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Early China Chapter 2:iv China developed in isolation from the rest of the world. Because they viewed their country as the center of the world, they called their homeland Zhong Guo, or “Middle Kingdom.” Effects of Isolation • development of one culture across a wide area • strong sense of cultural identity • resulted in the oldest, continuous culture Mountains make up about one-third of China’s area. The Himalayas close-off China to the southwest. Kunlun Shan The Kunlun Shan and Tian Shan ranges to the west cut-off China from Europe. Most Chinese peasants focused on developing the agricultural resources of the fertile river valleys and plains. • [Image source: http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vwsu/gened/learn-modules/top_agrev/2-soil/soil1.html] Three major rivers drain eastern China: • Huang He (Yellow River) • Chang Jiang (Yangtze) • Xi Jiang (West River) Huang He The “Breadbasket of China.” On it’s 2,900 mile (4,640 km) journey to the sea through north China, the Huang He cuts through a thick layer of loess, a rich yellow soil. The Huang He is also known as “the Great Sorrow” because of frequent, devastating floods. • [Image source: http://www.redcross.org.hk/news/floods_cne.html] The silt deposits brought by the flooding river has made the North China Plain a rich agricultural area. Yangtze River The Yangtze is also known as the Chang Jiang. It is called the Chang Jiang (“Long River”) by the Chinese because it is the longest river in China. The Chang Jiang is the “Rice Bowl of China.” Xi Jiang In the 1920s, archaeologists digging near the Huang He uncovered traces of Neolithic life in China. [Image source: http://www.regenttour.com/chinaplanner/sia/xia-sightsbanpo.htm] The excavations revealed that Neolithic Chinese farmers lived in circular pit houses. [Image source: http://www.deall.ohio-state.edu/jin.3/c231/images/prehistp.htm] [Image source: http://www.wsu.edu/~wldciv/brians_syllabus/6.html] These and other finds reveal that the Huang He valley was settled as early as 5000 B.C. [Image source: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/china/ancient_china/neolithic.html] The magnificent painted pots left by the Yang-shao culture date back to 3000-1500 B.C. [Image source: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/china/ancient_china/neolithic.html] The people of the Lung-shan culture (25001500 B.C.) used potter’s wheels to fashion delicate pots and goblets. [Image source: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/china/ancient_china/neolithic.html] [Image source: http://www.naturejpn.com/newnature/hottopics/zhang/] One Chinese myth tells of how the universe was created from the body of a giant named Pan Gu. [Image source: http://www.sh.com/culture/legend/pangu.htm] Chinese legends celebrate the deeds of hero-kings known as the sage emperors. Sage-Emperor Yao, considered to be a model ruler, set the standard when he abdicated in favour of Shun. [Image source: http://www.span.com.au/100emperors/3.html] The SageEmperor Shun, a virtuous farmer and fisherman, abdicated in favour of Yu. Sage-Emperor Yu was known as the “Great Engineer” because he tamed the Huang He. “When widespread waters spread to Heaven and serpents and dragons did harm, Yao sent Yu to control the waters and to drive out the serpents and dragons. The waters were controlled and flowed to the east. The serpents and dragons plunged to their places.” Sage-Emperor Yu founded the legendary Xia Dynasty. [Image source: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/china/ancient_china/xia.html] Dynasty • a ruling family that passes the right to rule down from one family member to another • the Xia Dynasty was founded circa 2000 B.C. when sageemperor Yu appointed his son to succeed him The Shang dynasty was established when King Tang defeated the Xia army at Mingtiao. The Shang Dynasty, which ruled China circa 1700-1100 B.C., is the first dynasty that can be dated from written records. In addition to being political leaders, Shang kings were also high priests responsible for performing religious rituals communicating with nature-deities on behalf of the people. [Image source: http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschmidlin/ancientchina.html] The earliest examples of Chinese writing are found etched onto animal bones and tortoise shells. [Image source: http://www.chinapage.com/calligraphy/oracle/oraclebone1.html] These oracle bones helped Shang kings predict the future. [Image source: http://www.crystalinks.com/chinascript.html] Date Name of diviner and location of divination Negative Charge Positive Charge Conclusion Shang Achievements [Image source: http://petersnonfictionblog.blogspot.com/2008/01/quotes-from-book.html] Originally the Chinese written language used only pictographs or characters that depicted the objects they represented. [Image source: During the Shang, some characters became ideograms representing ideas and concepts. Mastering the complex system of characters took time, so only a few people in ancient China were literate. [Image source: http://www.chinapage.com/calligraphy/steles/steles.html] The Shang perfected their metal-casting skills and produced some of the finest bronze objects ever made. [Image source: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/china/ancient_china/shang.html] The Shang cast bronze vessels that were interred with corpses as burial gifts. [Image source: http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschmidlin/ancientchina.html] The Shang also cast massive ceremonial cauldrons out of bronze. [Image source: http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschmidlin/ancientchina.html] [Image source: http://www.pitt.edu/~asian/week-2/week-2.html] Other items cast from bronze included daggers, figurines, and fittings for hunting chariots. [Image source: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/china/ancient_china/shang.html] The few surviving examples of jade artwork reveal the Shang were accomplished artisans. [Image source: http://www.wisc.edu/arth/ah370/s02g17.htm] [Image source: http://www.wisc.edu/arth/ah370/s02g17.htm] [Image source: http://www.chnmus.net/English/newpage19.htm] Ivory Kaolin pottery The Shang capital was at Anyang. [Image source: http://www.chinatoday.com/city/anyang/a04.html] Shang chariot The Shang employed the yoke to harness the power of animals in times of both peace and war. [Image source: http://www.rom.on.ca/pub/shang/] Shang warriors in chariots using bronze weapons easily conquered the people of the Huang He valley. Using their superior weapons, the Shang eventually conquered much of eastern China. Shang kings were entombed in large burial pits. The retainers of the Shang monarchs often followed their rulers in death. Their severed skulls were buried in another part of the grave. [Image source: http://www.wsu.edu/~wldciv/brians_syllabus/6.html] Chinese rulers governed as a result of the Mandate of Heaven. [Image source: http://www.he.net/~archaeol/9803/abstracts/china.html] If a ruler was just and effective, they received a mandate, or the authority to rule, from heaven. [Image source: http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschmidlin/ancientchina.html] Indications that a king had lost the Mandate of Heaven included: • crop failures • catastrophic floods • losses in battle • corrupt government New Dynasty Arises 12 11 1 10 2 3 9 8 4 7 6 5 Natural Disasters