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Lab Syllabus COURSE: Spring 2013 Advanced Human Anatomy, Biology 128 LAB: M 1-5 pm (Brousseau 233) INSTRUCTOR: Greg Smith COURSE DESCRIPTION: Study of the anatomy of the human body. This course is taught through a regional approach, emphasizing the structural relationships and functional aspects of gross anatomy, histology and embryology. References to the evolution of anatomic structure will be included. Extensive out of class dissections will be expected. OFFICE HOURS: TBD LABORATORY ATLAS: Grant's Dissector by Patrick Tank, 14th edition, Wolters Kluwer, ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-7431-4 (required) EXAMS: There will be approximately 3-4 lab practicals given during the semester. The practicals will consist of both identification and short answer questions. Your success in the class will be determined by your ability to assimilate a large volume of information. The practicals will cover the material for each section. GRADES AND GRADING: To determine the final course grade, the lecture portion will contribute 50% and the lab portion will contribute 50%. The lab grade will be determined by your lab practical scores and the quality of your dissection. The final grade scale will be as follows: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 90 - 100%! 80 - 89! 70 - 79! 60 - 69! below 60! =! =! =! =! =! A B C D F Please note: I will drop your lowest exam score at the end of the semester before calculating your final average. Because of this, I do NOT give make-up exams. For example, if you miss an exam for ANY reason, the score from that exam will be a 0 and will probably end up being the score that I would drop. Please note that you must take the final exam. Notice: Correct spelling of the anatomic terms is essential to the correct use of anatomical terms. This is a normal expectation for this subject. Accurate spelling is expected for full credit on all exams. ! Page 1! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Posterior body We will dissect the posterior body first, working our way from the trunk and then extend out to the upper and lower extremities. Lab 1: posterior trunk Orientation The student should know the following position / orientation terms and must be able to use these terms when describing the relationships of anatomic structures to each other. anterior! posterior! superior! inferior! medial!! lateral!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! internal! ! ! ! external! ! ! ! proximal! ! ! ! distal! ! ! ! ! coronal (frontal) plane transverse (horizontal) plane sagittal plane midsagittal plane superficial! deep Histology Marieb, Mallatt and Wilhelm pages 68,70,81,82,86,87,90 The student should be able to identify the following cells and tissues on a microscope slide and know the related information as described in the lab. stratified squamous epithelium loose, irregular (areolar) connective tissue dense, irregular connective tissue dense regular connective tissue adipose tissue hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage bone skeletal muscle Dissection skills The instructor will demonstrate the dissections skills that you will need to expose the subcutaneous anatomic structures of the posterior trunk. Skin removal - begin to expose the muscles listed above Tank - pages 4! ! skills ! ! ! 8a-b! ! skin ! ! ! 9d-11a! superficial back muscles ! Page 2! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Color guide to syllabus Bones are listed in green! ! Nerves are listed in purple!! ! ! ! ! Muscles are listed in red Blood vessels are listed in blue Trunk Axial skeleton Vertebrae (vertebra is singular) (general information) ! ! body! ! ! ! ! ! transverse process ! pedicle! ! ! ! ! ! spinous process ! lamina! ! ! ! ! ! superior and inferior articulating ! vertebral foramen (pl. - foramina)! ! processes ! intervertebral foramen Note which parts of each vertebra contribute to the formation of the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen. The intervertebral discs are found between the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae. Regions of vertebral column (with distinguishing characters) Cervical vertebrae ! transverse foramina ! C1 (atlas) ! C2 (axis) The transverse foramina are found only on the cervical vertebrae. As we will learn later, the vertebral arteries and veins pass through these foramina. The spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra is known as the vertebral prominens and is easily palpated. Thoracic vertebrae ! rib facets and demifacets Look at the articulated skeletons to see how the ribs articulate with the rib facets and demifacets. Lumbar vertebrae ! transverse processes (large and distinctive on lumbar vertebrae) Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) Note that the sacrum has vertebral foramina and intervertebral foramina. Coccyx (variable in number, typically 3-5) (see on articulated skeleton) Myology ! Page 3! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Definitions: Origin: this is the muscle attachment that is usually closer to the midline of the body or more proximal on a limb than the other attachment site(s) Insertion: this is the muscle attachment that is usually further from the midline of the body or more distal on a limb than the other attachment site(s) Action: this describes how a muscle moves a bone with respect to another bone or how a muscle acts on a joint. You MUST describe what is being acted upon. For example: Incorrect: the biceps brachii flexes (in other words, what does it flex?) Correct: the biceps brachii flexes the forearm (or elbow joint) Labs 2 and 3: shoulder, proximal arm, hip and proximal thigh Continue dissection of posterior trunk Tank - pages 10b-11c superficial back muscles ! ! ! 12d-13b deep back muscles ! ! ! 16c-17a spinal cord ! ! ! 22-24a posterior shoulder and arm Muscles that move the vertebral column (these muscles are a part of a muscle group known as the erector spinae) ! iliocostalis ! ! ! ! ! longissimus ! spinalis! Nerves ! spinal cord (regions – cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral), spinal nerves, filum terminale, cauda equina Blood vessels Upper limb Posterior dissection of upper limb Tank - pages 35b-35c posterior arm Shoulder and proximal arm Bones Scapula ! spine! ! ! ! ! superior angle! ! ! ! glenoid fossa (cavity)!! ! vertebral (medial) border! ! axillary (lateral) border! ! Page 4! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! superior border inferior angle subscapular fossa supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Palpate the spine and the acromion process of the scapula on you. Humerus ! head! ! ! ! lesser tubercle!! ! deltoid tuberosity ! ! ! ! greater tubercle! ! ! ! intertubercular groove (bicipital groove) Palpate the greater tubercle, lesser tubercle and intertubercular groove Muscles that move the shoulder girdle ! trapezius! ! ! ! ! ! rhomboideus major! ! ! ! Muscles that move the arm ! latissimus dorsi! ! ! supraspinatus! ! ! ! teres major! ! ! ! subscapularis ! ! ! ! ! ! levator scapulae rhomboideus minor deltoideus infraspinatus teres minor Muscles of posterior arm ! triceps brachii Nerves ! transverse cervical n.!! ! dorsal scapular n. ! radial n. Blood vessels ! posterior humeral circumflex a. ! deep branch of brachial a. ! radial a. Lower limb Hip and proximal thigh Tank - pages!115c-116b gluteal skin ! ! 160-163b superior and deep gluteal dissection ! ! 163d-165b posterior thigh Bones Pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis), acetabulum - formed from ilium, ischium and pubis Palpate the iliac crest (where you rest your hands when you put them on your hips), the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis on you. Ilium ! Page 5! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! ! iliac crest! ! ! greater sciatic notch ! posterior superior iliac spine Ischium ! ischial tuberosity ! ! ! ischial spine Pubis ! pubic symphysis! ! ! pubic tubercle ! ! ! ! neck lesser trochanter Femur ! head! ! ! ! greater trochanter! ! gluteal tuberosity Palpate the greater trochanter on you. Muscles of posterior hip ! gluteus maximus! ! ! gluteus medius!! ! ! gluteus minimus! ! ! piriformis! ! ! ! ! ! ! gemellus superior! ! gemellus inferior! quadratus femoris! ! ! Muscles of posterior thigh ! biceps femoris ! semitendinosus ! semimembranosus Nerves ! superior gluteal n. ! inferior gluteal n. ! posterior femoral cutaneous n. ! sciatic n. Blood vessels ! superior gluteal a. ! inferior gluteal a. ! deep branch of femoral a. Labs 3 and 4: distal arm, forearm, distal thigh and leg Upper limb Tank, pages 47a-d, 48c posterior forearm Distal arm, forearm and hand Bones Humerus ! Page 6! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! ! ! olecranon fossa! lateral epicondyle ! trochlea ! ! ! ! ! ! medial epicondyle capitulum Radius ! head! ! ! ! radial tuberosity ! ! ! styloid process Ulna ! olecranon process! ! styloid process ! ! ! trochlear notch (semilunar notch) Palpate the olecranon process and the styloid process of the ulna on you. Hold the radius and the ulna together with the humerus to observe how the depression of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum and how the trochlear notch articulates with the trochlea. Also note how the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. Palpate the medial and lateral epicondyles on you. Carpals ! first row from thumb side - scaphoid, navicular (lunate), triquetrum, pisiform ! second row - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate ! scaphoid (most frequently fractured) ! trapezium (note relationship to thumb) Metacarpals (I, II, III, IV, V) Phalanges (singular - phalanx) (lesser fingers 2-5 have proximal, middle, distal phalanges, the thumb (finger 1) has just proximal and distal phalanges) Muscles of the posterior forearm ! extensor carpi radialis longus! ! extensor digitorum communis! ! supinator (on limb model) ! ! extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris Nerves ! radial nerve Blood vessel ! radial artery Lower limb Tank pages ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Page 7! 165c-166c popliteal space 168-172a posterior leg 172b-d lateral leg (if accessible) 175d-177a foot Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Distal thigh, leg and foot Bones Femur ! linea aspera! ! ! lateral condyle ! Tibia ! medial malleolus Fibula ! head! ! Tarsals ! calcaneus! ! talus! ! ! cuneiforms ! ! medial condyle ! ! ! lateral malleolus ! ! ! ! ! ! cuboid navicular Hold the tibia and fibula together distally and note how the talus of the foot articulates with these two leg bones to form the ankle joint. Note how dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are the only actions allowed by this joint. Metatarsals (I, II, III, IV, V) Phalanges (singular - phalanx) (lesser toes 2-5 have proximal, middle, distal phalanges, the great toe (toe 1) has just proximal and distal phalanges) Muscles of posterior leg ! gastrocnemius!! ! ! soleus! ! ! ! ! tibialis posterior ! flexor digitorum longus ! flexor hallucis longus ! ! ! ! fibularis brevis Nerves ! tibial n.! ! ! ! ! common fibular n. ! ! ! superficial fibular n.! ! ! ! ! sural n. common digital n. proper digital n. Blood vessels ! popliteal a. ! ! fibular a.! ! ! posterior tibial a. small saphenous v. Muscles of the lateral leg ! fibularis longus! ! ! fibularis tertius ! Page 8! ! ! ! ! ! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! ! common digital a.! medial plantar a.! ! ! ! ! proper digital a. lateral plantar a. Note: Tank pages 175-177 will give you guidance for the plantar surface of the foot End of the material for the first lab practical ____________________________________________________________ ! Page 9! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Anterior body We will begin our dissection in the pectoral and abdominal regions. From there, we will extend our dissections out to the upper and lower extremities. Lab 5 : Pectoral and proximal arm, abdominal and pelvic areas Anterior trunk Tank - pages 24b-25a pectoral region ! ! 25d-28a anterior shoulder ! ! 28b-30d axilla ! ! Bones Sternum ! manubrium! ! ! ! ! ! body! ! ! ! ! ! ! xiphoid process (on articulated skeleton)! ! acromioclavicular joint jugular notch sternal angle sternoclavicular joint The jugular notch is used as a landmark to locate the great vessels of the heart including the aorta, superior vena and pulmonary trunk. The sternal angle is the joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum and is the common site of fractures if the sternum receives a forceful blow. Ribs (study on the articulated skeleton) ! true (7 pairs)! ! ! ! ! ! false (5 pairs of which 2 pairs are floating)! ! tubercle of the rib costal cartilage! head of the rib ! The true ribs are defined by their costal cartilage attaching directly to the sternum. The costal cartilages of the first three pairs of false ribs attach to the costal cartilage of the rib directly superior to each of these ribs. The floating ribs have no costal cartilage. Muscles of the neck ! sternocleidomastoid ! anterior scalene ! middle scalene Muscles of the pectoral region ! pectoralis major! ! ! ! •pectoralis minor! ! ! ! •deltoideus! ! ! ! ! internal intercostal Nerves ! medial pectoral n.! ! Page 10! ! ! serratus anterior subscapularis (on limb model) external intercostal medial cord! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! ! lateral pectoral n.! long thoracic n.! ! ! Blood vessels ! right common carotid a.! ! subclavian a.! and v.! ! ! thoracoacromial a.! ! ! axillary a. and v.! ! ! ! lateral cord posterior cord ! ! ! ! left common carotid a. internal jugular v. external jugular v. brachial a. and v. Upper limb Tank, pages 32-34a anterior arm, cubital fossa Anterior arm Bones Scapula ! glenoid fossa! ! ! coracoid process! ! ! Humerus ! head! ! ! ! ! greater tubercle! ! ! lesser tubercle!! ! ! ! ! ! ! Muscles of the anterior arm ! •biceps brachii!! ! ! •brachialis! ! ! Nerves ! medial pectoral n.! ! lateral pectoral n.! ! long thoracic n.! ! radial n.!! ! ! ulnar n.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Blood vessels ! right common carotid a.! ! subclavian a.! and v.! ! ! thoracoacromial a.! ! ! axillary a. and v.! ! ! cephalic v.! ! ! ! ! acromion process subscapular fossa ! ! ! deltoid tuberosity ! ! ! ! intertubercular groove (bicipital groove) ! ! ! ! ! •brachioradialis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! medial cord! lateral cord posterior cord musculocutaneous n. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! left common carotid a. internal jugular v. external jugular v. brachial a. and v. basilic v. Abdominal dissection Tank - pages 79b-84 abdominal dissection Muscles of the abdomen ! Page 11! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! ! ! rectus abdominis! external oblique! linea alba! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! internal oblique transversus abdominis tendinous inscriptions Blood vessels ! inferior epigastric a. Lower limb Tank, pages 149d-156a femoral triangle, anterior thigh Pelvic and proximal thigh areas Bones Pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) acetabulum - formed from ilium, ischium and pubis Palpate the iliac crest (where you rest your hands when you put them on your hips), the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis on you. Ilium ! iliac crest! ! ! ! ! anterior superior iliac spine! ! ! ! iliac fossa! ! ! ! anterior inferior iliac spine! ! Ischium ! obturator foramen Pubis ! pubic symphysis! ! ! ! pubic tubercle Femur ! head! ! neck! ! ! ! ! linea aspera ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! •adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus •gracilis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Muscles that move the thigh ! psoas major! ! ! ! •iliacus! ! ! ! ! tensor fasciae latae! ! ! •sartorius! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Nerves ! femoral nerve! ! ! ! obturator nerve Blood vessels ! femoral a. and v.! ! great saphenous v. ! Page 12! ! deep femoral a. Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Lab 6: distal arm, forearm, hand and thigh Upper limb Anterior forearm and hand Tank, pages !36d-40b anterior forearm ! ! 40d-45d palmar hand Bones Humerus ! trochlea!! ! ! radial fossa ! ! ! medial epicondyle! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! coronoid fossa capitulum lateral epicondyle Radius ! head! ! ! ! styloid process ! ! ! radial tuberosity Ulna ! trochlear notch!! ! styloid process ! ! ! coronoid process Carpals ! first row from thumb side - scaphoid, navicular (lunate), triquetrum, pisiform ! second row - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate ! scaphoid (most frequently fractured) ! trapezium (note relationship to thumb) Metacarpals (I, II, III, IV, V) Phalanges (singular - phalanx) (lesser fingers 2-5 have proximal, middle, distal phalanges, the thumb (finger 1) has just proximal and distal phalanges) Muscles of the anterior forearm ! flexor carpi radialis! ! ! ! flexor carpi ulnaris! ! ! ! palmaris longus! ! ! ! flexor digitorum superficialis! ! ! ! ! Muscles of the palmar hand ! opponens pollicis ! adductor pollicis Nerves ! radial n.!! ! ulnar n.! ! ! Page 13! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! flexor digitorum profundus! ! flexor pollicis longus!! ! pronator teres! ! ! ! musculocutaneous n. Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! Blood vessels ! radial a. and v. ! ! ! superficial palmar arch! ! proper (palmar) digital a.! ! basilic v.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ulnar a. and v. common (palmar) digital a. cephalic v. median cubital v.! Lab 7: Continue anterior forearm/hand and proceed to leg and foot Distal thigh, leg and foot Tank - pages 156c-157c anterior thigh ! ! 158a-159a medial thigh ! ! 173-174d anterior leg, foot Bones Femur ! medial condyle!! ! ! lateral condyle Palpate the greater trochanter on you. Tibia ! tibial tuberosity!! ! anterior crest Fibula ! head! ! ! ! ! medial malleolus ! ! lateral malleolus Tarsals ! calcaneus! ! ! ! ! (cuboid, cuneiforms, navicular) talus Hold the tibia and fibula together distally and note how the talus of the foot articulates with these two leg bones. Note how dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are the only actions allowed by this joint. Metatarsals (I, II, III, IV, V) Phalanges (singular - phalanx) (lesser toes 2-5 have proximal, middle, distal phalanges, the great toe (toe 1) has just proximal and distal phalanges) Knee joint ! medial (tibial) collateral ligament! ! ! anterior cruciate ligament! ! ! ! medial meniscus! ! ! ! lateral (fibular) collateral ligament posterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus Muscles that move the leg ! quadriceps femoris, composed of (below):!! ! ! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Page 14! ! ! ! •(rectus femoris)! ! ! ! ! ! •(vastus lateralis)! ! ! ! ! ! •(vastus medialis) ! ! (vastus intermedius) ! Muscles that move the foot and toes ! •tibialis anterior! ! ! ! ! extensor digitorum longus ! ! ! ! ! •fibularis (peroneus) brevis! ! ! ! deep femoral a. anterior tibial a. dorsalis pedis a. •fibularis (peroneus) longus! ! fibularis (peroneus) tertius ! ! extensor hallucis longus Nerves ! common fibular nerve ! superficial fibular n. ! deep fibular n. Blood vessels ! femoral a. and v.! ! great saphenous v.! ! fibular a.! End of the material for the second lab practical __________________________________________________________________ ! Page 15! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Body cavity dissection - abdomen, pelvis and thorax Histology Marieb, Mallatt and Wilhelm, pages 68, 69, 71, 91 simple cuboidal epithelium!! transitional epithelium! ! smooth muscle! ! ! ! ! ! simple columnar epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cardiac muscle Lab 8: Abdominal cavity dissection Tank - pp. 88b-90b peritoneum and peritoneal cavity ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! visceral and parietal peritoneum! liver! gall bladder! spleen! greater omentum! duodenum! jejunum! ileum! large intestine ! ! ligamentum teres! vermiform appendix ascending colon hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon rectum lesser omentum falciform ligament cecum Stomach Tank p. 91d-92b ! ! ! ! esophagus stomach (cardia, fundus, body, pylorus) pyloric sphincter liver (right lobe, left lobe, quadrate lobe) Celiac trunk Tank p. 92b-93b ! ! hepatic artery proper! hepatic portal vein! left gastric artery splenic artery Spleen Tank p.94d Small intestine Tank p. 99b ! Page 16! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! ! ! duodenum! jejunum! ileum! ! ! ! mesentery superior mesenteric artery Large intestine Tank p. 100d-101b ! ! ! haustrum (haustra) taenia coli epiploic appendages Liver Tank p. 95b-96c ! ! ! lobes (left, right, quadrate and caudate)! left and right hepatic ducts! ! common hepatic duct! ! gall bladder cystic duct common bile duct Pancreas Tank p. 102b-103b ! ! pancreatic duct! accessory pancreatic duct! ! ! hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenal papilla ! ! renal artery and vein ureter Kidneys Tank 106d-107c ! ! ! cortex! medulla! renal pelvis Urinary bladder p. 127 trigone (ureters, urethral orifice) detrusor muscle Posterior abdominal wall Tank pp. 109-110a muscles ! ! 129c-130b blood vessels ! ! 130c-d nerves Muscles ! psoas major! ! iliacus! ! Nerves ! Page 17! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! ! ! lumbar plexus! sacral plexus! sciatic nerve! lumbosacral trunk femoral nerve obturator nerve Blood vessels ! common iliac artery ! external iliac artery ! femoral artery ! internal iliac artery ! ! ! posterior division - superior gluteal artery ! ! ! anterior division - inferior gluteal artery ! Lab 9: Thoracic wall and cavity dissection Pleural cavities and lungs Tank pp. ! 59b-60a pleural cavity ! ! 60d-61c lungs ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! thoracic inlet diaphragm pleural cavities visceral pleura parietal pleura pulmonary ligament right lung (superior, middle and inferior lobes) transverse and oblique fissures left lung (superior and inferior lobes) oblique fissures Mediastinum Tank p.64 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! anterior mediastinum! superior vena cava middle mediastinum! aorta fibrous pericardium! left vagus nerve phrenic nerves! ligamentum arteriosus serous pericardium! ! visceral (epicardium) and serous layers ! pericardial space (cavity) Middle mediastinum dissection instructions (we will not remove the heart) Tank p. 65-66a External features of the heart Tank, pages 67b-68c ! Page 18! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! ! ! ! superior vena cava! ! ! aorta!! ! ! ! ! left and right coronary arteries! anterior interventricular branch! ! ! ! ! inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk coronary sinus circumflex branch Internal features of the heart Tank p. 69c-72c ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! right atrium! ! ! left atrium! ! ! right ventricle! ! ! left ventricle! ! ! interventricular septum! right atrioventricular valve! left atrioventricular valve! pulmonary semilunar valve! aortic semilunar valve!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! superior vena cava inferior vena cava coronary sinus pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins aorta chordae tendinae! papillary muscle Superior mediastinum Tank pp. 73c-74c ! ! ! brachiocephalic artery left and right common carotid arteries left and right subclavian arteries ! ! ! ! superior vena cava left and right brachiocephalic veins internal jugular vein external jugular vein left and right subclavian veins ! thymus Lab 10: Female and Male reproductive systems and wrap-up of dissections External genitalia Tank, pages 134b-c ! ! ! labia majora! ! ! clitoris! ! ! ! orifice of the vagina ! ! ! ! labia minora vestibule Female pelvic cavity ! Page 19! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Tank pp. 137b-138c, 140a-b ! ! ! ! ! ! ! vesicouterine pouch! uterus (fundus, body) rectouterine pouch! perimetrium broad ligament! uterine tube round ligament! infundibulum ovarian ligament! fimbriae suspensory ligament (ovarian artery and vein)! ovary Male external genitalia Tank pp. 118a-c, 121c-123a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! scrotum scrotal ligament (gubernaculum testis) testis epididymis spermatic cord (ductus deferens, testicular artery, testicular vein (pampiniform plexus)) penis (corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosum, spongy uterthra) seminal vesicle prostate gland SKULL orbit (area composed in part of frontal, lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic, spheniodal, palatine and ethmoid bones) Frontal bone ! frontal sinus Parietal bone Occipital bone ! foramen magnum! ! occipital condyles ! Temporal bone ! zygomatic process! ! ! carotid foramen (canal)! (meatus) ! jugular foramen! ! (meatus) ! mandibular fossa! ! Sphenoid bone ! sella turcica! ! Page 20! ! ! ! ! hypoglossal canal ! ! ! ! mastoid process external auditory (acoustic) canal ! ! internal auditory (acoustic) canal ! ! styloid process ! ! foramen rotundum Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab ! optic foramen! ! ! ! ! foramen ovale ! pterygoid processes! ! ! ! superior orbital fissure ! inferior orbital fissure (between sphenoid and maxilla) ! Ethmoid bone ! cribriform plate!! ! ! ! crista galli ! olfactory foramina Maxillary bone! ! ! ! ! Vomer bone Nasal bone! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hyoid bone (see on articulated ! skeleton) Lacrimal bone! ! ! ! ! Zygomatic bone Mandible ! mandibular condyles! ! ! ! coronoid process sutures ! coronal! ! ! sagittal! ! ! ! ! ! lambdoidal squamosal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! lateral fissure (sulcus) central sulcus frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe corpus callosum gray and white matter Palatine bone ! ! ! ! Forebrain ! cerebral cortex!! ! ! gyrus (pl. - gyri)! ! ! sulcus (pl. - sulci)! ! ! left and right hemispheres! ! postcentral gyrus! ! ! precentral gyrus! ! ! longitudinal fissure! ! ! transverse fissure! ! Note that the central sulcus separate the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobes and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes. The lateral fissure separates the temporal and frontal lobes. Diencephalon ! thalamus! ! ! intermediate mass! ! ! ! ! ! ! hypothalamus pituitary gland The intermediate mass is where the two (left and right) thalami connect and communicate with each other. Because the hypothalamus consists of many nuclei (collections of neuron bodies), it is described as a region as opposed to a structure. ! Page 21! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab Brainstem ! pons! ! ! ! ! ! corpora quadrigemina, composed of: medulla! ! ! ! ! ! superior colliculi (singular - colliculus)! ! pyramids! ! ! ! ! inferior colliculi (singular colliculus) ! ! ! The pyramids of the medulla are where the lateral spinothalamic tracts (motor) decussate (cross over) as they pass from the brain down into the spinal cord. Cerebellum ! arbor vitae (white matter) Limbic system ! septum pellucidum! ! fornix ! ! ! mamillary body ! ! ! The septum pellucidum, as its name implies, separates the two lateral ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid circulation ! 2 Lateral ventricles! ! ! ! Third ventricle! ! ! ! ! Fourth ventricle ! ! cerebral aqueduct choroid plexus Note the relationships of the cerebral aqueduct with the corpora quadrigemina and the fourth ventricle with cerebellum. Meninges ! dura mater! ! ! ! falx cerebri!! ! ! tentorium cerebelli! ! ! ! ! ! ! arachnoid layer subarachnoid space pia mater The falx cerebri lies in the longitudinal fissure and the tentorium cerebelli lies in the transverse fissure. These structures contain sinuses that direct venous blood and recovered cerebrospinal fluid into the internal jugular vein. Cranial nerves ! I.!! olfactory! ! II.! optic! ! ! III.! oculomotor! ! IV.! trochlear! ! V.! trigeminal! ! VI.! abducens! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! VII.! VIII.! IX.! X.! XI.! XII.! facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal Lab 11 Wrap-up of dissections end of the material for the third lab practical ! Page 22! Bio 128 Advanced Anatomy Lab
