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Radiation Safety Training
Research & Analytical
Machines
Washington State University
Radiation Safety Office
Analytical X-ray Machines
These machines use a high intensity
radiation beam for determining
microstructure and elemental
composition of materials. These
machines include Xray diffraction
(XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) &
X-ray crystallography (XRC) units.
RADIATION MACHINES AT WSU
Used in Research
 Flash X-ray Unit
 Analytical X-ray Units-XRC, XRD, XRF
 Cabinet X-ray Unit
 High Energy Cabinet CT Unit
 Proton/Deuteron Accelerator
What are X-Rays?
 X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation which
arises as electrons are deflected from their original
paths or inner orbital electrons change their orbital
levels around the atomic nucleus
X-ray Production.
 There are two different atomic processes that can
produce x-ray photons.
 They are Bremsstrahlung, and K Shell
Knockout.
Bremsstrahlung
 "Bremsstrahlung" means "braking radiation" and is
retained from the original German to describe the
radiation which is emitted when electrons are decelerated
or "braked" when they are fired at a metal target.
Accelerated charges give off electromagnetic radiation, and
when the energy of the bombarding electrons is high
enough, that radiation is in the x-ray region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
K Shell Knockout
 Characteristic x-rays are
emitted from heavy
elements when their
electrons make transitions
between the lower atomic
energy levels. The
characteristic x-rays
emission occur when
vacancies are produced in
the n=1 or K-shell of the
atom and electrons drop
down from above to fill the
gap.
Basic methods in which x-rays
interact with matter
Photoelectric Effect occurs
when photons interact with
matter with resulting ejection of
electrons from the matter.
Compton Scattering occurs when the incident xray photon ejects a electron from an atom and an
x-ray photon of lower energy is scattered from
the atom.
Pair production can occur when the x-ray photon
energy is greater than 1.02 MeV, when an electron and
positron are created with the annihilation of the x-ray
photon.
Definitions
kVp- (kilovolts) - peak operating voltage
mA (milliamps) - tube operating current
Exposure Period - duration the beam is
"ON”
Regulatory and Compliance Aspects of
Radiation Machine Use.
First
•An application is required for all Authorized
Users (Principle Investigators) and for each
machine.
Second
Required Postings
(WAC 246-228-030) Performed by the RSO
The following sticker must be on all doors entering
radiation facility
Required Postings (cont.)
 The following must be on the Radiation Machine
"Caution X-Rays, This Equipment Produces X-Rays
When Energized"
Or
Required Postings
(Continued)
Or
-
-
-THIS EQUIPMENT PRODUCES
WHEN RADIATION WHEN
ENERGIZEDCAUTION - TO BE OPERATED ONLY BY
RADIATION
QUALIFIED PERSONNEL  NOTICE: IF THIS EQUIPMENT IS MOVED OR
MODIFIED, NOTIFY:
 WSU RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE (509) 335-8916
 BEFORE ENERGIZING THE X-RAY TUBE
Required Postings
(Continued)
 On analytical X-ray Machines at the Source or
Tube Housing
 In the room near the machine
1. "Notice to Employees" (DOH RHF-3)
2. "Emergency Procedures"
The Radiation Safety Office Conducts
Periodic Inspections of Radiation
Machines
Your Inspection Checklist.
 User Training Logs (WAC 246-228-050)
 Machine Specific Training Documentation must
be located near the machine and It must contain a:
●List of Approved Radiation Machine Users
(WAC 246-228-050)
●The "Certification of Radiation Machine
Specific Training" signed by the Authorized
Machine User.
• And a Written Description of the Training (outline
or syllabus)
Inspection Checklist Cont.
The Operating Procedures Must Be:
(WAC 246-228-040)
●Readily available; pertinent
excerpts may be posted.
●With a Copy on file at the RSO
Inspection Checklist Cont.
 You Must Maintain a Machine Use Log
(entries must be dated & Initialed) and
contain.
 Parameters Used (mA, kVP)
 Date and Time
 Machine Operator
 Description of item being Radiographed
 Exposure period - duration the beam is "ON“
 And a Maintenance Log (entries must be dated & Initialed)
 Document Routine maintenance and
 Non-Routine, Malfunction or problem and its resolution
Your Inspection Checklist Recap:
Postings (WAC 246-228-030)
 On the Door –X-Ray Producing Equipment
 On the Machine – Caution X-Rays
 In the Room – Notice to Employees and
 Radiation Machine Approval Sheet
The Operating Procedures for the machine, (WAC 246228-040)
 Should be Readily Available
 And On File at the RSO
You Must Give Prior Notification To The
RSO
 To purchase,
 relocate,
 transfer
 or surplus
 any radiation machine, you must coordinate in
advance with the RSO to ensure a rapid and
compliant effort.
RSO
Machine surveys by manufacturers and
service/repair organizations must be
documented:
 After installation and servicing with copies to the
RSO.
If an X-ray machine requires repairs or servicing
then the RSO must be notified prior to putting the
unit back in service. Radiation surveys may be
necessary to ensure that safety items such as
shielding are reinstalled correctly.
INACTIVE
RADIATION MACHINES
 RSO is required to maintain control of all radiation
machines on campus including those that are inactive.
 Contact the RSO if you are going to take out of service
or reactivate any radiation machine.
Safety Devices
Policy on overriding
interlocks or other safety
devices
 "If any safety device (interlocks) is overridden or removed for
any reason, then the RSO must be informed in writing (e-mail is
acceptable) and in advance. The user must receive written (email is acceptable) approval from the RSO allowing this
temporary situation. The RSO needs notification 24 hours in
advance to react to such requests.”
The information required is a description of what will be
overridden and the expected duration that the safety device will
be overridden.
Safety Devices (continued)
 Record of interlock checks (As Appropriate) (WAC-246228-020)
●These checks must be performed routinely and
documented.
 Fail safe test of system lights – document the test
●"X-ray On" light
●"Shutter Open" light
Test Time!
 Follow this link to the test.
https://myresearch.wsu.edu
 Use your WSU user name and password to sign in.
 Click on the training tab.
 Then click on the available training tab
 Find the radiation safety training Machines course, in
the OR section, click on it and take the test.