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The Cold War
1945-1960
1
What is Communism:
The Political Spectrum
2
What is Communism?
• Modern day Communism was born out of the
abuses of the workers during the early stages
of the Industrial Revolution.
3
What is Communism?
• Modern day
Communism is based on
the writings of two
German economists,
Karl Marx and Fredrich
Engels, who answered
the question “What is
Communism?” in their
collaboration, “The
Communist Manifesto”
published in 1848.
Karl Marx
Fredrich Engels
4
What is Communism?
• In it they declared that many
problems in society are due
to the unequal distribution
of wealth.
• To bring about happiness
and prosperity for all, the
differences between the rich
and poor of society must be
eliminated.
• And since the rich will
never give up their goods or
status voluntarily, a
rebellion of the poor -- the
working class -- is
necessary.
5
What is Communism?
• Simply put, Communism is a social system in
which there is no private ownership of
property or wealth.
• All property and wealth are owned by the
people of a communist country.
• The government’s role is to manage the wealth
to ensure that everyone lives at the same
economic level, (nobody gets rich or poor.)
6
What is Communism?
Pro Communism Quotes
"I worked at a factory owned by Germans, at coal
pits owned by Frenchmen, and at a chemical plant
owned by Belgians. There I discovered something
about capitalists. They are all alike, whatever the
nationality. All they wanted from me was the most
work for the least money that kept me alive. So I
became a communist."
- Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union from 1953-1964.
7
What is Communism?
Pro Communism Quotes
"Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist
revolution. The proletarians (workers) have nothing
to lose but their chains. Working men of all countries,
unite!"
- Karl Marx
"There is no other definition of communism valid for
us than that of the abolition (ending) of the
exploitation of man by man."
- Che Guevara leader of Cuban guerrilla militias.
8
What is Communism?
Anti Communism Quotes
“Communism has never come to power in a country
that was not disrupted by war or corruption, or both."
- President John F. Kennedy
"Communism is like Prohibition, it's a good idea but
it won't work"
- Will Rogers, Writer and humorist.
"How do you tell a communist? Well, it's someone
who reads Marx and Lenin. And how do you tell an
anti-Communist? It's someone who understands Marx
and Lenin."
- President Ronald Regan
9
What is Communism?
Anti Communism Quotes
"A communist is like a crocodile – when it
opens its mouth you cannot tell whether it is
trying to smile or preparing to eat you up.”
- Winston Churchill
"Communism doesn't work because people like
to own stuff."
- Frank Zappa, popular 1960s song writer and musician.
10
A Clash of Interests
• Even before the war ended the
wartime alliances between the
U.S. and the Soviet Union had
begun to show signs of strain.
• President Roosevelt had hoped
that the defeat of the Axis
powers and the creation of the
United Nations would lead to a
more peaceful world.
• Instead, the U.S. and the
USSR became increasingly
hostile toward each other after
the war.
11
A Clash of Interests
• This led to an era of
confrontation and
competition, from 19461990, in which both sides
(U.S. and the USSR), did
everything to advance their
goals without actually going
to war with each other.
• This era became known as
the
Cold War.
MAD
12
Mutually Assured Destruction
A Clash of Interests:
Soviet Security Concerns
• Tensions between the U.S. and
the USSR began to increase
because the two sides had
different goals.
• Germany had invaded Russia
twice in less than 30 years.
• In order to make sure it didn’t
happen a third time, the Soviets
were determined to keep
Germany weak and make sure
the countries between Germany
and the USSR were under
Soviet control so as to create a
buffer zone.
Buffer Countries
13
A Clash of Interests:
Soviet Security Concerns
• As much as security
concerns influenced their
thinking, Soviet leaders
were also Communists.
• They believed that
communism was a superior
economic system that would
eventually replace
capitalism.
• As a result the Soviet Union
encouraged the spread of
communism in other
nations.
14
A Clash of Interests:
Soviet Security Concerns
“Either death to capitalism, or
death under the heel of
capitalism.”
15
A Clash of Interests:
Soviet Security Concerns
• Lastly, Soviet leaders also accepted Lenin’s theory
that capitalist countries eventually would try to
destroy communism.
• This made Soviet leaders suspicious of capitalist
nations.
16
A Clash of Interests:
American Economic Concerns
• While Soviet leaders were
focused on securing their
borders, American leaders
focused on economic problems.
• Many American officials
believed that the Depression had
caused WWII.
• Without it, Hitler would never
have come to power, and Japan
would not have wanted to expand
its empire.
Never Again!
17
A Clash of Interests:
American Economic Concerns
18
A Clash of Interests:
American Economic Concerns
• American advisors
believed that when nations
close their borders and stop
trading with other
countries, it will eventually
force them to go to war to
get the resources they
need.
• By 1945, President
Roosevelt and his advisors
were convinced that
economic growth was the
key to world peace.
19
A Clash of Interests:
American Economic Concerns
• American leaders wanted to:
1. Promote economic growth by
increasing world trade.
2. Promote democracy and free
enterprise.
20
A Clash of Interests:
American Economic Concerns
• They believed that
democratic governments,
with protections for
people’s rights, made
countries more stable and
peaceful.
• They also thought the free
enterprise system, with
private property rights and
limited government
intervention in the
economy, was the best
route to prosperity.
21
A Clash of Interests:
Summary
Goal: Prevent another world
war.
Goal: Prevent being
invaded again.
How: Spread democracy and
free enterprise
How: Build a buffer zone of
countries and spread
communism.
22
The Yalta Conference
• The agreements reached
by Roosevelt, Churchill,
and Stalin at Yalta.
23
The Yalta Conference:
Poland
• After Russian forces liberated
Poland in their march towards
Berlin, they established a
Communist government in the
country.
• At Yalta, FDR and Churchill had
argued that the Poles should be
free to choose their own
government.
• Stalin argued that it “was a
matter of life and death” that the
Polish government had to be
friendly to the Soviet Union. (In
both WWI & WWII Germany
had invaded Russia through
Poland.)
24
The Yalta Conference:
Poland
• Eventually, the three leaders compromised.
FDR and Churchill
agreed to recognize
the current Polish
government set up
by the Soviets.
In return, Stalin
agreed that the
government would
include members of
the prewar Polish
government and that
free elections would
be held as soon as
possible.
25
The Yalta Conference:
Declaration of Liberated Europe
•
FDR, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to issue the
Declaration of Liberated Europe.
• The declaration asserted “the right of all people to
choose the form of government under which they
will live.”
• The Allies promised:
1. That the people of Europe would be allowed “to
create democratic institutions of their own choice.”
2. To establish temporary governments that
represented all the people.
3. Hold free elections as soon as possible.
26
The Yalta Conference:
Dividing Germany
• FDR, Churchill, and
Stalin agreed to divide
Germany into four zones.
• Great Britain, U.S.,
France, and the Soviet
Union would each control
one zone.
• The same four countries
would also divide the city
of Berlin even though it
was in the Soviet Union’s
zone.
27
The Yalta Conference:
Dividing Germany
Berlin
Germany
28
The Yalta Conference:
Dividing Germany
•
•
Although pleased with
dividing Germany,
Stalin also wanted to
weaken Germany
economically.
Stalin demanded that
Germany pay heavy
reparations for the war
damage it caused.
29
The Yalta Conference:
Dividing Germany
• FDR insisted that the reparation payments be:
1. Based on Germany’s ability to pay.
2. Instead of cash, Germany would be allowed to
pay with goods and products.
• Stalin eventually agreed to FDR conditions.
30
The Yalta Conference:
Dividing Germany
• This decision however, did not resolve the
issue over payments.
• Over the next few years, arguments about
Germany’s reparations payments increased
tensions between the U.S. and the USSR and
became one of the major causes of the Cold
War.
31
The Yalta Conference:
Summary
USA
USSR
1. Restore Poland’s independence……..
Yes
Yes (lied)
2. Divide Germany…………………….
Yes
Yes
3. Declaration of Liberated Europe……
Yes
4. War reparations…………………….. Limited
Yes (lied)
Yes
32
The Yalta Conference:
Tensions Begin to Rise
King Michael I
• Two weeks after Yalta, the
Soviets pressured the King of
Romania into accepting a
communist government.
• The U.S. accused the Soviets of
violating the Declaration of
Liberated Europe.
• Soon afterward the Soviets
refused to allow more than three
non-communist Poles to serve in
the 18 member Polish
government and did not hold free
elections as promised.
33
The Yalta Conference:
Tensions Begin to Rise
• On April 1st, 1945, President Roosevelt informed the
USSR that their actions in Europe was unacceptable.
• Eleven days later President Roosevelt died, leaving
President Truman with a deteriorating relationship
with the Soviets.
34
Truman Takes Control
• President Truman was inexperienced
in diplomacy however, he had his
own views about how to deal with the
Soviets.
• He felt that the U.S. should not make
the mistake Britain had made in
appeasing Hitler.
• The U.S. should standup to the Soviet
Union.
• Ten days after taking office, Truman
sent a strong message to Stalin,
demanding that the USSR allow free
elections in Poland as promised in
Yalta.
No Appeasement!
35
Truman Takes Control:
The Potsdam Conference
(Churchill was defeated in the 1945
British election and replaced by
Clement Attlee.)
• In July 1945, with the war in the
Pacific still going on, Truman
met with Stalin at Potsdam, near
Berlin, in order to work out a
deal on Germany.
• Truman was convinced that
building up Germany’s economy
was vital to the rest of Europe.
• If Germany’s economy could not
be revived than the rest of the
European countries would never
recover either and the European
people might turn to
Communism out of desperation.
36
Truman Takes Control:
The Potsdam Conference
• Stalin was equally convinced
that they desperately needed
reparations from Germany to
help rebuild their devastated
economy.
• Soviet troops had already begun
stripping their zone in Germany
of all it’s machinery and
industrial equipment for use
back home.
• But Stalin wanted Germany to
pay much more.
37
Truman Takes Control:
The Potsdam Conference
•
1.
2.
•
At the conference, Truman took a firm stand against
reparations. He insisted:
Germany’s industry had to be allowed to recover.
The Soviets take their reparations from their zone only,
while the Allies allow industry to revive in the other zones.
Stalin opposed this idea because the Soviet zone of Germany
was mostly agricultural and did not have the wealth to pay.
38
Truman Takes Control:
The Potsdam Conference
•
To get the Soviets to accept the deal, Truman offered:
To accept the
new GermanPolish border
the Soviets
had
established.
The Soviets
only take a
small amount of
industrial
equipment from
the Allies’ zones
which the
Soviets would
use to pay for
food shipments
to the German
39
people.
Truman Takes Control:
The Potsdam Conference
• In addition, Truman was informed the atomic bomb had
successfully been tested, to which he informed Stalin.
• Stalin accepted the deal even though he felt bullied into it.
40
Truman Takes Control:
The Potsdam Conference
• Since the Allies controlled Germany’s
industrial heartland, the Soviets had no choice
but to cooperate if they wanted to get any
reparation payments at all.
• The Potsdam conference further increased
tensions between the U.S. and the Soviets
further paving the way for the Cold War.
41
The Potsdam Conference: Summary
President Truman: No more appeasement, time to play “hardball.”
USA
$$ War Reparations…………………..
Only from
your half of
Germany.
Color photo of
“Fat Boy.”
USSR
Forced to
accept
agreement.
42
The Iron Curtain Descends
• The presence of the
Soviet Army in Eastern
Europe ensured that
eventually pro- Soviet
Communist governments
would be established in
Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia.
43
The Iron Curtain Descends
• The communist
countries of Eastern
Europe came to be
called satellite nations
because they had to be
Communist, friendly to
the USSR, and had to
follow policies
approved by the
Soviets.
44
The Iron Curtain Descends
• As he watched the
Communist takeover in
Eastern Europe, Winston
Churchill coined a phrase to
describe what had happened.
• On March 5th 1946, in a
speech delivered in Fulton,
Missouri, Churchill said:
“ From Stettin in the Baltic
to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended
across the continent…”
45
The Iron Curtain Descends
• With the Iron Curtain
separating the
Communist nations of
Eastern Europe from the
West, the World War II
era had come to an end.
• The Cold War was
about to begin.
46
The Iron Curtain Descends
47
The Iron Curtain Descends
48
East German Border Guard Dogs
49
The Iron Curtain Descends
50
The Iron Curtain Descends
51
The Iron Curtain Descends
52
The Iron Curtain Descends
West German
border signs
warning people
of the border.
53
Containing Communism:
The Long Telegram
• Through out the early years of the Cold War,
the Soviets resisted all attempts by the Allies
to have them compromise and allow some
form of democracy to take place inside Eastern
Europe.
• Exasperated, officials at the U.S. State
Department asked the American Embassy in
Moscow to explain Soviet behavior.
54
Containing Communism:
The Long Telegram
• On Feb. 22nd, 1946,
American diplomat
George Kennan
responded with what
came to be known as the
“Long Telegram”, a
5,540-word cable
message explaining his
views of Soviet goals.
Originated the concept of
“Containment”
55
Containing Communism:
The Long Telegram
• According to Kennan:
1. The Russian people have always felt insecure
and fearful of the West.
2. This insecurity has been intensified by
communism which proclaims that
communism is in a long term historical
struggle against capitalism.
3. Therefore it was impossible to reach any
permanent settlement with them.
56
Containing Communism:
The Long Telegram
4. The U.S. should be patient, firm, and vigilant in
containing Communism, preventing it from
expanding outside of the Soviet Union.
5. The USSR has several major economic and political
weaknesses.
6. If the U.S. could keep the USSR from expanding
their power, then it would only be a matter of time
until the Soviet system would fall apart.
7. Communism could be beaten without going to war.
57
Containing Communism:
The Long Telegram
• The Long Telegram circulated widely in
Truman’s administration and created the
policy of containment- keeping communism
within its present territory through the use of
diplomatic, economic, and military action.
58
Containing Communism:
The Truman Doctrine
• The straits of the Dardanelles were a vital route from the
Soviet Black Sea ports to the Mediterranean Sea.
• For centuries Russia had wanted to control this strategic
route.
• In August 1946, Stalin demanded joint control of the
Dardanelles with Turkey.
Russia
Straits of the Dardanelles
59
Containing Communism:
The Truman Doctrine
• The U.S. saw this move as the first step in a Soviet plan to
control the Mideast.
• President Truman ordered American warships into the
Mediterranean Sea to protect Turkey and the eastern
Mediterranean.
60
Containing Communism:
The Truman Doctrine
• While the U.S. was supporting
Turkey, England was helping
Greece fight Communist
guerrillas who were trying to
take over the Greek
government.
• For about six months the
British troops helped the
Greek army fight the guerrillas
even though it put a huge
strain on their economy, still
weakened from WWII.
61
Containing Communism:
The Truman Doctrine
• In Feb. 1947, Great Britain
informed the U.S. that it could
no longer afford to help
Greece.
• On March 12th 1947,
President Truman went before
Congress to ask for $400
billion to fight communism.
• His speech outlined a policy
which became known as the
Truman Doctrine.
• This doctrine pledged that the
U.S. would fight communism
worldwide.
62
Containing Communism:
The Marshall Plan
Article in Life
Magazine, 1946
• Postwar Western Europe faced grave problems.
• Economies were in ruin, people were near starvation, and
political chaos was about to breakout.
• The terrible winter of 1946 made things even worse.
63
Containing Communism:
The Marshall Plan
• In June 1947, Secretary
of State, George C.
Marshall proposed the
European Recovery
Plan or better known as
the Marshall Plan.
64
ERP-European Reconstruction
Program
Containing Communism:
The Marshall Plan
• His plan would give
European nations American
aid to rebuild their
economies.
• Truman saw the Marshall
Plan and the Truman
Doctrine as “two halves of a
walnut,” both essential for
containment.
• The Marshall Plan offered
help to all nations including
the USSR and Eastern
European countries.
65
Containing Communism:
The Marshall Plan
• The Soviet Union and its
satellite nations in Eastern
Europe rejected the offer.
• Instead the Soviets developed
their own economic program.
• This action further separated
Europe into competing
western and eastern halves.
• The Marshal Plan pumped
billions into Western Europe,
weakening the appeal of
communism, and opened
markets for trade.
66
The Berlin Crisis
• The Soviet Union still wanted Germany to pay
reparations while the U.S. was determined to
rebuild Germany’s economy.
• Eventually this dispute brought the U.S. and
the USSR to the brink of war.
67
The Berlin Crisis:
West Germany is Founded
• By early 1948, U.S. officials had
concluded that the Soviets were
deliberately trying to undermine
Germany’s economy.
• In response the U.S., Great Britain,
and France agreed to merge their
zones in Germany and allow the
Germans to have their own
government.
• They also agreed to merge their
zones in Berlin and to make West
Berlin part of the new German
Republic.
West Germany
68
The Berlin Crisis:
West Germany is Founded
• The new nation was
officially called the Federal
Republic of Germany, but it
became to be known as
West Germany as the Soviet
zone became known as East
Germany.
• West Germany was not
allowed to have a military,
but in most respects, it was
independent.
69
The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift
• The decision to create West Germany
convinced the Soviets that they would
never get their reparations they wanted.
• In late June, 1948, Soviet troops cut all
road and rail traffic to West Berlin
isolating the western half of the city.
• The blockade provoked a crisis.
• President Truman sent long-range
bombers with atomic weapons to bases
in England.
70
The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift
• The American commander in Germany, General Lucius
Clay warned that if Berlin fell, West Germany would be
next.
• The challenge was to keep West Berlin alive without
provoking war with the Soviets.
• In June 1948, Truman ordered the Berlin Airlift to begin.
71
The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift
72
The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift
73
The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift
74
The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift
Candy bars with
parachutes.
75
The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift
• For 11 months, cargo planes supplied Berliners with food,
medicine, and coal.
• The airlift continued through the spring of 1949, bringing in
over two million tons of supplies.
• Stalin finally lifted the blockade on May 12th.
• The Berlin airlift became a symbol of American determination
to stand by the divided city.
76
The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift
Berlin Airlift
Monument at
Templehof, Berlin
77
The Berlin Crisis:
NATO
• The Berlin blockade convinced many Americans that the
Soviets were bent on conquest.
• Both the public and Congress began to support a military
alliance with Western Europe.
• By April 1949, an agreement had been reached to create the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, (NATO)- a mutual
defense alliance.
• NATO initially included 12 countries: U.S., Canada, England,
France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Netherlands,
Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland.
• These countries agreed to come to the aid of any member who
was attacked.
78
The Berlin Crisis:
NATO
79
The Berlin Crisis:
NATO
• For the first time in history the U.S. had
committed itself to maintaining peace in
Europe.
• Six years later NATO allowed West Germany
to rearm itself and join the defense alliance.
• This decision alarmed Soviet leaders. They
responded by organizing a military alliance in
Eastern Europe, which became known as the
Warsaw Pact.
80
The Berlin Crisis:
NATO
81
The Cold War Spreads to East Asia:
Civil War and Revolution in China
• During the 1920s Communist forces led by Mao Zedong
had been fighting against the Nationalist government led
by Chiang Kai-shek.
• During WWII both sides suspended their fight to resist
the Japanese occupation of their country.
• After WWII the two sides resumed their fight.
• Neither side could win, and neither side would accept a
compromise.
Mao Zedong
82
Chiang Kai-shek
The Cold War Spreads to East Asia:
Civil War and Revolution in China
• To prevent a Communist
revolution in Asia, the U.S.
sent the Nationalist government
$2 billion in aid beginning in
the mid 1940s.
• However, because of
corruption and poor military
planning the Nationalist
government squandered the
money resulting in the
Communist capturing the
Chinese capital of Beijing in
1949.
83
The Cold War Spreads to East Asia:
Civil War and Revolution in China
• The defeated Nationalists
then fled the Chinese
mainland for the small
island of Taiwan
(Formosa).
• The victorious Communists
established the People’s
Republic of China in Oct.
1949.
84
The Cold War Spreads to East Asia:
After the Fall
• China’s fall shocked Americans.
• To make matters worse, in Sept.
1949, the Soviets announced that
it had successfully tested its first
atomic weapon.
• Then in 1950, China and the
Soviet Union signed a treaty of
friendship and alliance.
• Many Western leaders feared that
China and the Soviet Union
would support Communist
revolutions in other countries.
85
The Cold War Spreads to East Asia:
After the Fall
• Once the U.S. lost China as
its chief ally in Asia, it
focused on rebuilding
Japan’s industrial economy.
• Just as the U.S. viewed West
Germany as the key to
defending all of Europe
against Communism, it saw
Japan as the key to
defending Asia.
86
The Korean War
• At the end of WWII,
American and Soviet forces
entered Korea to disarm the
Japanese troops stationed
there.
• The Allies divided Korea at
the 38th parallel of latitude.
• Soviet troops controlled the
north, while American
troops controlled the south.
87
The Korean War
• As the Cold War began, talks to reunify Korea
broke down.
• A Communist Korean government was
organized in the north, while an Americanbacked government controlled the south.
• Both governments claimed authority over all
of Korea with border clashes along the 38th
parallel.
88
The Korean War
89
The Korean War
• The Soviet Union
provided extensive
military aid to the North
Koreans, who quickly
built up a large wellequipped army.
• On June 25th, 1950, North
Korean troops invaded
into the south, rapidly
driving back the poorly
equipped South Korean
forces.
90
The Korean War: The UN Intervenes
• Truman saw the Communist
invasion of South Korea as a
test of the containment policy
and ordered U.S. naval and
airpower into action.
• He then called on the United
Nations to act.
• With the pledge of UN troops,
Truman ordered General
MacArthur to send American
troops from Japan to the
Korean peninsula.
91
The Korean War: The UN Intervenes
• In the beginning of the war,
poorly equipped American and
South Korean troops were
driven back into a small
pocket of territory near the
port of Pusan.
• Inside the “Pusan Perimeter”
the troops stubbornly resisted
the North Korean onslaught,
buying time for MacArthur to
organize reinforcements.
92
The Korean War: The UN Intervenes
93
An air drop of supplies to the soldiers inside the Pusan perimeter.
The Korean War: The UN Intervenes
94
The Korean War: The UN Intervenes
95
The Korean War:
The UN Intervenes
• On Sept. 15th,
MacArthur ordered a
daring invasion behind
enemy lines at the Port
of Inchon.
• The Inchon landing took
the North Koreans by
surprise.
96
The Korean War:
The UN Intervenes
• Within weeks the they
were in full retreat back
across the 38th parallel.
• Truman then gave the
order to pursue the North
Koreans beyond the 38th
parallel which MacArthur
did, pushing up to the
Yalu River, the border
with China.
97
The Korean War:
China Enters the War
Chinese soldiers crossing the Yalu
River into Korea.
• The Communist Chinese
government saw the
advancing UN troops as a
threat and warned the forces
to halt their advance.
• When those warnings were
ignored, China launched a
massive counter-attack across
the Yalu River in November.
• Hundreds of thousands of
Chinese troops flooded across
the border, driving the UN
forces back across the 38th
parallel.
98
The Korean War: China Enters the War
• As his troops fell back,
an angry MacArthur
demanded approval to
expand the war against
China.
• He asked to blockade
Chinese ports, the use of
Nationalist Chinese
forces in Taiwan, and
the bombing of Chinese
cities with atomic
bombs.
99
The Korean War:
Truman Fires MacArthur
You’re Fired!
• President Truman refused
MacArthur’s requests because he
didn’t want to expand the war into
China or to use the atomic bomb.
• MacArthur persisted, publicly
criticizing the president saying.
“there is no substitute for victory.”
• Determined to maintain control of
policy and show that the president
commanded the military, an
exasperated Truman fired
MacArthur for insubordination in
April, 1951.
President Truman on TV
announcing his decision
to relieve Gen.
MacArthur.
100
The Korean War:
Truman Fires MacArthur
• Despite being fired, the WWII
general remained very popular with
the American public receiving a
hero’s welcome.
• Despite severe criticism, Truman
remained committed to limited wara war fought to achieve a limited
objective, such as containing
communism.
101
Gen. Douglas MacArthur’s farewell speech
given at West Point
The shadows are lengthening for me. The twilight is here. My
days of old have vanished - tone and tints. They have gone
glimmering through the dreams of things that were. Their
memory is one of wondrous beauty, watered by tears and
coaxed and caressed by the smiles of yesterday. I listen then,
but with thirsty ear, for the witching melody of faint bugles
blowing reveille, of far drums beating the long roll.
In my dreams I hear again the crash of guns, the rattle of
musketry, the strange, mournful mutter of the battlefield. But
in the evening of my memory I come back to West Point.
Always there echoes and re-echoes: Duty, Honor, Country.
Today marks my final roll call with you. But I want you to
know that when I cross the river, my last conscious thoughts
will be of the Corps, and the Corps, and the Corps.
I bid you farewell.
102
The Korean War:
Changes in Policy
• Truman chose General
Matthews Ridgeway to
replace MacArthur.
• By mid 1951, the UN
forces had pushed the
Chinese and North
Korean forces back across
the 38th parallel.
• The war then settled down
into a series of relatively
small battles over hills
and other local objectives.
103
The Korean War: Changes in Policy
• In November, 1951 peace
negotiations began, but an
armistice would not be signed
until July 1953.
• More than 33,600 American
soldiers died in action in the
Korean War.
• The Korean War marked an
important turning point in the
Cold War.
• Until 1950, the U.S. had
preferred to use political pressure
and economic aide to contain
Communism.
• After the Korean War began
however, the U.S. began a major
military buildup.
104
The Korean Peninsula Today
Communism
Capitalism
105
M*A*S*H
106
The Korean War: Changes in Policy
• The Korean War expanded the Cold War to Asia.
• In addition to Western Europe, the U.S. became
committed to defending Communism in Asia by
signing defense agreements with Japan, South Korea,
Taiwan, the Philippines and Australia.
• American aid also began to flow to the French forces
fighting Communist guerrillas in Vietnam.
107
A New Red Scare
• By the 1950s just about all of
America believed that Communists
were trying to take over the world.
• The Red Scare began in Sept. 1945,
when a clerk name Igor Gouzenko
walked out of the Soviet Embassy
in Canada and defected.
• Gouzenko was told by the Soviet
Union to infiltrate organizations and
government agencies in Canada and
the U.S. with the specific goal of
obtaining information about the
atomic bomb.
Gouzenko wearing a
hood in public so as
not to be identified.
108
A New Red Scare
• The Gouzenko case stunned America.
• It implied that spies had infiltrated the American
government .
• Soon the search for spies escalated into a general fear
of Communist subversion- an effort to secretly
weaken a society and overthrow its government.
• As the Cold War intensified in 1946-1947, Americans
began to fear that Communists were secretly working
to subvert the American government.
109
A New Red Scare:
The Loyalty Review Program
• In early 1947, just nine days after
his powerful speech announcing
the Truman Doctrine, the
president established a loyalty
review program.
• It’s purpose was to screen all
federal employees to determine if
they were truly loyal to America.
• Instead it confirmed fears that
Communists had infiltrated the
government and helped increase
the fear of communism sweeping
the nation.
110
A New Red Scare:
The Loyalty Review Program
• Between 1947-1951, over six million
federal employees were screened for
their loyalty- a term difficult to
define.
• What was a communist supporter?
Someone who read books about
communism?
Someone who visited communist
countries?
Someone who watched procommunist foreign films.
Someone who belonged to procommunist groups.
Communist???
111
A New Red Scare:
The Loyalty Review Program
• About 14,000 federal employees were
investigated by the FBI resulting in about
2,000 employees quitting their jobs during the
scrutiny.
• Another 212 were fired for “questionable
loyalty” though no actual evidence against
them was uncovered.
112
A New Red Scare: HUAC
• FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover,
was not satisfied with the
screening of federal employees.
• Hoover went before the House
Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC), formed in
1938 to investigate both
communist and fascist activities
in the U.S.
• HUAC was a minor committee
until Hoover urged them to hold
investigations on communist
subversion.
• The committee, Hoover said,
could reveal, “the diabolic
machinations of sinister figures
engaged in un-American
activities.”
113
A New Red Scare:
HUAC
• Once Communists were
identified, he explained,
the public would isolate
them and end their
influence.
FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover
114
A New Red Scare: Alger Hiss
• Alger Hiss was a prominent government official accused
of being a communist spy by Whittaker Chambers, a Time
Magazine editor and former Communist Party member in
testimony to HUAC.
• Hiss sued Chambers for libel (telling lies that hurts a
person’s reputation.)
• Both Hiss and Chambers appeared before the HUAC
testifying against each other.
Whittaker Chambers
Communist!!!
Alger Hiss
115
A New Red Scare: Alger Hiss
• To defend himself,
Chambers produced copies
of secret documents along
with microfilm that he had
hidden in a hollow pumpkin
on his farm.
• These “pumpkin papers”
Chambers claimed, proved
that he was telling the truth.
• A jury agreed and convicted
Hiss of perjury, or lying
under oath.
116
A New Red Scare:
The Rosenbergs
• Another sensational spy case centered around
accusations that American Communists had
sold the secrets of the atomic bomb.
• Many people did not believe the Soviet Union
could have produced an atomic bomb in 1949
without help.
• This belief intensified the hunt for spies.
117
A New Red Scare: The Rosenbergs
• In 1950, a British scientist
admitted sending information
to the Soviet Union.
• His testimony led the FBI to
arrest Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, a New York
couple who were members of
the Communist Party.
• The government charged them
with heading a Soviet spy
ring.
• The Rosenbergs denied the
charges but were convicted
and condemned to death. 118
A New Red Scare: The Rosenbergs
• Many people believed
they were not leaders or
spies, but victims caught
up in the wave of anticommunist frenzy.
• Despite many appeals
for clemency the
Rosenbergs were
executed in June 1953.
First time in American history that a
person was executed for espionage.
119
Project Venona
• Even as Americans hotly debated the guilt or innocence of
individuals like the Rosenbergs, there was however, solid
evidence of Soviet espionage.
• Although very few Americans knew at the time, American
cryptographers, working for a project code-named “Venona”,
had cracked the Soviet spy code of the time, enabling them to
read approximately 3,000 messages between Moscow and the
U.S.
Most of the code
breakers were women.
120
Project Venona
• The messages confirmed extensive Soviet spying.
• To keep the Soviets from learning how thoroughly the
U.S. had penetrated their codes, authorities chose not to
make the intercepted messages public.
• Not until 1995, did the government reveal Project
Venona’s existence.
• The Venona documents provided strong evidence that
the Rosenbergs were guilty.
Guilty!
121
The Red Scare Spreads
• Following the federal government’s example, many
state and local governments, universities, businesses,
unions, and churches began their own efforts to find
Communists.
122
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
• By 1949, the Red Scare
intensified even further.
• The Soviets had exploded an
atomic bomb and China fell to
Communism causing many
Americans to believe that the
U.S. was losing the Cold War.
• Americans were convinced
that Communist agents had
infiltrated the government and
remained undetected.
123
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy on television
addressing the American people.
• In Feb. 1950, Joseph
McCarthy, a little known
Senator from Wisconsin,
gave a political speech in
which he claimed that he
had a list of 205 government
officials working in the
State Department who were
members of the Communist
Party.
• By the next day Senator
McCarthy’s claim had
appeared in newspapers
around the country.
124
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
• The list never appeared but it made McCarthy a household name.
• McCarthy proclaimed that Communists were a danger both at
home and abroad.
• He accused Democratic party leaders of corruption and of
protecting Communists.
• His wild accusations included the Secretary of State Dean
Acheson and the former Army Chief of Staff and Secretary of
State, George Marshall of disloyalty and being a member of “a
conspiracy so immense as to dwarf any previous such ventures in
the history of man.”
125
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
• Because of the mood of
the country, many
Americans were ready
to believe him.
126
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy Tactics
• After the 1952 election gave
the Republicans control of
Congress, McCarthy became
chairman of the Senate
subcommittee on
investigations.
• Using the power of the
committee to force government
officials to testify about alleged
Communist influences,
McCarthy turned the
investigation into a witch hunta search for disloyalty based on
flimsy evidence and irrational
fears.
127
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy Tactics
• His tactic of damaging
reputations with vague
and unfounded charges
became known as
McCarthyism.
• McCarthy’s sensational
accusations drew the
attention of the press,
which put him in the
headlines and quoted
widely.
128
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy Tactics
• When he questioned
witnesses, McCarthy would
badger them and then refuse
to accept their answers.
• His tactics left a cloud of
suspicion that McCarthy and
others interpreted as guilt.
• Furthermore, people were
afraid to challenge him for
fear of becoming targets
themselves.
129
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy’s Downfall
• In 1954 McCarthy began to look for Soviet spies in
the U.S. Army.
• Alerted to his intentions, the army conducted its
own internal investigation and found no spies or
any suspicion of espionage.
• Furious, McCarthy took his investigation onto
television.
130
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy’s Downfall
• On television, he
questioned and challenged
officers in a harsh voice,
harassing them about
trivial details and
accusing them of
misconduct.
• Millions of Americans
watched McCarthy bully
witnesses which resulted
in his popularity to start to
fade.
131
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy’s Downfall
• Finally, to strike back at Joseph Welch the chief counsel for
the Army, McCarthy brought up the past of a young lawyer in
Welch’s law firm who had been a member of a communist
organization during his law school years.
• Fully prepared for this accusation, Welch exploded at
McCarthy on live television for trying to ruin the young man’s
career.
Joseph
Welch
132
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy’s Downfall
• “Until this moment, I think
I never really gauged your
cruelty or your
recklessness…You have
done enough sir, at long
last! Have you no sense of
decency, sir, at long last?
Have you no sense of
decency?”
• Spectators cheered, Welch
had said what many
Americans had been
thinking.
133
“A Conspiracy So Immense”
McCarthy’s Downfall
• McCarthy had lost the power to
arouse fear.
• Newspaper headlines repeated,
“Have you no sense of decency?”
• Later that year the Senate passed a
vote of censure, or formal
disapproval against McCarthy- one
of the most serious criticism it can
level against a member.
• His influence gone, McCarthy faded
from public view.
• He died in 1957 at the age of 48, a
broken and embittered man.
134
The Power of the “Big Lie.”
135
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
• The Red Scare and the spread of nuclear weapons had a profound
impact on life in the 1950s.
• Already upset by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949, Americans
were shocked when the USSR again, successfully tested the much
more powerful hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb in 1953.
• This was less than a year after the U.S. had tested its own H-bomb.
Between
1946-1962
the U. S.
exploded
217 nuclear
weapons
over the
Pacific and
in Nevada.
136
Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb
A page from an U.S. Army training pamphlet.
137
What did Hollywood claim all those
nuclear tests had created?
138
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
• American students prepared
for a surprise Soviet attack.
• Schools set aside special
areas as bomb shelters.
• In bomb drills, students
learned to duck under their
desks, turn away from the
windows, and cover their
heads with their hands.
• These “duck-and-cover”
actions were supposed to
protect them from a nuclear
bomb blast.
139
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
• While “Duck-and-Cover”
might make people feel safe,
it would not protect them
from nuclear radiation.
• Experts predicted that for
every person killed by the
nuclear blast, four more
would die later from fallout,
the radiation left over after
the blast.
• To protect themselves, some
families built backyard
fallout shelters, and stocked
140
them with canned food.
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
141
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
This chart purported to show the various levels of radioactivity
that could be expected following a widespread nuclear attack.
142
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
143
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
144
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
What does the “bomb” have in common with
the bikini bathing suit?
145
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
In 1946, French engineer Louis Reard and fashion designer Jacques Heim
invented the first modern bikini bathing suit. They named it after the Bikini
Atoll Islands, site of a series of American nuclear weapon’s tests. They said the
burst of excitement the bikini would cause would be like a nuclear bomb
146
exploding. Viva la France!
Life During the Early Cold War:
Facing the Bomb
America
Unprecedented economic prosperity
and optimism.
McCarthyism, fears of communist spies,
and the threat of an atomic attack.
Anxiety!!
For the upcoming 1952 elections, Americans
were looking for a leader that would make them
feel secure.
147
Eisenhower’s Policies
• By the end of 1952, many
Americans were ready for a
change in leadership.
• Many Americans believed
that Truman’s foreign policy
was not working. The
Soviet Union had the
“bomb”, consolidated it’s
hold on Eastern Europe,
China had fallen to
Communism, and American
troops had to fight to defend
South Korea.
Election night 1952.
148
Eisenhower’s Policies
• Tired of criticism and uncertain he could win, Truman decided not to
run again.
• The Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson, governor of Illinois.
• The Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, the general who had
organized the D-Day invasion.
• Despite Stevenson’s charming personality and skilled speech
making, he was no match against a national hero who had helped
win WWII.
149
Eisenhower’s Policies
• Americans were looking for someone they could trust
to lead the nation in its Cold War struggle against
communism.
• Eisenhower won in a landslide.
150
Eisenhower’s Policies:
“More Bang for the Buck”
• Eisenhower was convinced that the key to
victory in the Cold War was not simply
military might but also a strong economy.
• The U.S. had to show the world that free
enterprise could produce a better and more
prosperous society than communism.
• At the same time prosperity would prevent
Communists from gaining support in the U.S.
151
Eisenhower’s Policies:
“More Bang for the Buck”
• As a professional soldier, Eisenhower knew the costs
associated with a large- scale conventional (non
nuclear) war.
• Preparing for that kind of war would cost far too
much money.
• As a result, Eisenhower declared a “New Look” in
defense policy was needed.
• Instead of maintaining a large and expensive army,
the nation “must be prepared to use atomic weapons
in all forms.”
• Nuclear weapons, he said, gave, “gave more bang for
152
the buck.”
Eisenhower’s Policies:
Massive Retaliation
• The Korean War had convinced Eisenhower that the U.S.
could not contain communism by fighting a series of
small wars.
• Such wars were unpopular and too expensive.
• Instead, they had to be prevented from happening in the
first place.
• The best way to do this was threaten to use nuclear
weapons if a Communist country tried to seize territory
by force.
153
Eisenhower’s Policies:
Massive Retaliation
• This policy came to be called massive retaliation.
154
Eisenhower’s Policies:
Massive Retaliation
• The new policy allowed
Eisenhower to cut military
spending from $50 billion to
$34 billion.
• He did this by cutting back
the Army, which required a
lot of money to maintain.
• At the same time, he
increased America’s nuclear
arsenal from about 1,000
bombs in 1953 to about
18,000 bombs in 1961.
155
Eisenhower’s Policies:
The Sputnik Crisis
• The New Look’s emphasis on
nuclear weapons required new
technology to deliver them.
• In 1955 the Air Force unveiled
the huge B-52 bomber, which
was designed to fly across
continents and drop nuclear
bombs anywhere in the world.
• Eisenhower also began
development of
intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBM) that could
deliver bombs anywhere in the
world.
• He also began a program to
build submarines capable of
launching nuclear missiles. 156
Eisenhower’s Policies:
The Sputnik Crisis
• As the U.S. began to develop
long-range nuclear missiles,
American were stunned to
discover the Soviet Union had
already developed their own.
• On Oct. 4th 1957, the Soviets
launched Sputnik, the first
artificial satellite to orbit the earth.
• This technological triumph
alarmed American, who took it as
a sign that the U.S. was falling
behind the Soviet Union in missile
technology.
• Eisenhower insisted that he was
not worried just because the
Soviets “put one small ball into
the air.”
Sputnik on the
launch pad.
157
Eisenhower’s Policies:
The Sputnik Crisis
• UFO sightings sky rocketed in the 1950s.
War of the
Worlds
Hollywood used aliens as a metaphor for whom ??158
Eisenhower’s Policies:
The Sputnik Crisis
• Members of Congress, on the
other hand, feared the nation
was falling behind in
scientific research.
• The following year, Congress
created the National
Aeronautics and Space
Administration, (NASA.)
• It also passed the National
Defense Education Act,
(NDEA), which provided
funds for education and
training in science, math, and
foreign languages.
159
Brinkmanship In Action
• President Eisenhower’s
apparent willingness to
threaten nuclear war in
order to maintain world
peace worried some
people.
• Critics called this
brinkmanship- the
willingness to go to the
brink of war to force the
other side to back down.
• Several times President
Eisenhower felt
compelled to threaten
nuclear war during a
crisis.
160
Brinkmanship In Action
A nuclear game of chicken!
161
Brinkmanship In Action:
The Korean War Ends
• Weeks after his election, President
Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign
promise to visit the American
soldiers in Korea.
• Eisenhower was convinced that the
ongoing war was costing too many
lives and bringing few victories.
• The president then quietly let the
Chinese know that the U.S. might
continue the Korean War, “under
circumstances of our own
choosing”- a hint at nuclear attack.
162
Brinkmanship In Action:
The Korean War Ends
• The threat to go to the brink of nuclear war seemed to
work.
• In July, 1953 negotiators signed an armistice .
• The battle line between the two sides, which was very
near the prewar boundary, became the border between
North Korea and South Korea.
• A “demiltaterized zone” (DMZ) separated them.
• There was no victory, but at least the war stopped the
spread of communism in Korea- the goal of containment.
• American troops are still based in Korea, helping South
Korea defend its borders.
163
Brinkmanship In Action:
The Korean War Ends
164
The National Korean War Memorial
165
166
167
“Our nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the
call to defend a country they never knew and a people they
never met.”
168
Brinkmanship In Action:
The Taiwan Crisis
• Shortly after the war ended,
a new crisis erupted in Asia.
• Although the Chinese
Communists had taken
power in mainland China,
the Chinese Nationalists still
controlled Taiwan and
several smaller islands along
China’s coast.
• In the fall of 1954, China
threatened to seize two of
the islands from the
Nationalists.
169
Brinkmanship In Action:
The Taiwan Crisis
• Eisenhower saw Taiwan as part of the
“anticommunist barrier” in Asia.
• When China began shelling the islands and
announced that Taiwan would soon be liberated,
Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize the use of
force to defend Taiwan.
170
Brinkmanship In Action:
The Taiwan Crisis
• Eisenhower then warned
the Chinese that any
attempt to invade Taiwan
would be resisted by
American naval forces
stationed nearby.
• He also hinted that they
would use nuclear
weapons to stop an
invasion.
• Soon afterward, China
backed down.
171
Fighting Communism Covertly
• President Eisenhower relied on brinkmanship on several
occasions, but he knew it could not prevent Communists
from staging a revolution within countries.
• To prevent Communist uprisings in other countries,
Eisenhower decided to use covert, or hidden, operations
conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency, (CIA.)
172
Fighting Communism Covertly:
Containment in Developing Nations
• Many of the CIA’s operations
took place in developing
nations- nations with
primarily agricultural
economies.
• Many of these countries
blamed European
imperialism and American
capitalism for their problems.
• American officials feared that
these countries leaders might
align their nations with the
Soviet Union or even stage a
173
Communist revolution.
Fighting Communism Covertly:
Containment in Developing Nations
• One way to prevent
developing nations from
moving into the
Communist camp was to
offer them financial aide.
• Where the threat of
Communism was greater,
the CIA staged covert
operations to overthrow
anti-American leaders and
replace them with proAmerican leaders.
174
Fighting Communism Covertly:
Iran and Guatemala
• Two examples of covert operations that achieved American
objectives took place in Iran and Guatemala.
• In 1953, pro- Communist Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed
Mossadegh attempted to overthrow the pro-American Shah
(king) of Iran.
• America quickly sent agents to organize street riots and
arrange a coup that ousted Mossadegh, and returned the Shah
to power.
Mohammed Mossadegh
The Shah and his
wife, 1953.
175
Fighting Communism Covertly:
Iran and Guatemala
• In 1951, pro-Communist Jacobo Arbenz Guzman became
elected as the new president of Guatemala.
• He quickly took over large estates of land owned some of
which were owned by the American-owned United Fruit
Company.
• In 1954, Communist Czechoslovakia supplied Guatemala with
weapons.
• The CIA responded by arming the Guatemala opposition and
trained them at secret camps in Nicaragua and Honduras.
• Shortly after these CIA-trained forces invaded Guatemala and
176
forced Guzman from office.
Continuing Tensions
• By 1956, Nikita
Khrushchev emerged as
the new leader of the
Soviet Union after Stalin
had died.
• In 1957, after the launch
of Sputnik, Khrushchev
boasted “we will bury
capitalism…Your
grandchildren will live
under communism.”
177
Continuing Tensions
• In late 1958, Khrushchev
demanded that the Allies
withdraw their troops from
West Berlin.
• The U.S. rejected the Soviets
demands by announcing that
NATO would respond with
military force if necessary to
defend West Berlin.
178
Continuing Tensions
• To try and improve
relations, Eisenhower
invited Khrushchev to
visit the U.S. in late 1959.
• The visit went well, and
the two leaders agreed to
meet in Paris in 1960 for a
summit- a formal face-toface meeting to discuss
important issues.
179
Continuing Tensions
Sentenced to ten years of hard labor.
Soviet photo of captured Gary Powers.
• Shortly before the summit
was to begin, the Soviet
Union shot down the
American U-2 spy plane
piloted by Francis Gary
Powers.
• At first, Eisenhower claimed
the aircraft was a weather
plane that had accidentally
strayed off course.
• Then Khrushchev
dramatically produced the
180
pilot.
Continuing Tensions
• Eisenhower refused to apologize saying the flights
had protected American security.
• In response Khrushchev broke up the summit.
181
Continuing Tensions
• In this climate of heightened tension, President Eisenhower
prepared to leave office.
• In January, 1961, he delivered a farewell address to the
nation.
• In his speech, he pointed out that a new relationship had
developed between the military and the defense industry.
• He warned Americans to be on guard against the immense
influence of this military-industrial complex in a
democracy.
182
Continuing Tensions
• Although he had avoided war and kept
communism contained, Eisenhower admitted
to some frustration.
“I confess I lay down my official responsibility
in this field with a definite sense of
disappointment…I wish I could say that a
lasting peace is in sight.”
183
Questions?
184