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KIRINYAGA EAST JOINT EVALUATION TEST
312/1
GEOGRAPHY
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
1.
a) Ways in which Geography is related to Agriculture. 2mks
i.
Geography studies the distribution of agricultural activities and how factors like relief,
climate and soils affect them.
ii.
Geography studies both the positive and negative effects of agriculture on the environment.
iii. Geography studies problems facing agriculture in different parts of the world and possible
solutions.
b) Three importance of studying Geography. 3mks
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Enable learn and explain the origin of the earth, the solar system and internal structure of the
earth.
Provide information to human activities such as space exploration and aviation
Help learners develop the skills of observing, reading, analyzing and interpreting maps,
photographs and statistical data.
Teaches methods of collecting and representing data.
(Any other relevant point)
2.
a) The diagram of planet earth.
i) Name of line Y. 1mk
Axis
ii) The measurement of angle X. 1mk
23 ½ °
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3.
4.
5.
b) Three reasons why the interior of the earth is still hot. 3mks
- The weight of overlying burden exerts pressure on the core resulting into high temperature.
- Radioactivity — the breaking up of the nucleus of atoms brought by bombarding of nucleus
with a stream of neutrons produce heat.
- After breaking away from the sun the interior of the earth cool at a slower rate than outer part
hence retain much of original heat.
a) Two conditions necessary for the formation of dew. 2mks
- Calm air to remain in contact with the ground long enough to cool below dew point.
- High day time temperature for high rate of evaporation.
- Cloudless night to accelerate terrestrial radiation heat loss.
b) Three characteristics of a Stevenson screen. 3mks
- Louvers on all sides.
- Raised 121cm above the ground.
- Double paneled roof.
- Painted white all over
a) Definition of the term climate. 2mks
Is the average weather condition of a given place over a long period of time usually 30-35 years.
b) Three characteristics of the hot desert climate. 3mks
- Low rainfall about 250mm per annum.
- Unreliable and sporadic rainfall.
- Very high mean monthly temperatures in hot season approximately 29°C and low temperature
approximately 10°C in cold seasons.
- Large diurnal range of temperature upto 20°C.
- Intense solar radiation.
- Low humidity.
- Cloudless sky.
The diagram of features associated with glaciation in lowland areas.
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a) Name of the features X, Y and Z. 3mks
- X — erratics
- Y—drumlins
- Z — eskers
b) Two economic importance of an outwash plain. 2mks
- Form fertile areas which can be used for agriculture and grazing purposes.
- Sand in the outwash plain can be excavated for building and construction purposes.
- The alluvial in the outwash plain contain valuable minerals that be mined economically.
6.
SECTION B
The map of Busia 1:50,000 (sheet 101/1) provided.
a. i) the direction of Nambuku school from Odiado hill. 1mk
- North West/NW
ii) The bearing of Mundika market from Bumunji school. 2mks
- 066°NE
iii) The approximate height of Burende hills. 2mks
- 1470M
b. Measurement of the distance of the regional boundary from top of Odiado hills to the
Eastern margin of the map. 2mks
- 16.5km
c. The six figure grid reference of the chief’s house near Funyula market. 2mks
- 255315
d. Two methods that have been used to represent relief in the area covered by the map. 2mk
- Contours
- Trigonometric stations.
e. The area to the West of the international boundary. 2mks
- 30km2
f. Three factors that have influenced settlement in the area covered by the map. 6mks
- Drainage — seasonal swamps areas have been avoided for settlement.
- Relief— mountainous or hilly areas are not settled e.g. Sania hills, Odiado hills while gentle
hills are settled. River valleys are avoided too.
- Urbanization — urban places are settled e.g. Bumala market.
- Vegetation -- thickets and riverside vegetation areas are avoided for settlement.
- Transportation — roads attract settlements.
g. A rectangle measuring 14cm by 12cm to represent the area enclosed by the following grid
References: 3028, 3728, 3034 and 3734. 2mks
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7.
Mark ; - title 1mk
- Rectangle (well labeled and north line) 1mk
On the rectangle mark the following features:
- Regional boundary. 1mk
- Bumala market. 1mk
- Ndanyi hills. 1mk
- Ukwala and Siranga murram road. 1 mk
a. i) Definition of earth movement? 2mks
Movements of the crustal rocks caused by forces originating and operating in the interior of the
earth known as tectonic movements.
ii) Identify the type of fold illustrated by the diagram below. 1mk
- Anticlinoriurn and synoclinorium complex
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iii) Description of the formation of the above fold. 3mks
- Initial folding is caused by weaker compression forces hence form minor upfolds and down
folds.
- Subsequent intense compressional forces form major upfolds and down folds with minor
synclines and anticlines called anticlinorium and synoclinorium complex.
b. Three theories of fold mountain formation. 3mks
- Contraction theory.
- Convectional theory.
- Plate tectonic theory.
c. Description of the continental Drift theory. 5mks
- This is the slow but steady movement of the world’s continents.
- The present day distribution of the continents was due to disruption of a super continent
called Pangaea which existed in the carboniferous period 350 million years ago surrounded
by Panthalasia Sea.
- Pangaea broke into two, i.e., Gondwanaland to the south and laulasia to the north during
the Mesozoic period 230 million years ago.
- These two land masses were separated by a long narrow ocean called Tethys.
- Gondwanaland and Laulasia further ruptured and drifted to present continents.
d. i) Difference between seismic focus and epicenter. 2mks
-
seismic focus is the point of origin of shock wave in the interior of the earth’s crust while
epicenter is the point above the epicenter vertically on the surface.
ii) Three effects of seismic waves. 3mks
-
Loss of lives and destruction of property.
Give rise to Tsunami; huge ocean waves.
Trigger fires.
Trigger landslides which are destructive.
Lower or raise the sea floor.
Restrict the development of towns.
Weaken structures and infrastructures.
e. Explanation of how the following factors cause earthquakes:
i) Human activities. 2mks
-
Nuclear bombs detonated underground trigger vibrations.
Underground tunnel trains cause tremors.
Explosives detonated in underground mining and quarrying.
Large man made dams reservoirs weight reactivate dormant or inactive faults causing
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tremors.
ii) Isostatic adjustment. 2mks
-
Weight loss in some parts of crust and weight gain in others due to denudation and
deposition trigger earthquake waves.
iii) Vulcanicity. 2mks
-
8.
Movement of magna into the crust and out of crust push rocks along the path causing shock
waves.
a) Difference between a watershed and a water catchment. 2mks
- Watershed is a boundary separating two drainage basins while a water catchment is the
entire area where a river draws its water.
b) Three types of river erosion. 3mks
-
Lateral erosion.
Vertical erosion.
Headward erosion. -.
c) Three factors that influence the rate of river erosion. 6mks
-
-
the volume of water/river discharge — small volume of water carry limited amount of load
while large volume of water carry great load for abrasion solution and hydraulic action
erosion.
The angle of a river slope — steep river gradient experience greater erosion than gentle
river slopes.
The nature of the bedrock — softer bedrocks erode faster and easily than hard bedrocks.
The nature and amount of load — large and hard rocks causes erosion by abrasion than
softer rocks.
d) With the aid of a well labeled diagram, explain the formation of an ox-bow lake. 6mks
-
In the old stage river begins to have pronounced
meanders.
-
River erodes on the concave bank and deposits on
the convex bank hence river meander get more
pronounced.
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-
Continued erosion on the outer bank finally meets
and cut off the meander
-
The deposition dose off the meander hence form a
horse shoe shaped surface water body called an
ox-bow lake.
e) i) Two types of lakes 2mks
-
Lakes formed by earth movements.
Volcanic lakes.
Erosion lakes.
Depositional lakes.
ii) Three significance of lakes. 6mks
9.
- Provision of water for domestic and industrial use.
- Provide fresh water for irrigation in semi arid areas.
- Artificial lakes provide reservoir water for HEP generation.
- Provide medium of bulky commodities transport.
- Some lakes contain valuable minerals economical for mining e.g. trona in L. Magadi.
- Lake shores and beds are sources of building materials such as sand.
- Source of food proteins in fishing.
a) Difference between soil profile and soil catena. 2mks
- Soil profile refers to the vertical arrangement of soil layers or horizons from the surface to
the bedrock while soil catena is the arrangement or sequence of soil down a slope.
b) Explanation of how the following factors influence soil formation:
i) Parent material. 2mks
-
Determines the type of weathering, size of soil particles and soil colour and fertility.
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ii) Climate. 2mks
-
Rainfall, temperature and wind influence soil formation. Hot humid conditions favour
chemical weathering.
iii)Topography. 2mks
-
There are reached soils on hilltops, well drained soils on gentle slopes, thin soils on steep
slopes and poorly drained soils in flat areas.
c) Definition of soil erosion 2mks
-
It is the removal of the top soil by the action of the moving water, glacier, wind and mass
movement.
d) Five components of soil. 5mks
-
Organic matter.
Soil water.
Soil air.
Soil organisms.
e) Definition of soil degeneration. 2mks
-
Is the loss of soil fertility or usefulness.
f) Four causes of soil erosion. 8mks
-
10.
Poor cultivation methods e.g. shift cultivation, monocropping, monoculture and over
cultivation.
- Mass wasting or movement such as landslide and soil creep which accelerate soil
movement.
- Arid desert climatic conditions which lead to an accumulation of loose unconsolidated
materials that are susceptible to erosion when rain falls.
- Steep slopes.
- Nature of the soil texture.
- Overgrazing and overstocking
a) Differentiate between natural and derived vegetation. 2mks
- Natural vegetation is the plant cover in an area that has not been interfered with by human
activities while derived is the plant cover existing in a place on its own but which people
have interfered with.
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b) Explanation of how the following factors influence the distribution of vegetation:
i. Climate. 2mks
-
Temperature, precipitation, sunlight and wind variation bring about vegetation differences
in different areas.
ii. Edaphic 2mks
-
Soil fertility and soil pH value; where soil is fertile vegetation is luxuriant and different
vegetation types are adapted for different pH.
iii. Biotic 2mks
-
Bacteria, earthworms, locusts, termites, birds, wild animals and human activities influence
soil properties for vegetation.
c) Five characteristics of coniferous forests. 5mks
-
Softwood species mature faster than hardwood.
Trees are evergreen because they shed leaves at different times of the year.
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