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Chapter 8
Royal Power in the High Middle Ages
How did monarchs in England and France
expand royal authority and lay the
foundations for united nation-states?
Medieval monarchs struggled to exert their
authority over nobles and the Church.
As they did so, these kings laid the foundation
for European nation-states.
Three different factions
had power during the
early Middle Ages:
They clashed
repeatedly, trying to
increase their power.
The Church
Between 1000 and 1300, monarchs used
several methods to increase their power.
• They set up systems of royal justice.
• They developed tax systems.
• They built standing armies.
• They strengthened ties with the middle class.
King Edward of England died in 1066 without
an heir. His brother-in-law Harold and William,
Duke of Normandy, both claimed the throne.
William the Conqueror sailed with an army
from France to England and defeated Harold.
The Norman
Conquest led to
a blending of
Norman French
and AngloSaxon cultures.
Henry II
inherited the
throne in 1154.
He broadened
the system of
royal justice.
• He sent out royal justices to
enforce the same laws over
all of England.
• The decisions of royal courts
became the basis of English
common law.
• In time, royal courts replaced
those of nobles or the
Church.
• These royal courts could try
church officials for violations
of English law.
Under Henry II, England also developed
a jury system.
The first juries determined which cases
would be brought to trial. This was the
origin of today’s grand jury system.
Later, another type of jury evolved. Twelve
neighbors of an accused person decided on
the person’s innocence or guilt.
A dispute arose between Henry and the Church.
Henry claimed
the right to try
clergy in royal
courts.
“What cowards I have brought
up in my court. Who will rid me
of this meddlesome priest?”
—Henry II
Thomas Becket,
the archbishop
of Canterbury,
opposed him.
Becket was killed
by Henry’s knights.
Later English kings continued to clash with nobles
and the Church.
King John, the son of Henry II, battled with Pope
Innocent III, who placed all of England under the
interdict.
Barons, angry about taxes, forced King John to
sign the Magna Carta in 1215 A.D.
Provisions in the Magna Carta formed the basis for
both due process of law and the right of habeus
corpus.
The King also agreed not to raise new taxes without
consulting a Great Council of lords and clergy.
The Great Council evolved into Parliament in the
1200s.
In time, Parliament was made up of two houses: a
House of Lords, made up of nobles and clergy, and a
House of Commons, made up of knights and middleclass citizens.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66ZcXBUx5IA
All of these
changes meant
that the power
of English kings
was slowly
being limited
and common
people were
gaining power.
For example,
King Edward I
asked Parliament to
approve money for
war in 1295.
“What touches all
should be approved by all.”
—King Edward I
The American Revolution Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOjKiLDV3v I
The monarchs
in France did
not rule over a
unified kingdom.
Nobles elected
Hugh Capet to the
throne in 987. The
Capetian dynasty
lasted 300 years.
French power grew under Philip Augustus,
who became king in 1179.
Rather than
appointing nobles,
Philip August paid
middle-class people
to fill government
positions.
He gained control
of Normandy and
began to take
over southern
France before he
died in 1223.
Louis IX became king of France in 1226.
• He persecuted non-Christians and led two
Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land.
• He greatly improved royal government,
expanding the courts and outlawing private wars.
Louis’ grandson
Philip IV extended
royal power and
clashed with the
pope.
“God has set popes over
kings and kingdoms.”
—Pope Boniface VIII
To gain support from the
French, he set up the
Estates General, a body
of representatives from
all three classes of society,
in 1302.
Unlike the English
Parliament, the Estates
General did not have power
over taxation. The monarch
remained supreme.
The French Revolution Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkF61DeYD24
The Holy Roman Empire and
the Church
How did explosive conflicts between
monarchs and popes affect the balance
of power in Europe?
The Church was very powerful during the Middle
Ages. Monarchs were also powerful, and the two
factions were often in conflict.
The rulers of the Holy Roman Empire in particular
struggled with the Church for many years.
King Otto I of
Germany worked
with the Church.
He appointed bishops
to government posts
and helped the pope
put down a rebellion.
The grateful pope
crowned Otto emperor.
Crown of a Holy Roman emperor
His successors took the
title Holy Roman
emperor. They saw
themselves as heirs to
the emperors of
ancient Rome.
Holy Roman emperors struggled for
control of their lands.
Emperors claimed authority over much of
eastern and central Europe, as well as parts of
France and Italy.
However, the real power was in the hands of
the nobles and Church officials who were the
emperor’s vassals.
Another major power struggle erupted over the
question of who had the power to appoint bishops.
Pope Gregory VII
wanted to make the
church independent
of secular rulers.
Holy Roman
Emperor Henry IV
saw bishops as
royal vassals.
In 1075, Pope Gregory banned lay investiture.
Henry IV angrily denounced the pope’s action.
Gregory excommunicated Henry in 1076.
In 1077, Henry humbled himself before the pope and
was restored to the Church.
Henry later led an army to Rome and forced
the pope into exile.
The issue of
investiture was
finally settled 50
years later with a
treaty called the
Concordat of
Worms.
The treaty declared
that the Church had
the sole power to
appoint bishops.
However, the emperor
had the right to grant
fiefs to the bishops.
In the 1100s, the Holy Roman
emperor Frederick Barbarossa
fought to bring Italy under his
control.
Though Frederick did arrange a
marriage that tied German emperors
to southern Italy, he did not conquer
the region.
Meanwhile, German nobles became
more independent. Ultimately, the
Holy Roman Empire remained a
patchwork of feudal states.
The Church reached the height of its political
power in the 1200s.
Pope Innocent III
took office in
1198 and claimed
supremacy over all
other rulers.
He placed kingdoms
under interdict and
launched a brutal
crusade against heretics
in southern France.
After his death, the
papacy entered a period
of decline.
The Crusades and the Reconquista
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI
How did the Crusades change life in
Europe and beyond?
Thousands of Europeans took part in the
Crusades. In these wars, Christians battled
Muslims for control of lands in the Middle East.
The encounters of Europeans in the Middle
East increased the pace of change at home.
By 1050,
Western Europe
was emerging
from a period
of isolation.
Civilizations
elsewhere
were thriving.
• Muslims had built an
advanced society in the
Middle East.
• Muslim conquerors and
traders had spread from
Spain to India.
• India, China, West
Africa, and Central
America had advanced
societies as well.
In the 1050s,
Muslim Turks
invaded the
Byzantine empire.
They extended
their power to
the Holy Land
in Palestine.
Rumors spread that
Turks were harassing
Christian pilgrims.
Hoping to gain power
and heal the schism in
the Church, Pope Urban
II urged bishops and
nobles to fight the Turks.
“God wills it!” roared
the assembly, and the
Crusades began.
Crusaders set off for the Holy Land.
Some were driven by religious zeal, others by a thirst
for adventure. Some hoped to win land and wealth.
Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099,
but in 1187, it fell again to the Muslims.
The Crusades did not achieve their goal of
retaking the Holy Land.
During the
Third Crusade,
Europeans
failed to retake
Jerusalem.
During the
Fourth
Crusade, they
fought other
Christians.
By 1291,
Muslim armies
captured
the last
Christian
outpost in the
Holy Land.
Effects of the Crusades
They left a bitter legacy of religious hatred.
European economies expanded as trade increased
and the use of money became more common.
As monarchs raised armies, their power increased.
Europeans developed a wider worldview, and some
set off on a new age of exploration.
The crusading spirit continued in Spain with the
Rise of Spain, in a campaign called the
Reconquista.
• The goal was to drive Muslims off the Iberian
peninsula.
• By 1300, Christians controlled the entire region
except Granada.
• Muslim influence continued, however, and shaped
the arts and literature in Christian Spain.
When Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1469,
a unified Spain was formed.
• They made the final push against Muslims in
Granada.
• Granada fell in 1492. The tradition of relative
religious tolerance experienced under the Muslims
was at an end.
Isabella wanted to bring religious unity to Spain.
She ended
tolerance of
non-Christians.
More than 150,000
Jews and Muslims
fled Spain.
She instituted the
Inquisition, which tried
people accused of
heresy. Many who
refused to conform were
burned at the stake.
The Black Death and the Hundred Years’ War
Ted Ed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySClB6-OH-Q
Hip Hughes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arZT7EEr5A8
Crash Course Dark Ages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV7CanyzhZg
Crash Course Disease: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PLBmUVYYeg
How did the combination of plague,
upheaval in the Church, and war affect
Europe in the 1300s and 1400s?
To Europeans in the mid-1300s, it seemed
that the end of the world had arrived. Plague
and war reduced the population and forever
changed Europe.
These upheavals marked the end of the
Middle Ages.
The Black Death, or bubonic plague, began to
rage through Italy in 1347.
• By 1348, the epidemic had reached Spain and
France and spread to the rest of Europe.
• This terrible and
fast-acting illness
killed one in three
people in Europe.
Burying the dead
in mass graves
The Black
Death was
spread by
fleas
carried by
rats. It
followed
trade
routes
from Asia
through
Europe.
The plague led to a breakdown in society.
People
fled from
cities or
hid in
their
homes.
Some turned to
witchcraft. As
people looked
for someone to
blame, Jews
faced new
persecution.
Economies
failed as the
cost of labor
soared and
inflation
broke out.
Social unrest became the norm in Europe for 100 years.
The plague created upheaval in the Church.
• Survivors asked, “Why did God spare some and
kill others?”
• The Church was unable to provide answers or
strong leadership.
• For decades, there was a schism in the Church,
with two or even three popes.
This schism
ended in 1417.
A Church council elected
a compromise candidate
and returned the papacy
to Rome.
Some preachers remained unsatisfied with the
Church. They questioned the morals and lavish
lifestyle of Church leaders.
John Wycliffe in England and Jan Hus in Bohemia
called for reforms. They were persecuted, but their
ideas resurfaced 100 years later.
A long war broke out in 1337.
England and France
had battled for
centuries over
Norman lands in
France.
The Hundred Years’
War was a
continuation of this
struggle. It would
last until 1453.
England and France
battled for control of the
English Channel and
trade in the region.
At first, the English won
battles due in large part
to their use of the new
longbow.
Impact of the 100 Years’ War
French kings expanded their power.
England’s Parliament became more powerful.
English rulers turned their attention to trading
ventures overseas.
Castles and armored knights began to disappear and
monarchs hired soldiers to fight.
Then, French fortunes reversed. Joan of Arc told
Charles VII that God sent her to save France.
• He authorized her to lead an army in 1429, and
she led France to several victories.
• Though she was ultimately burned at the stake,
Joan inspired the French to win the war.
• England lost most of its territory in France.
Joan of Arc Trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaixO6NYMps