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Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence Chapter 12 – Computers: Understanding Technology (Second edition) Multimedia And Digitizing • Multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of communication in a single interface • Web pages are multimedia since they are capable of combining text, images, sound, and video • Digitizing is the process of taken analog data and turning it into a digital data file • Digital data can be reproduced repeatedly with no degradation of quality Digitizing Graphics • Bitmap, or raster image-based, graphics programs (painting) • Object, or vector-based, graphics programs (drawing) • Early painting programs produced a jagged or pixelated look along slopes or curves whereas early vector-based programs had difficulty producing freeform, irregular shapes Resolution of the Pixelation Problem in Raster Graphics • Raster image processing programs began to handle images with more dots per inch • Anti-aliasing – pixels along the edge of an image are lightened or darkened to produce the effect of a smooth edge Resolution of the Problem in Vector-Graphics Programs • Bezier curves introduced in drawing programs • Bezier curves is a straight line or curve that is described by its tangents (definition of tangent in text as the line perpendicular to and bisecting the line is incorrect) Graphic File Formats • Graphics programs enable users to save files in a native format – this is specific to the application – as well as to export into standard file format • Bitmap Graphic Files (.bmp) – no compression and hence rarely used on the web • .gif and .jpg files are the most commonly used image files on the internet; both use compression Digitizing Sound • Sounds are digitized by sampling the pitch and volume of a sound thousands of times a second • .wav – voice often sampled at 11KHz whereas music at 44KHz – 16 bits for each measurement • .midi – Digitally simulating musical instruments – all it needs to know are the notes to play • .mp3 – reduces the size of a wave file by about 90% Digitizing Video • Movies – 20 still images per second • .mpg is the movie equivalent of the MP# format – MPEG2 • .mov is an Apple format whereas .avi is a Windows format • Flash format is commonly used to display moving images on the web Artificial Intelligence (AI) • Artificial intelligence – computer applications that perform functions which if a human did them would be regarded as intelligent behavior • Examples – thinking, talking, seeing, feeling, walking, and learning from mistakes • Modern AI systems focus on specialized human functions, often with the goal of augmenting humans rather than replacing them AI Applications • Cognitive Science – Intelligent agents to assist human users – Expert system (embodies human expertise in a given field) – Data mining – Genetic algorithms – Darwinian survival of the fittest - solutions that survive are taken to the next step – Fuzzy logic – Neural Networks AI Applications (cont.) • Natural Interface Applications – Speech recognition – Natural language – Virtual reality – creating a realistic world within computer – Mental interfaces – using sensors to read brain waves AI Applications (cont.) • Robotics – Visual perception – e.g. facial-recognition technology – Audio perception – Tactile perception – Locomotion – Navigation