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Chapter 4 - Egypt Section 1: The Nile * Nile River - from mountains of central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea - before the Nile reaches the sea, it branches to form a fan-shaped area of fertile land called a ______________. - mid July = _______________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ * Egyptian farmers planted their fields while soil was wet. * basins/bowl -shaped holes = ___________________________ ________________________________________________ * Shadoof = ____________________________________________. * Egyptians raised _________________________________ Section 1: Assessment Questions 1) Define: a) shadoof ______________________________________________ 2) Where did most Egyptians live ? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3) How did the Egyptians control the Nile ? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Section 2 : The Old Kingdom * Beginning of Egypt = two kingdoms - ______ Egypt (southern part of Nile) - Lower Egypt (north ________) * Narmer (Menes) = _____________________________ - 3100 BC led his armies from the valley and conquered Lower Egypt. - He __________ the two kingdoms. - He set up a new capital at ________________. * 2600 BV = Old Kingdom that lasted for nearly 500 years. - Egyptian cities became _____________________________ _______________________________________________ - ___________________________________lived there. * Most did not live in cities. They lived on large estates along the banks of the __________. - Walls = _______________________________________ - Household was made up of __________________________ ______________________________________________ - Artisans = _____________________________________ * Most Egyptians, were farmers who lived in villages on the on the estates. - Houses = _____________________________________ _____________________________________________ - Farmers worked in the fields and took care of the cattle. When they were not farming, they built monuments, dug ditches, and repaired roads. The Pharaoh * Pharaoh = “great house” -was a _________, a priest, and a god. - center of _________ life and ruled on Earth the way other gods ruled in heaven. - To make sure that the land produced well, pharaoh_________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ - built “brick granaries” for storing grain. - chose the _________________________________ - the word of the pharaoh was _________. - Egyptians believed that what happened to Egypt depended on the pharaoh’s actions. As ___________, the pharaoh carried out certain rituals. - Pharaohs treated with great _____________. The Pyramids * “great tombs” * because the sun sank in the west they were called “_____________” * built on the west bank of the Nile * designed to __________________________________________. * Egyptians believed _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________ * Items placed in a pyramid = _______________________________ * 3 summers to build - used ______________________________________ Religious Beliefs * believed in ________ - two of the most important = ________________ & ________________ - depend upon the river and sun * Osiris = ______________________________ - gave his people _______ and taught them ___________ - wife = ____________ who ruled over the ___________ * Dead - souls of the dead went ________________________ - they were weighed on the on a “scale” - good life = __________________________________ - book of magic spells = _______________________________ - embalming = _____________________________________________ - important for a pharaoh’s soul to __________________________ - mummy = ________________________________________________ - buried in ________________ or _______________ Section 2: Assessment 1) Define a) pharaoh ____________________________________________________ b) pyramids ___________________________________________________ c) embalming __________________________________________________ d) mummy _____________________________________________________ 2) How did most Egyptians live during the Old Kingdom ? ____________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3) What did the Egyptians believe happened to a person after death ? __________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4) How were the pharaohs similar to and different from government leaders of the United States today ? ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Use this Venn diagram to compare the Egyptian burial practices for the rich and the poor. Section 3 : The Middle Kingdom * 2300 BC government officials , jealous of pharaoh’s , took ____________ * 200 yrs. of confusion * new period = _____________________ * Pharaoh power in The Middle Kingdom = _________ * __________ invaded Egypt - horse drawn chariots and bronze weapons - ruled for about __________ - ______________ led an uprising and drove the Hyksos out of _______ Section 3: Assessment 1) How did the Middle Kingdom come about ? ______________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2) What ended Hyskos rule ? ___________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3) Do you think the decrease in the pharaoh’s power had a positive or negative effect on Egypt ? Explain. __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4) Using the diagram, compare it to the power of the pharaohs in the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom. POWER OF PHARAOHS Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom Section 4:The New Kingdom * _________ founded the New Kingdom - Egypt became _________________________________________ - the ______________ was founded - _____________ (warrier-pharaoh) extended control into ________ and ___________ * Hatshepsut - woman ________ - not interested in ________ - chief interests were ________ and _________________ - ebony = ___________________________________________ - incense = __________________________________________ Religion * Amon = ___________________ - ________ = capital of Egypt * New God = __________________ (most powerful of all) - built _________ in his honor * Temples not only houses of worship but also _______________________ - sculptors, artisans made things for _____________ - schools = __________________________________________ * Scribes - kept records ____________________________________________ * Types of Writing - hieroglyphic = ___________________________________________ Decline of Egypt * New pharaoh (_______________) in 1370 BC - did not like priests - closed the _______________ and fired all the workers - set up a new religion = worship only ___________________________ - new god = ____________, means “______________________” * Tutankhmen - only _____ yrs. old - returned to the old religion - ruled for only ______ yrs. * Empire Gone - 1150 BC - Egyptian civilization grew weaker - overthrown by __________________ Section 4:Assessment 1) Define a) hieroglyphic _________________________________________________ 2) How did rulers of the New Kingdom expand trade ? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3) Why did Egypt grow weak ? _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4) In your opinion, which of the following pharaohs contributed the most to Egyptian civilization : Thutmose III, Hatshepsut, Amenhotep IV, or Tutankhamen ? Explain. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5) Use the diagram to show important events in the history of the New Kingdom Section 5 :Contributions * One contribution = ______________ - papyrus = __________________________________________ - invented ________ * Mathematics - used a _____________ based on ten - used fractions and whole #s - ____________ was used to _________ or measure - their ____________ had three _______ of 120 days each * Medicine - Egyptian doctors were the first specialist in __________ - used the 1st splints - indigestion used __________________ Section 5: Assessment 1) Define a) papyrus_____________________________________________________ 2) What mathematical contributions did the Egyptians make to civilization ? ________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3) What medical contributions did the Egyptians make to other civilizations ? ______ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4) Which Egyptian contribution do you think has had the greatest impact on life in the United States today ? ________________________________________________ 5) Use the diagram to rate Egyptian contributions form most important to least important. MOST Important _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ LEAST Important _________________