487, paper 99.
62
William of Tyre. A History of deeds done beyond the sea, Trans. By E.A. Babcock & A.C. Krey, New
York, 1947, Vol. II, pp. 463-465.
63
Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 466-467.
64
Ibn Jubayr, Riḥlah Ibn Jubayr. Edited by Ḥusayn Naṣar. Bayrūt: Dār Ṣādir, p. 97.
65
William of Tyre. A History of deeds. Vol. I, pp. 461-462.
16
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
three years ago in Constantinople. In fact, massacres of Thessalonica were more violent
than massacres of Constantinople with regard to their being intentional and planned and
not being by accident, besides, these massacres hurt the religious feelings of the
Byzantine world wholly. The Latin massacres in 1182 AD were intended mainly against
Italian traders, then, were converted to mob against all the Latin residing in the capital.
However, massacres of Thessalonica were aimed to hurt the religious feelings of
Byzantines (Murders in churches and in front of the holy pictures, burning icons,
dancing in massacres, desecrating churches of the Byzantine Empire).66
In fact, the Norman campaign was not to retaliate Byzantines for massacres of
Constantinople, however, its concurrent historians of the Latin and the Greeks explained
them as avenge operations through massacres of Thessalonica, and however, a number
of modern historians considered that those were avenging operations for massacres
against the Latin in 1182 AD.67
Then, it was time for the 3rd crusade (1189-1203 AD) to give a strong strike to
the church in the Byzantine Empire through establishing a Latin state in Cyprus and
making the Greek religion men in this island give in to the Latin sovereign.68 Then,
conflicts in Cyprus became one of sources of anger and hatred between the two
churches, the Byzantine and the Romanian. The Greeks in Cyprus could not get rid of
this Latin control until the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in the 16th century AD.
Aggravation of hatred between the two peoples was reflected in late of the 12th
century AD in the religious writings which were written at that time up to that we no
more feel moderation and tolerance spirit which Tioflakt and Basil had. However, we
find that we are facing extreme and extravagant religious opinions which refuse
cooperation with the Latin. In the late of the 12th century AD69, there was Theodore
Bulsman, who was the lawyer who was defending the Byzantine Church. This is very
clear in his writings frankly when he said that "the Byzantine emperor is higher and
superior than the Roman Pope and the emperor have no right to force the Greek Church
to give in to the Roman Church as if he does, he will be mocking properties of
66
J. J. Norwich, The Kingdom in the sun 1130-1194, London, 1970, pp. 461-462.
67
Vasiliev. History of the Byzantine Empire. Vol. II, pp. 437-438.
Vryonis. Byzantium, p. 145.
68
Isaac Comnenus: declared himself the emperor of Cyprus in 1184 AD and during the passage of the
English king, Richard lion-heart, in the 3rd crusade to Levant, Richard fell in collision with Isaac for many
reasons. This collision ended in that Richard arrested the emperor Isaac in 1191 AD. Then, Richard sold
the island to Jay Ozjian before his return to his country. Accordingly, a Latin king stayed in that island.
The point is that the Latin occupation of Cyprus led to making clergymen and orthodox bishops give in to
the Latin spiritual authorities and a number of the orthodox priests were executed because they refused to
give in to and follow Rome. For more about Richard's possession of Cyprus and then selling it to Ozjian
look: Ambroise. 1941. The crusade of Richard Lion- Heart. Trans. From the old French by M.J. Hubert.
New York, pp. 82-83.
69
Theodore Bulsamon: the Patriarch of Constantinople (1185-1195 AD) and alias (Theodoros IV) an
intellectual Byzantine theological shiny. Look:
.998 ‫ ص‬.‫ القاهرة‬.‫ دار دمشق‬.‫ العالقات السياسية والكنيسية بين الشرق والغرب الالتيني‬.0891 .‫عادل زيتون‬
17
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
ecumenical councils-synods. Accordingly, views of Bulsamon about the Latin Church
were not to be changed at all, even Bulsamon said that "it is not allowed to share the
Latin in the holy secret". Views of Bulsamon not only represent his opinion as a
patriarch, but they also represent views of religion circles in the Byzantine Empire and
feelings of the public in the Empire.
After Bulsamon, John X (1199-1206 AD) who was less extravagant from his
previous counterpart towards the Romanian church especially as he was a live during
the disaster the happened to the Byzantine Empire during the fourth crusade, became the
patriarch of Alexandria.
Finally, the fourth crusade came (1203-1204 AD) to make a bad matter worse
between both churches and to form the reasonable result of aggravation of popular
enmity, which started to increase a century before between the Latin and Byzantines.
The fourth crusade is not important for us itself, however, the final point for us is what
relations between both churches ended up to during this fourth crusade and after it. A
man with a great personality in medieval ages was assigned the pope in 1198 AD, he
was the Pope Innocent III,70 who put for himself and the church and the popery a huge
program starting with removing impacts of Salah Al-Din wars in the east and taking
Jerusalem again form Muslims.71 Besides, his great concern regarding unity of both
churches,72 thus, Innocent III called for a crusade. In 1198 AD, Foulques of Neuilly
started to promise of this crusade with the popery representative, Petersof Capuano who
started to declare forgiveness in the name of his master, the Pope, for all who join in this
crusade.73
Then, the Pope Innocent approved the treaty which crusaders signed with
venetians in 1201 AD regarding transferring the Christian troops to Egypt.74 However,
when crusades chose Boniface of Montferrat to be the leader of the crusade as a
successor of Thibault, the Pope felt resentment and perhaps he realized that he was
about to lose reins of the crusade as Boniface, from the point of view of the Pope, was
not famous for his piety although he was a role model of knighthood virtues. In addition
to all this, Boniface had a close friendship with the German king, Philip Swabia.75
When the Pope heard about crusaders' intention to attack the Christian city Zara, he
70
Innocent III: he is considered one of the best and strongest personalities that took up the Romanian
popery, besides, many historians considered him as the real successor of Hilde Brand (Gregory VII). He
was so ambitious and had lots of hopes, besides, he was firmly insisting on rights of the popery according
to theory of Peter. For more about Innocent III and conditions of the popery in his era, look:
.26-06،21 ‫ ص‬.‫ القاهرة‬.‫ دار النهضة‬.‫ ترجمة جوزيف نسيم‬.‫ الدولة واإلمبراطورية في العصور الوسطى‬. 0890 .‫هارتمان وباراكالف‬
71
'Ashoūr, Sa'id. Al-Harakah al-Ṣalīybyyah, Al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Anglo al-Miṣriyyah, 1975, Vol. 1,
p. 929.
72
Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II, p. 453.
73
Villehardouin, The Conguest of Constantinople, pp. 29-32.
74
Ibid., p. 35.
75
Cambridg Medieval History. The Byzantine Empire. Part 1. Byzantine and its Neighbours. Ed. By
Hussey, J.H. Cambridg, 1966, Vol. IV, p. 278.
18
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
threatened them with the churchly deprivation and when the campaign actually headed
for the city in 1202 AD, the representative of the Pope arrived and declared saying "in
the name of my master the Pope I prohibit you from attacking this city as its inhabitants
are Christians and you also hold the sign of the cross".76 During besieging the city, its
inhabitants carried and raised a written promise they got form the Pope which prohibits
any from attacking Zara or Doing harm for it, however, venetians, according to the
concurrent Robert Clary, refused to commit to that promise and attacked the city.77
Innocent III hit the ceiling when he knew that crusaders occupied Zara (the
Christian city) without pay attention to his orders.78 Consequently, he made a decision
in which he deprived crusaders form the church, however, soon the Pope faced it and
cancelled deprivation for those crusaders due to petitions they exerted.79 But he did not
cancel deprivation for venetians.80 It is worth mentioning here that the Pope did not
prohibit or prevent crusaders who he cancelled deprivation decision for them, from
cooperation with venetians, who were still under deprivation, even the Pope was
indicating to crusaders to keep their ally with venetians and this was clear when he
asked them to keep sustaining unity of the army.81
The role of the Pope in the crusade when Alexius IV (1203-1204 AD) Angelus'
issue rose and the problem of changing the purpose of this crusade to Constantinople
was and still argued around among historians. For example the unknown historian
Lamoria brought us a story the most important point of which is that the king Philip
Swabia wrote to the Pope innocent telling him about the Byzantine prince Alexius IV
Angelus and asking him to help him. The Pope agreed to that and in his turn wrote to
the crusaders asking them to give up the campaign against Levant and head for
Constantinople to get the Byzantine prince back to his throne. Besides, Innocent told
them that any who die in this campaign will be considered a martyr and all their sins
will be forgiven as if he dies at the tomb of the Christ. However, the historian
VIllehardouin told us another story, the most important point of which is that the
representative of the popery protested strongly and told the crusaders off when they
decided to help the Byzantine prince and said to them "this means that we are going to
fight the Christians"82 however, the historian Robert Clary said that "the bishops
accompanying the crusade pronounced that it is legal to go for Constantinople to return
Alexius's IV rights to take over the Byzantine throne".83 The thing that hurt Byzantines
76
Villehardouin, The Conguest of Constantinople, p. 48.
77
Clary, Fatḥ al-Qustantiniyyah alā yad al-Ṣalībiyyn, pp. 48-49.
78
Longnon, L’Empire Latine de Constantinople, 1949, pp. 32-33.
79
Villehardouin, The Conguest of Constantinople, p. 53.
80
Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II, p. 454.
81
Villehardouin, The Conguest of Constantinople, p. 53.
82
Ibid., pp. 50-51.
83
Clary, Fatḥ al-Qustantiniyyah alā yad al-Ṣalībiyyn, p. 77.
19
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
most was fleecing contents of Aye Sofia church completely84 and burning many icons,
manuscripts and holy books.85
In fact, the Pope was taken aback because soldiers of the Christ used swords
against a Christian people even if the people refused to profess their sovereign. The
Pope threatened before to deprive them from the church if they occupied
Constantinople, however, when they actually occupied it, he found that it was better for
him to face it and benefit from that.86 Soon, crusaders chose Baldwin of Flanders to be
the emperor, and Thomas Morosini, the Venetian, to be the patriarch of Constantinople
according to their previous agreement.87 Accordingly, the throne of the Byzantine
Empire was taken up by a Latin Patriarch and the legal Byzantine patriarch, John X,
escaped. The Pope Innocent realized that converting a complete people and affecting on
it by Latin was impossible. Consequently, he sent a representative carrying the script of
the oath the Byzantine bishops should take. The oath contained loyalty to Rome and
professing the sovereign of the pope. Anyway, the Greek bishops were shocked of what
happened, thus, they left their positions and went to Nicaea where a Byzantine kingdom
was established in this city under the leadership of Lascairs, as we will see later on, and
the Orthodox bishops chose a legal Byzantine patriarch in this city (Nicaea). Then,
everything continued the same till the Latin empire that was established in
Constantinople Fell down in 1261 AD, then, the Byzantine Empire returned back to
Constantinople as it was before but with Lascairs, the legal orthodox Greek.
The fourth crusade was a natural result of the church religious, politic and
economical claims that lived for long in the hearts of European in general and the Italian
commercial republics, as we will see later on, in particular in the Byzantine Empire. If
the popery triumphed through this crusade and the throne of Aye Sofia was taken up by
a Latin Patriarch who followed the Romanian Pope and accordingly the popery
achieved a dream which it had since the fourth century AD, this victory was temporary
as the popery failed to change the Greeks into Catholics and hardly a half century
passed and the priestly appearance that surrounded the Greek churches went away. The
Byzantine Church was destroyed and taken apart due to that crusade as Bulgaria, Tripoli
and Serbia got independent of the Byzantine Empire due to that as the legal patriarchs
lived in Nicaea, however, this was not a loss in the long run as the Byzantine patriarch
came back to their positions and thrones before a half a century. The point is the fourth
crusade left and resulted in a real dissenter between both churches and simultaneously it
was the end of the strained relations that lasted for around eight centuries past.
The Byzantines never ever forgot that fourth crusade, especially they thought
that the popery was after all this and crusaders were mere soldiers of the Romanian
Church. In addition, the churchly circles in the European west, in general, were
convinced that the Byzantine Empire was the dangerous enemy of crusaders and
thought since the disaster of 1101 AD crusade that any Christian program would be
84
Anon. Al-Dūr al-Manẓūm fī Akhbār Mulūk al-Rūm. Manuscript No. 488, paper 235.
85
Nicetas. IN C.S.H.B, pp. 757-763.
.91-68 ‫ ص‬.‫ القاهرة‬.‫ دار المعارف‬.‫ ترجمة عن اليونانية يوحنا حزبون‬.‫ كنز النفائس في اتحاد الكنائس‬.0811 .‫ نقوال امبرازي‬86
.989 ‫ ص‬.‫ العالقات السياسية والكنيسية‬.‫ عادل زيتون‬87
21
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
launched in the future must be headed to solve the Byzantine problem and occupy
Constantinople. Accordingly, Paschal II supported the campaign of Bohemond in 1107
AD, and at this very point declarations of the bishop Langer came about the second
crusade containing that Constantinople is a Christian city nominally but not actually and
that the cross and the tomb of the Christ will not be safe as long as that man (the
Byzantine Empire) is taking up the throne of the Byzantine Empire as he is the enemy
of the saint Peter and his throne". Thus, here the call of the Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
rose in 1150 AD to form an ally against the Byzantine Empire and promise of a
campaign to occupy Constantinople.
5. Conclusion.
5.1
Discuss the results.
We notice that the dispute began between the crusaders and the Byzantine, especially
after the crusaders seized Antioch city in 1098 AD and gave it to Bohemond, the
Norman, instead of restoring it back to the Byzantine Empire according to their
previous agreement. Consequently, we see that hatred got deepened between sides, the
Byzantines and crusaders, to each other and this aggressive feeling increased between
the Christian west and the Byzantine Empire, especially when the second crusade was
directed to Constantinople directly trying to get it down. Then we discovered that
relations between Rome and Constantinople, since the mid of the 12th century AD,
started to take a dangerous curve as enmity between both peoples, the Latin and the
Greek, started to increase.
This enmity between both peoples started during the crusades and aggravated
with the increase of these crusades and with realizing their consequences in minds of the
Christian peoples in the east and west as these crusades were causing hatred and enmity
between both peoples, the Latin and the Greek. Then, this popular enmity was
increasing continuously and reflected on the relations of Constantinople with Rome.
Then, we found that the fourth crusade which was directed to the capital of the
Byzantine Empire, Constantinople came as a result of the religious, churchly,
economical and political disputes not only between Rome and Constantinople, but also
between all the Italian republics and beyond them the Latin west on one side, and the
Byzantine Empire on the other side.
This crusade contributed to creating a real dissenter between both churches and
this dissenter is still up to now in the Christian world in the east and west. In fact, the
fourth crusade was a natural consequence of the religious, churchly, economical and
political wishes and ambitions which lied in hearts of the European public in general
and the commercial Italian republics in particular in the Byzantine Empire. The point is
that the fourth crusade left behind a real dissenter between both churches and it was at
the same time the end of the strained relations which lasted for about eight centuries.
Besides, the fourth crusade finished any hope to unite both churches and increased
disputes and created a real dissenter. Thus, at this very point there was a disaster in the
churchly relations between Rome and Constantinople in the medieval ages.
21
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
If the fourth Crusade Slam "and fateful" to the Byzantine Empire, so that is not
valid, including the latter, and has lost its international significance forever, but this
campaign was also a disaster for the crusade movement and its future, as revealed at
once physical identity "and colonial" that I tried to hide centuries and Neva of time ..
Has revealed that they have material wealth is more important than spiritual wealth.
The real factors that separated east from west, are all back to one thing, It was
understood that the Middle ecclesial life in a different sense from the West and another
manner. Was a look to the pope and the emperor differ from Westerners look for them.
It is worth notice here that the main weakness of the Latin Kingdom which the
Byzantine Empire was divided into lied in the important truth that the inhabitants who
were under the Latin govern were from the public Greeks, consequently, they were not
at all loyal to the governing class. In addition, what Vryonis referred to that the religious
and doctrinal differences increased the Greeks' hatred to their new masters because one
the political aspects the Latin followed was achieving highness of the Catholic Church.
The Pope Innocent III, who wanted to attract the Byzantine Church to catholicity, got
bored of massacres and outrages which accompanied the Latin's entrance in
Constantinople. Besides, he motivated the Latin clergy and the princes Crusaders quite
few times to deal with Christians in good manners, but in vain, thus, he fed up with the
shameful deeds of the Latin.
5.2
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
The results.
The Campaign fourth major impact on the entire Crusader project path, and
enough that it resulted in the fall of Constantinople for the first time in its history
since it built by Constantine the Great and was inaugurated in 330 AD, and thus
the fourth crusade has led to change the political map distributions of Eastern
Europe to a large extent and removed sovereignty Byzantine divided into several
zones and re-installation of the region on the basis of economic interests, and the
new political.
That the campaign has made many of the Crusaders in the Levant brought to
Latin Empire in Constantinople, in search of the spoils of them in a weaker
cruciate entity in the Levant.
The economic factor appeared to represent an influential factor at that point, no
doubt that the effective role of the Venetian and compete with the Byzantine
Empire resolved in favor of Venice.
The catastrophe that afflicted the Byzantine Empire in 1204 AD led to boot besorh or Bokhry- of a final collapse at the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1453
AD during the reign of Constantine the atheist tenth (1449-1453 AD) in the
reign of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror, and we can describe centuries stage half
a century between the two dates mentioned as moribund Byzantine long-term
phase ended that came out of Byzantium after the date on a well-deserved, as
entered by the well-deserved, and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and
returned to the global Entrepreneurship Center again and contributed to the
radiation light of civilization and science and knowledge across the globe.
22
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
It is worth mentioning here; the Byzantines were able to recover their capital
wounded in (1261 AD) at the hands of Michael VIII Paleologus (1259-1282 AD) where
the Latin Kingdom continued there (in 1204 to 1261 AD) fifty-seven-year-old, however,
the Byzantine Empire belonging has never been the same as those former empire, has
returned pale shadow after Hdha Latin invasion of the city of Constantinople.
6.
References.
.‫ القاهرة‬.‫ دار المعارف‬.‫ ترجمة عن اليونانية يوحنا حزبون‬.‫ كنز النفائس في اتحاد الكنائس‬.0811 .‫نقوال امبرازي‬
.‫ القاهرة‬.‫ دار دمشق‬.‫ العالقات السياسية والكنيسية بين الشرق والغرب الالتيني‬.0891 .‫عادل زيتون‬
.‫ دار النهضة‬.‫ ترجمة جوزيف نسيم‬.‫ الدولة واإلمبراطورية في العصور الوسطى‬.0890 .‫هارتمان وباراكالف‬
.‫القاهرة‬
Ambroise. 1941. The Crusade of Richard Lion- Heart. Trans. by Hubert, M. J. New
York: n.p.
Anon. n.d. Jālā' al-Abṣār min Ghshā al-Aqdār. Manuscript No. 487. Belmnd, Arabic.
Anon. n.d. Al-Dūr al-Manẓūm fī Akhbār Mulūk al-Rūm. Manuscript No. 488. Belmnd,
Arabic.
'Ashoūr, Sa'id. 1975. Al-Harakah al-Ṣalīybyyah. Vol. 1. Al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Anglo
al-Miṣriyyah.
Balsamon, T. 1852-1859. Canonical Images of Women. Edited by G. A. Rhalles & M.
Potles. Vol. III. Athens: n.p.
Clary, R. 1964. Fatḥ al-Qustantiniyyah alā yad al-Ṣalībiyyn. Translated by Ḥusayn
Ḥabshe. Al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Ma'ārif.
Cambridg Medieval History. 1966. Vol. IV. The Byzantine Empire. Part 1. Byzantine
And its Neighbours. Ed. By Hussey, J.H. Cambridg.
Encyclopædia Britannica. (2016 AD). Retrieved 26th, July from 2010 to 28th, October
from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
http://www.britannica.com/
Finlay, G. 1877. History of Greece from Conquest by the Roman to the Present time
(146 B.C-1884 AD) vol. IV, Oxford, n.p.
23
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
Frucht, R. 2005. Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture. Vol.
1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Grégoire, H. 1941. "The Question of the Diversion of the Fourth Campaign," Vol. XV,
International Journal of Byzantine studies.
Hassanein, R. 1972. The Financial System of Egypt 1169-1341A.D, London, n.p.
Hussey, J. H. 1966. Byzantine and its Neighbours. Vol. IV, The Byzantine Empire.
Cambridge: Cambridge Medieval History.
Hussey, J. H. 1955. The Byzantine World. 3rd ed. London: n.p.
Ibn Jubayr, Abū al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad (died: 614 H / 1217 C.E). 1964.
Riḥlah Ibn Jubayr. Edited by Ḥusayn Naṣar. Bayrūt: Dār Ṣādir.
Kazhdan, A. 1991. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, U.S.A.: Ox. University Press.
Vol. 1.
Longnon, J. 1949. L’Empire Latine de Constantinople et la Principauté de Morée.
Paris: Payot.
Luscombe, D., & Riley-Smith, J. 2004. The Fourth Campaign and Greek and Latin
Empires 1204-1261 C.E. Vol. 4, Part. I & II, In The New Cambridge Medieval History.
Cambridge: University Press.
Madden, Thomas F. (August 19, 2008). ‘The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath, and
Perceptions: Papers from the Sixth Conference of the Society for the Study of the
Crusades and the Latin East in Istanbul’, Turkey. ISBN 0-7546-6319-1.
Nicetas, C. 1828-1897. In Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Bonn O city of
Byzantium. Bonn.
Norwich, J. J. 1970. The Kingdom in the sun 1130-1194 AD. 1st ed. London: n.p.
Philips, H. 1948. "Innocent III & the Latin East," History of the Church, Sheed & Ward,
Vol. 2.
Runciman, S. 1975. History of the Crusades, the kingdom of Acre and the Later
Crusades. I, II & III vols. Cambridge: n.p.
Setton, K. M. 1958. A History of the Crusades. Vol. II. Pennsylvania: University press.
24
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬
‫جامــعة بنـــغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدراسات اإلنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN : 2312 – 4962
4102 / 482 ‫رقم االيداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
Setton, K. M. 1976. The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries. American Philosophical Society.
Stavrianos, L.S. the Balkans since 1453, New York: University Press, 1958.
Vasiliev, A. 1952. A History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453. I & II vols. Wisconsin:
n.p.
Vasiliev, A. 1910-1912. In Patrologia Orientalise. V & VIII vols. Paris: n.p.
Vasiliev, A. 1936. "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222)".
Speculum A journal of Mediaeval Studies. No. 1. Vol. XI.
Villehardouin, G. 1963. The Congest of Constantinople. Translated by Shaw, M. R.
London: n.p.
Vryonis, S. J. 1967. Byzantium and Europe. London: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
Vryonis, S. J. 1971. The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process
of Islamization from Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. California:
University of California Press.
Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. (2016 AD). Retrieved 26th, July from 2010 to 28th,
October from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Online:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Wolff, R. L. 1952. "Baldwin of Flanders and Hainaut, First Latin Emperor of
Constantinople: His Life. Death and Resurrection 1172-1225 A.D". Speculum,
Vol. 27.
William of Tyre. 1947. A History of deeds done beyond the sea. Translated by Babcock,
E. A & Krey, A. C. Vol. II. New York: n.p.
25
‫م‬4106 ‫العدد الحادي عشر – مارس‬