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Bellwork • Please read “Christianity The Vision” and answer the following question: why did Constantine become a Christian, according to this reading? World History Section 4, Unit 5 Constantinople Objectives • Identify the importance of the growth of Constantinople • Explain how the moving from Rome to Constantinople by the Roman empire affected both Christianity and the Roman Empire. • Name and explain the roles of important leaders in Constantinople. • Identify the role of Christianity in Constantinople • Summarize and evaluate the history and impact of law in Roman culture– including Constantinople Question What 4 factors helped cause the fall of Rome? List them out in your notebook. 1. 2. 3. 4. Outside invasions from the Huns and Germanic Tribes Internal fighting (civil wars) Famine and disease (loss of population) Splitting of the empire into East and West Fall of the Roman Empire • The western Roman Empire crumbled in the 5th century as it was overrun by Germanic tribes. • However, to spare the rest of the empire, Emperor Constantine rebuilt the old port city of Byzantium on the Bosporus straight. Byzantium • Constantine rebuilt Byzantium: 1. To quickly respond to the threat of Germanic tribes, who could only attack Byzantium from one direction 2. To be close to wealthy eastern provinces. • In this, he renamed the city Constantinople and, in 330, made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium • Constantine had planned Constantinople to be the new capital of the empire. • As a result, the center of power shifted eastward, which aided in the decline of the western part. Byzantium • Because of the difficulties of communication between the eastern and western empires, they were officially divided in 395. • Despite this separation, Constantine's successors continued to see themselves as Roman Emperors. – With this in mind, it’s why we consider the Byzantine people to be Roman, essentially. Culture • Byzantine Emperors ruled with absolute power. • They headed both the state and church and could appoint or dismiss bishops at will. • However, their politics were far more violent– they were constantly under risk of assassination. – Of the 88 Byzantine emperors, 29 died violently and 13 abandoned the throne to live in a monastery. Justinian • In 527, a high ranking Byzantine nobleman named Justinian came to power in the eastern empire. • Justinian was described as a serious, even-tempered ruler. However, others described him as “deceitful, devious, false, hypocritical, [and] twofaced…” among other things. Justinian • Whatever his traits, the new emperor quickly decided to make good on his claim to be the head of the whole of the Roman Empire. • In 533, he sent his best general, Belisarius (beluh-sar-ee-uhs) to recover North Africa from the Vandals. Justinian • Two years later, Justinian attacked Rome and took it from the Ostrogoths and won nearly all of Italy and Roman territory in 16 years. • He also helped reestablish the Church’s power in Rome, which had somewhat diminished under the Ostrogoths. – This control would only last another half century. Justinian Code • To regulate a complex society, Justinian set up a panel of 10 legal experts and, between 528 and 533, they combed through 400 years of Roman law and legal opinions. • They were tasked with creating a new, uniform system of laws using Rome’s outdated and often contradictory laws as a base. – As a result, the panel created a new body of law known as the Justinian Code. Justinian Code • The Justinian code consisted of four works: 1. The Code– containing nearly 5000 Roman laws, which experts thought were useful 2. The Digest– quoted and summarized opinions of Rome’s greatest thinkers about the laws. 3. The Institutes– a textbook that taught law to students 4. The Novellae (New Laws)–legislation passed after 534 Justinian Code • The Justinian Code decided legal questions that regulated all of Byzantine life. • Issues concerning marriage, slavery, property, crimes and the like were some of those areas. • Although Justinian died in 565, his codes served the empire for around 900 years. • A separate government and difficult communications with the west gave the Byzantine Empire it’s own character– different from the West. • The citizens thought of themselves as sharing Roman tradition, but few spoke Latin. The majority of Byzantines spoke Greek. They also belonged to the eastern branch of the Christian Church. Building a City Building a City • Justinian launched into an ambitious public building program. • He rebuilt the fortifications protecting Constantinople. • The city’s coasts were ringed by a 14 mile stone wall and was also protected by land using a deep moat and a wall that, at it’s thickest, was 25 feet thick. Question: the citizens of the eastern empire were very religious. What do you think they would focus a lot of their time building? Constantinople As you can see in the picture below, the city has a large wall built all along the shore and across the only land access to the city. It was arguably one of the most well defended cities in the ancient world. Building a City • Church building was also a great passion of the emperor. • His beautiful churches also helped him show the close relationship between church and state in his empire. • The crowning glory of his reign was the Hagia Sophia, arguably one of the most beautiful churches in the Christian world. Building a City • Aside from church building, Justinian also enlarged his palace into a vast complex. • He also built court houses, schools, baths, and hospitals. • By the time his projects were complete, the city teemed with an excitement unmatched anywhere in the eastern and western empires. City Life • The main street running through Constantinople was the Mese– “middle way”. • Merchants lined up along this street and filled the side streets. • A large stone roof sheltered crowds shopping in this giant open-air market. City Life • Products from the most distant corners of the ancient world passed through the city. – Shoppers could buy tin from England, wine from France, spices from the India and even gold from Africa. • While goods flooded into the markets, the streets were also filled with acrobats and public performers. City Life • Meanwhile, citizens could enjoy free entertainment at the Hippodrome, which offered wild chariot races and circus acts. • The Hippodrome could hold up to 60,000 spectators and fans of different teams would wear their respective team colors. City Life • Some supporters of teams would get so riled up that riots had to be put down. • One such riot, known as the Nika Rebellion, ended in the deaths of almost 30,000 people at the hands of Justinian’s general when the rioters attempted to proclaim a new emperor after they were angry at the government for how they put down a previous rebellion. The rioters attempted to overthrow Justinian who supported the opposing team (as teams were considered to be politically powerful). He was attempting to flee before his wife– Theodora- -convinced him to stay and defend his power. City Life • Byzantine families valued education and sent their children to monastic or public schools, or hired private tutors. • Basic courses focused on Greek and Latin grammar, philosophy, and rhetoric. • The classics in Greek and Roman literature served as textbooks. City Life • Students would learn much of what they learned from Greek and Roman thinkers: – They memorized Homer’s works. – They learned geometry from Euclid – They learned history from Herodotus – They learned medicine from Galen • Much of the modern world owes Byzantine scholars a debt for preserving much of the great works of Greece and Rome. Question: What other group also preserved Greek and Roman works? Great Schism • During the many centuries (even as the city began to weaken, as we will see), the Eastern Church of Constantinople flourished. • However, because of the distance between it and the Western half, it’s doctrines and rituals began to diverge. Great Schism • Eastern Christianity began to build it’s heritage on the works on early church fathers. – One was Saint Basil who wrote rules for the life of monks and Saint John Chrysostom, who was a patriarch– or leading bishop- of the church. Great Schism • A controversy that tested the emperor’s authority over religious matters broke out in the 8th century. • In 730, Emperor Leo III banned the use of icons, religious images used by eastern Christians, to aid their devotions. • The Emperor believed that the use of icons was idol worship. Even a simple cross could be considered an “icon”. Great Schism • The army even supported the emperor and began to destroy images, but the people revolted and the clergy rebelled. • In the West, the pope became involved in the eastern dispute and supported the use of icons. • One pope even ordered excommunication of a Byzantine emperor– i.e., that he was casted out of the church. Great Schism • However, the issue was ended in 843, when empress Theodora restored icons to the churches. • Despite this, differences between the churches would continue to grow. Great Schism • In 1054, the issue came to a head when the pope and patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine. • After this schism—split– Christianity was permanently divided between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East. Differences between the two Churches Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Services are conducted in Latin Services conducted in Greek or local languages Pope has authority over all bishops Patriarch and other bishops head church as a group Pope claims authority over all kings and Emperor claims authority over the emperors Patriarch and other bishops of the empire Priests may not marry Priests may marry Divorce is not permitted Divorce is allowed under certain conditions Changes in the Empire • While the Orthodox and Catholic churches were dealing with issues concerning religious doctrine, the empire was facing issues that would spell the end for Constantinople. Greek Orthodox Church Cross Weakening of the Empire • Constantinople remained rich and powerful for centuries. • After Justinian's death in 565, however, the empire suffered countless setbacks. – During this time, there were riots, religious quarrels, and foreign dangers. – Each time the empire saved itself, it would face another problem. Weakening of the Empire • The first crisis began before Justinian’s death. • It was a disease that resembled the bubonic plague. This illness hit Constantinople in the later years of Justinian's reign. • The disease very likely arrived on a ship from India, plagued with rats. Weakening of the Empire • In 542, at it’s peak, the plague killed about 10,000 people daily. This illness broke out every 8 to 12 years until around 700, when it faded out. • By the time this occurred, a huge percentage of the Byzantine population was gone, and what was left had to protect the empire from its enemies. Weakening of the Empire Siege of the walls of Constantinople • Byzantine was pressed on all sides from enemies. • Various nomadic groups and civilizations attacked the wealthy city. • However, Byzantine would find itself in the middle of religiously fueled wars. Weakening of the Empire • With the rise of Islam, Arab armies attacked the city three times between 860 and 1043. In the 11th century, the Turks took over the Muslim world and fought their way slowly to Anatolia. • The Crusades brought armies of knights from Western Europe who pillaged Constantinople in 1204 on their way to fight the Turks. Weakening of the Empire • As their first line of defense, the Byzantines attempted bribery, diplomacy and political marriages to solve these issues. • However, these were unsuccessful. • In the 7th century, Emperor Heraclius reorganized the empire along military lines. He developed themes, or military districts which was run by a general who reported directly to the emperor. Fall of the Empire • In spite of these measures, the Byzantine Empire was unable to withstand foreign attacks. • By 1350, the Empire was reduced to the tip of Anatolia. • Despite it’s high walls and defenses, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, becoming part of a new growing empire. Istanbul • When the Turks came to power, they immediately began to either deport or enslave the civilians within the city. • The famous Hagia Sophia was turned into a Mosque and the city was pillaged. • However, the new rulers of the Ottoman Empire focused on rebuilding the city to it’s former glory. Istanbul • The city would continue to be a home to a number of different rulers and, in the 1400’s, Constantinople was repopulated by Muslims, Christians, and Jews. • In the hundreds of years to follow, Constantinople would continue to be an important center of education and study and, by the 1900’s, would be renamed “Istanbul”. Closure Answer the following two questions: 1. Why did the Byzantine peoples consider themselves Roman, in your opinion? 2. What is something about Constantinople or the Byzantine Empire that you didn’t know before? Review Objectives • Identify the importance of the growth of Constantinople • Explain how the moving from Rome to Constantinople by the Roman empire affected both Christianity and the Roman Empire. • Name and explain the roles of important leaders in Constantinople. • Identify the role of Christianity in Constantinople • Summarize and evaluate the history and impact of law in Roman culture– including Constantinople Questions? • If you have any questions, please ask. Interior of the Hagia Sophia today Next Lesson • We will be moving into the Middle Ages of Europe. Review Read the handout “Roman Legal Tradition and the Compilation of Justinian” and answer the following: Summarize the history of law in the Roman Empire in no less than 1 page. Please address the following when you write: Why did the Romans invest in laws; how did law change Rome or affect the lives or culture of the Roman peoples; what was the impact of the Justinian Code; what was the purpose of the Justinian Code?