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INSHORE ECOSYSTEM AND SIGNIFICANT AREAS OF THE SCOTIAN SHELF Biological Interactions and Biodiversity EBSA’s: Concepts and Metrics DFO Workshop on the Inshore Ecosystem and Significant Areas of the Scotian Shelf Jan 2006 John Roff EBSA’s should NOT be the only agenda item This may be where we START management and conservation planning, but it does NOT complete the task under Oceans Act or Oceans Action Plan An EBSA agenda, driven by Delphic approach largely ignores the whole Biodiversity spectrum A comprehensive framework is required to classify ALL ecosystem components, so that EBSA’s can be LESS ARBITRARILY recognized and defined. Critique and suggestions 1. 2. EBSA’s capture only a small part of the Biodiversity Spectrum. Emphasis on commercial fisheries. This is ‘Natural History’ NOT Science. 1. 2. 3. 3. Table # 1 1. 2. 4. Delphic process – value judgments Existing knowledge, surveys, “my favorite species / location” NO predictive capacity Applies almost entirely to commercial fish species and marine mammals Redundancy of concepts – Aggregation & Fitness Consequences Table # 2 1. 2. 3. (a) Confuses Structures and Processes (b) Arbitrary. Selected Community types – biological structures (c) Arbitrary. Completely misses Biodiversity concepts Metrics for EBSA’s PARAMETER CONCEPTS CAPTURED Uniqueness Rarity, Irreplaceability, Isolation, ‘Special features’ Aggregation Density, Production, Biomass Fitness consequences Reproductive/ bottleneck areas (for SELECTED SPECIES only) Resilience Vulnerability, Recovery potential, Degree of threat, Protection level, Dependency Naturalness Decline, Impacts, Disturbance DRIVING CONCEPTS ECONOMIC INTERESTS, FISHERIES MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL AREAS CONCEPTS NOT CAPTURED WHOLE BIODIVERSITY SPECTRUM Ecosystem functioning ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT Biogeography, Extent of habitat types REPRESENTATIVENESS ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY, CONNECTIVITY PROPORTIONAL IMPORTANCE - Perspective REGIONAL, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE Metrics for EBSA criteria METRIC DATA SOURCE POTENTIAL STRENGTHS LIMITATIONS UNIQUENESS Delphic, SEK and TEK, Geophysical Can apply to all levels of biodiversity hierarchy. Context may be: Regional, National, International Depends on good survey data My favorite species / place Can use GIS remote sensing data ? AGGREGATION (sensu EBSA) SEK and TEK Important commercial fishing areas? Depends on survey data Applies to selected species only AGGREGATION Retention Areas Gyres, Eddies etc. Production/ Biomass SEK and TEK, Geophysical Remote sensing Integrates species and habitat levels. Prediction of Structures and Processes ? Requires sophisticated GIS surveys FITNESS CONSEQUENCES Delphic Guesswork? Highly subjective Data for commercial species Applies to selected species only Repetitive of Aggregation RESILIENCE Value judgement ?? Not an Inherent Value ? Depends on disturbance regime & severity NATURALNESS Value judgement Obvious criterion. Describes Actual status Not an Inherent Value Metrics poorly developed for marine environments Many Types of EBSA’s 1. Larger entirely marine, seasonally migrant species (Distinctive) 2. Mobile marine species referenced to the land environment (Distinctive) 3. Rare / endangered or isolated populations and communities of benthic species, including areas of high local species diversity of some taxon (Distinctive) 4. Specific habitats and associated communities of the wider marine environment (Representative) 5. Sustainable management of natural marine resources such as fisheries (and fishing / spawning areas) 6. Some combination of one or more or these types of areas 7. Areas of anthropological / archaeological / sociological interest 8. Local ‘beauty spots’ and recreation areas (generally land referenced) 9. High production / upwelling / retention areas 10. Other purposes TWO MAIN TYPES OF EBSA’s ? Areas that supply – ‘ECOSYSTEM SERVICES’ – I.E. EXPLOITABLE RESOURCES HOW DO WE EQUATE SUCH DIFFERENT AREAS ? DIFFERENT ‘SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROUTING’ MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Areas that exhibit – ‘NATURAL CAPITAL VALUE’ – BUT ARE NOT EXPLOITED FOR RESOURCES – THESE ARE STILL ‘ECOSYSTEM SERVICES’ BUT ECONOMIC VALUE NOT DEFINED Determination of size of EBSA’s Type of Area Size determined by: Seasonally migrant species 1. 2. Natural geophysical anomalies Local knowledge (SEK / TEK) Land-referenced species 1. 2. Historic usage area (from SEK & TEK) Boundary of forage areas Rare / Endangered / Species diversity 1. 2. Natural geophysical anomalies including topography Local knowledge (SEK / TEK) Representative habitats 1. 2. 3. 4. Mapping habitat types Community indicators Species – Area Curves Disturbance regime Resource management [Size of fisheries habitat / stocks / spawning / recruitment areas] 1.Habitat Suitability Indices (HSI) 2.SEK TEK on stock sustainability 3.SEK of spawning areas 4.Minimum Viable Population and Home Range of species 5.Stock-Recruitment relationships of target species 6.Species-Area (S-A) curves Combination of above Combinations of strategies - MARXAN Anthropology / Sociology Arbitrary, public opinion Beauty spots (land referenced) Aesthetics, arbitrary, public interest High production / Retention / Upwelling Geophysical anomalies Other Seasonal closures ? The components of marine biodiversity: GENETIC SPECIES/ POPULATION COMMUNITY Structure Process Structure Process Structure Process ECOSYSTEM Structure Process Structure Mutation Structure Migration Structure Succession Watermass Currents Genotypes Differentiat. Differentiat. Abundance Dispersion S.Diversity Predation Temp Tides Fitness Drift Distribut Retention S. Richness Competit. Competit. Salinity Disturban. Disturban. Haplotype D Flow Focal Spp Mig/ Mig/ Drift S. Evenness Parasitism Properties Gyres Stocks Nat. Select Keystone Growth Abundance Mutualism Boundaries Retention Inbreeding Ind. Ind. Cond. Cond. Reprod. Reprod. Represent. Disease Depth/Pres P-B couple Mating Ind. Ind. Comp. Recruit Distinctive Production Light Entrain. Dir. Select Umbrella Biomes Decomp. Decomp. Stratificat. Stratificat. B-G cycles Stab. select Charismat. Charismat. Biocoenos. Biocoenos. Topograph Seasonal. Dis. select Vulnerable S-A relns. relns. Substrate Product. Micro. Evol. Evol. Economic Transitions Represent. H-A equil. equil. Erosion Phenotypes Fun.groups Distinctive H-L equil. equil. Speciation Fragments Heterog. Heterog. Anomalies Turbulence Macro. Evol MetaMeta-pops Endemism Exposure Mixing Alt. S.Stats Patchiness Upwelling Symbioses Nutrients Divergence Biomass Dis. Gases Ecol.Integ. Ecol.Integ. Anoxia Erosion Expanded from Zacharias and Roff 2000 Desiccation How the elements of biodiversity are ‘captured’ by various conservation approaches GENETIC Eco. level POPUL./ SPECIES COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM Structure Process Structure Process Structure Process Structure Process Distinctive Habitats ‘EBSA’s’ 1,2,3,4 Inferred from 4,5,6A, 6B,7,8,9, 10,11 1,3,4,5,6, 7 1,2,3,5, 6B,12, 13,16 Assumed 5,11,13,1 8 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9,1 0,15,16,1 8 Represent. Habitats 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,5,6A ,6B,9,10, 11 5,6,7, 1,2,3,4,5,6 A,7,8,9, 10,11,13,1 4,15,16 Assumed or N/A, 7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,10,12 ,14,15,16,1 7 10,11,12,1 3,14,18,19 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7 fish only 6A,6B,9, 16 fish only Assumed N/A N/A Approach ↓ Fisheries EBSA’s Conserv. structures Inferred from structures or N/A 1,2,3,4,5 fish only Inferred from structures 1,2,3,6B, 10 fish only Coastal Zone Manag. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2,3,4,5,6, 9,10, 12,14 2,3,4,5,7, 8,9,10,18 Sets of MPA’s. 1,2,4,5 Inferred from 1,2,3,5 ,6A,6B, 12 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7 6A,6B,7, 8,13,14 Assumed 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9,1 7 3,11,12,1 3 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7 10,14 Assumed N/A 1,2,4,5,7, 17 structures Redundancy Networks of MPA’s. Connectivity 1,2,4,5 Inferred from structures or N/A or N/A,1 or N/A A suggested planning process (Derous, Roff et al.) Applying the EBSA “TOOL” To the whole Produces results that : – Have considered ALL options – Have considered ALL available information – Are still Selective, BUT : – Are NON - ARBITRARY Criteria-assessment scheme for levels of biodiversity Level of biodiversity Genetic level structure Rarity (Uniqueness) Aggregation - Is there a high diversity of gene pools/genetic stocks present in the subarea? = Are there genetically variable individuals occurring in the subarea? Fitness consequences Naturalness - Is there a high diversity of gene pools/genetic stocks present in the subarea? = Are there genetically variable individuals occurring in the subarea? Proportional importance REGIONAL NATIONAL INTERNATIONAL Genetic level processes - Is a high percentage of a species population located within the subarea? - Is the abundance of a certain species very high in the subarea (= is there a concentration/aggregation of the species in the subarea)? - Is the subarea characterised by high counts of rare species? Species/ population level structure - Are there habitats formed by keystone species present in the subarea? - Are there ecological significant (keystone) species with a controlling influence on the community present in the subarea? - Are there indicator compositionspecies present in the subarea? - Is a species (with an otherwise restricted distribution within the study area or wider region) present in high densities within the subarea? - Is the subarea characterised by high counts of many species? - Is the abundance of focal species (as a surrogate for biodiversity in general?) high in the subarea? - Is the abundance of focal species (as a surrogate for biodiversity in general?) high in the subarea? - Are there habitats formed by keystone species present in the subarea? - Are there habitats formed by keystone species present in the subarea? - Are there ecological significant (keystone) species with a controlling influence on the community present in the subarea? - Are there habitats formed by keystone species present in the subarea? - Are there critical sites for the preservation of certain indicator species present in the subarea? - Is species diversity in the area dominated by native species? - Are there indicator composition-species present in the subarea? Criteria cont. Level of biodiversity Rarity (Uniqueness) Species/ population level processes Aggregation Fitness consequences - Are there important migration routes for certain species located within the subarea? - Are there important migration routes for certain species located within the subarea? - Are there sites present in the subarea that provide refuge during adverse conditions? - Are there wintering/resting/ feeding sites located in the subarea? - Are there sites present in the subarea that provide refuge during adverse conditions? - Are there wintering/resting/ feeding sites located in the subarea? - Are there critical (key) sites for reproduction (spawning/breeding) present in the subarea? - Are there critical (key) sites for reproduction (spawning/breeding) present in the subarea? Naturalness - Are there critical (key) sites for recruitment (nursery/rearing) present in the subarea? - Is the species richness in the subarea high? - Is the species richness in the subarea high? - Is the species richness in the subarea high? - Are there distinctive/unique communities present in the subarea? Community level structure - Are there endemic species present in the subarea? - Are there invasive species present in the subarea? - Is the subarea’s species diversity dominated by invasive (and/or cultured) species? Community level processes Proportional importance Criteria cont. Level of biodiversity Rarity (Uniqueness) Aggregation - Is the subarea characterized by a complex topography or seabed morphology? Ecosystem level Structure Ecosystem level Structure - Is the substrate diversity in the subarea high? - Is the subarea an outstanding example representing significant geological processes in the development of landforms? - Are there distinctive/unique ecosystems located in the subarea? - Are there sites present in the subarea which are critical for nutrient cycling? - Are there sites present in the subarea which are critical for nutrient cycling? - Are there sites present in the subarea where nutrient retention occurs? - Are there sites present in the subarea where nutrient retention occurs? - Are there any unique/distinctive oceanographic features/processes located in the subarea? Fitness consequences Naturalness Proportional importance Criteria cont. Level of biodiversity Ecosystem Level processes Rarity (Uniqueness) Fitness consequences - Is the subarea highly (naturally) productive? - Is the subarea highly (naturally) productive? - Are there structural habitat features present in the subarea? - Are there structural habitat features present in the subarea? Naturalness Proportional importance Are there upwelling sites located in the subarea? - Is the habitat richness in the subarea high? - Is the habitat complexity in the subarea high? - Is the habitat, located in the subarea, restricted in its distribution within the study area or wider region? - Are there structural habitat features present in the subarea? Habitat level Aggregation - Is the habitat richness in the subarea high? - Is the habitat complexity in the subarea high? - Are there structural habitat features present in the subarea? - Are there subareas where no human disturbance takes place or where no habitat degradation has taken place? - Are there pristine areas or reference areas for the natural condition of the habitat(s) present in the subarea? - Is the habitat, located in the subarea, restricted in its distribution within the study area or wider region? A suggested planning process (Derous, Roff et al.) UNIQUENESS √√ XXX PRIMARY METRICS MODIFYING METRICS VALUE JUDGEMENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC ‘ROUTING’ MANAGEMENT PURPOSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Recall some words “QUOTED” from the DFO 2004 document “Identification of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas” “A TOOL” … “NOT A GENERAL STRATEGY” – – – – “enhanced protection” “integrated management” “while allowing sustainable activities” “must specify clearly what management measures will be used at the various sites” – “a habitat classification system may facilitiate using this framework” (how else can we achieve PERSPECTIVE?) What IS the GENERAL STRATEGY ? – Conservation of Canada’s Oceans and their Resources, as mandated to Federal Agencies: DFO, Environment, Parks, CWS SUMMARY OF THIS TALK 1. 2. 3. 4. EBSA document NOT a systematic approach to recognize and map components of Biodiversity. A broader framework is required. Does NOT complete responsibilities or fulfill mandate under: Oceans Act; Oceans Action Plan Emphasis for management and conservation should not be on EBSAs alone. Representative Areas actually MORE important (e.g. LOMA’s & CMA’s for ESSIM) EBSAs (as proposed) are a mix of areas: 1. 2. 5. EBSA document has heavy fisheries bias, e.g. 1. 6. 7. That supply ‘Ecosystem Services’ (resources) That contain ‘Natural Capital Value’ ‘Fitness Consequences’ confounded with ‘Aggregation’ Concepts of Ecological Integrity and Connectivity not defined Management objectives / strategies for each TYPE of EBSA need definition 8. Assemble the list of impacts / disturbances (to assess Resilience) 9. Define the indices of impacts (to judge Naturalness) 10. GAP analysis of what remains for Marine Conservation THIS APPROACH TO ‘DEFINE’ EBSA’s MAY NOT BE PERFECT, BUT: IT MAY HELP US DISTINGUISH WHAT WE CAN ACTUALLY DO FROM WHAT WE JUST IMAGINE!