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Download Chapter 2 Folder 1 – The Accusative Case In Chapter 1 you learned
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Chapter 2 Folder 1 – The Accusative Case In Chapter 1 you learned that Latin has 5 CASES. Two important facts to remember: 1. The case of a noun is determined by its use in the sentence. 2. The ending of a Latin noun will tell you what case that word is in. In Chapter 1, we also learned that the Nominative case is used for subjects and predicate nominatives. We also learned that the Ablative Case is used after the preposition in. In this Chapter we are going to learn about the Accusative Case. The first use of the Accusative case is for direct objects. Here is a review of the case uses that you have learned so far: CASE Nominative Accusative Ablative USE Subject; predicate nominative Direct object Object of preposition (in) A direct object receives the action of a verb. Notice that to have a direct object, you must have an action verb. Linking verbs (est, sunt) are never followed by direct objects. The direct object will answer who? or what? after the verb. e.g. Matthew hit the ball. What did he hit? The ball . . . . . .ball is the direct object. I love you! Whom do I love? You . . .. . .You is the direct object. In Latin, direct objects will have an Accusative ending. The Accusative endings for all three declensions are listed below. N.B. All singular direct objects end in –m; all plural direct objects end in –s. Number Singular Plural First declension vill-am vill-as Second Declension amic-um amic-ōs Third Declension can-em canes Look at this sentence from your reading: Pater multos clientes habet. Pater is Nominative singular. It is the subject. Multos clientes – both words are Accusative plural so they are the direct object. Habet is the verb. The sentence means “Father has many clients.” The pattern for most of these sentences will be: Subject Object Verb (S - DO – V) Direct The use of the noun is dictated by the ENDING, however, not the position (word order). Present Tense Verbs In Chapter 1, we learned the verbs est (is) and sunt (are). In this Chapter we will look at several other verbs. Nouns come in groups called declensions. Verbs come in groups called conjugations. These are the verbs you have seen so far: Ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi Habito, habitare, habitavi Habeo, habere, habui Video, videre, vidi In the vocabulary list, verbs will be presented with their first three principal parts. Just as the second form given for nouns (genitive) told you the base and the declension for that noun, the second form for verbs will give you lots of information about that verb. This form is called the second principal part, or the infinitive. The second principal part helps you in the following ways: 1. In order to find the stem of a verb, go to the second principal part and drop the –re. 2. In order to determine what conjugation a verb is in, look at the vowel before the –re in the second principal part. For example, if the vowel is an –a, the verb is in the first conjugation. Long e signifies second conjugation. Short e is third conjugation. Fourth conjugation has an “i.” Subject – Verb Agreement In the following chart, there is a column for singular verbs. These are the verbs that we have seen since the beginning. Do you notice how they all end in 't'? This ending on a verb lets us know that the subject of this verb is singular (only one). There is a column labeled 3rd person plural. Do you notice how all of these verbs end in 'nt'? This ending lets us know that the subject of the verb is plural (more than one). 3 person singular 3 person plural rd rd 1 conjugation habitat he/she lives habitant they live 2 conjugation habet he/she has habent they live est he/she is sunt they are st nd Look at these examples from the story: Pater multos clientes habet. Therefore, the verb ends in 't'. Pater is a singular subject. Pater et clientes ad forum ambulant. Pater et clientes are many people (plural). Therefore, the verb ends in 'nt'.