Download Minerals

Activator
How do rocks relate to minerals?
Rock vs Mineral?
Decide if each object shown better represents a rock or a mineral.
Hold up the rock side or mineral side of your page.
Example:
Rock
Why? It has more than one substance, the
bristles and the handle
Chalk
Mineral
It is only made up of one substance –
the same throughout
Paperclip
Mineral
It is only made of metal, and it looks
the same throughout
Spiral Notebook
Rock
It has more than one substance, the metal,
spiral, and the paper.
White paper
Mineral
It looks the same throughout
and is all paper
Stapler
Rock
It has more than one part. It has staples
and the metal body.
Globe
.
Rock
It has metal and plastic
Spoon
Mineral
It is all metal and looks the same
throughout.
Building Background
Atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds
Rock vs Mineral?
quartz
felspar
mica
granite
hornblende
Rock vs Mineral

The difference between rocks and
minerals (clip)

Rock: A mass or grouping of minerals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Rocks can be big.

Rocks can be big.

Rocks can be big.

Rocks can be little

Rocks are inorganic (non-living)

How do they relate? Rocks and Minerals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

How do they relate? Rocks and Minerals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

How do they relate? Rocks and Minerals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Got the idea? Rocks and Minerals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The Building Blocks: Rocks and Minerals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Minerals
Part One
Flipped Lesson
Minerals
Text pgs. 118-121
What are they?
 How do we identify them?
 Minerals must meet 5 criteria in order to
be considered a mineral.

Option 1
- You will have to join the science class that your teacher has set
up for you on Edpuzzle.com . Please join the appropriate class by entering your class
code as described below. You are to watch the video and answer the questions posed
throughout viewing. Due Tuesday, Jan. 5 by class time.
https://edpuzzle.com/join/lotizvo Period 1
 https://edpuzzle.com/join/geezuhu Period 2
 https://edpuzzle.com/join/vuododu Period 4
 https://edpuzzle.com/join/rujzeme Period 6/7

Option 2
- You will read text pgs.118-121in your
Geology text. Answer questions 1-11 on your reading
guide. Due Tuesday, Jan. 5 by class time.
Let’s see how well you did
gathering your answers?
The Big Ideas
THE BIG IDEAS
Minerals are…
Formed naturally (occur in nature)
Minerals are…
Made of materials that were never alive
(inorganic)
Minerals are…
gold nuggets
Solids
Have a definite shape and volume
Minerals have a…
Definite chemical composition
Minerals are…
Arranged in regular patterns and made
of crystals (crystal structure)
One example – salt (halite)
Using the handheld microscope, observe
the crystal shapes of the salt on your
desktop. What do you see?
 How does this happen?

Sodium chloride is also known as table salt. It’s formula is NaCl.
That’s one atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine. One
sodium atom gives up an electron in its outer shell (giving it a
negative charge) to the outer shell of the chlorine atom (creating
a positive charge). The unlike charges are attracted in an ionic
bond. This creates a stable molecule.
What does this look like?
Let’s build!
Using the ingredients given by your
teacher, construct an molecule of sodium
chloride. It’s formula is NaCl. What does
this mean?
 Now join your atom to at least six other
classmates.
 Hint: You should start to see the
formation of a familiar shape.

How close could you get?
Some minerals are metals.
Aluminum
Gold
Some examples of minerals are
So what’s the deal with Mercury?
Depends on who you ask.


Mercury is officially classified as a mineral for historical
reasons, and because it is distinctive in its chemical and
physical properties. However, because it occurs as a
liquid, it does not satisfy the normal criteria to be a valid
mineral. It crystallizes at -40 degrees celsius, at which
point is forms rhombohedral crystals. It is usually found
as small isolated drops associated with cinnabar, but it
can also be found as large liquid masses in rock cavities.
Mercury is often found, along with cinnabar and other
Hg minerals, as a precipitate from hot springs and in
volcanic regions. Because of its rarity, it is not often
used as an ore of mercury.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)
Water or Ice? Mineral or Not?
http://geology.com/articles/water-mineral/
Is water a mineral?
If we compare the properties of water
to the five requirements of the
mineral definition, we find that it fails
to qualify as a mineral. Water is a
liquid so it does not meet
requirement #3 - being a solid.

However, at temperatures below 32
degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees
Celsius water becomes the solid
material that we call "ice"
Is ice a mineral?
If we compare the properties of ice to the
five requirements of the mineral definition,
we find that it clearly meets the last four.
However, requirement #1 presents a
problem.

A natural snowflake would be considered
to be a mineral because it forms naturally
in Earth's atmosphere. However an ice
cube made in a refrigerator would not be
considered a mineral because it was
produced by the actions of people.
So, ice is a mineral when it forms
naturally but it is not a mineral when
people play a role in producing it
.
Minerals form from…
Dissolved in a liquid
Melted
Materials
Summarize

What are minerals GO key
Your Turn
Using what you have learned about the
five criteria used to identify minerals,
decide if each of the following is an
example of a mineral or not
Petroleum (oil)
Not a mineral!
Not a solid (usually found as a liquid)
Made from organic matter
(dead sea plants and microscopic animals)
Naturally-occuring (found in nature)
Made of hydrocarbons
(chemical composition of hydrogen and carbon)
No crystal structure
Sea Glass
Not a mineral!
Made from weathered glass discarded in
ocean
Does not occur naturally
Crystals make up glass
Inorganic
Solid
Chemical composition is SiO2
Sulfur
Is a Mineral!
Occurs naturally (volcanic activity)
 Solid at room temperature
 Definite chemical composition (S – pure
element)
 Crystal shape when forming
(orthorhombic)
 Inorganic

Brass
Not a Mineral!
Solid
 Made up of two minerals (alloy of copper
and zinc)
 Crystal structure of minerals that are in it
 Does not occur naturally
 Chemical composition can vary according
to desired properties
 Inorganic (not living)

sand
It is a mineral!
Made up of silicon and oxygen SiO2
(elements) definite chemical composition
Also known as quartz
 Crystal structure
 Solid
 Naturally-occurs
 Inorganic


Quiz Wiz 1-10. (Oral / Hand signals) Is it a
rock, mineral, or neither? 1-10
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Need more review?

Review!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
 Rock:
A grouping of minerals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
 Rock:
A grouping of minerals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
 Rock:
A grouping of minerals
 Mineral: Minerals are natural inorganic (nonliving) solids that join together (crystals) to
make unique compositions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
 Rock:
A grouping of minerals
 Mineral: Minerals are natural inorganic (nonliving) solids that join together (crystals) to
make unique compositions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
 Rock:
A grouping of minerals
 Mineral: Minerals are natural inorganic (nonliving) solids that join together (crystals) to
make unique compositions.
 Neither: Not either; not one or the other.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
 Rock:
A grouping of minerals
 Mineral: Minerals are natural inorganic (nonliving) solids that join together (crystals) to
make unique compositions.
 Neither: Not either; not one or the other.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
 Rock:
A grouping of minerals
 Mineral: Minerals are natural inorganic (nonliving) solids that join together (crystals) to
make unique compositions.
 Neither: Not either; not one or the other.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Review!
 Rock:
A grouping of minerals
 Mineral: Minerals are natural inorganic (nonliving) solids that join together (crystals) to
make unique compositions.
 Neither: Not either; not one or the other.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Table Salt (NaCl) under electron
microscope on pretzel is a mineral.
Part Two
Text pgs. 121-126
How do we identify minerals?
Option 1
- You will have to join the science class that your teacher has set
up for you on Edpuzzle.com . Please join the appropriate class by entering your class
code as described below. You are to watch the video and answer the questions posed
throughout viewing. Due Thursday, Jan. 7 by class time.
https://edpuzzle.com/join/lotizvo Period 1
 https://edpuzzle.com/join/geezuhu Period 2
 https://edpuzzle.com/join/vuododu Period 4
 https://edpuzzle.com/join/rujzeme Period 6/7

Option 2
- You will read text pgs.121-126 in your
Geology text. Answer questions 12-25 on your reading
guide. Due Thursday, Jan. 7 by class time.
Properties of Minerals
Each mineral has its own specific
properties that can be used to
identify it. You may need to
conduct some tests to identify the
mineral.
Scientists classify, or group and describe,
minerals in many ways. They classify
minerals by color, luster, texture, hardness,
and streak.
galena
vanadinite
malachite
sulfur
The color (physical property) of the mineral
depends on the chemicals in them.
Luster is the
amount of light
reflected from
the mineral’s
surface (how
shiny it is).
Quartz has a
glassy luster.
It looks like
glass.
Magnetite and Purpurite have a
metallic luster. They look like shiny
metal.
Peridot has a waxy luster. It
looks as if it is covered with wax.
Kaolinite has a dull luster. It
does not reflect much light, and is
not very shiny.
Copper - ???
Gold - ???
Peridot - ???
Calcite - ???
Texture describes how a mineral feels. Minerals may
be rough, smooth, bumpy, or soapy. Can you guess which
mineral has each texture?
Gold - BUMPY
Copper - SMOOTH
Peridot - SOAPY
Calcite - ROUGH
1. Talc
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite
4. Fluorite
5. Apatite
6. Orthoclase/ Feldspar
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Corundum
10.Diamond
All minerals are hard,
but some are harder
than others. Scientists
test the hardness of a
mineral by trying to
scratch it. Scientists
use the Mohs Hardness
Scale (1-10) to rate a
mineral’s hardness.
Minerals at the top of
the scale are soft and
easy to scratch. Those
at the bottom are hard
and difficult to scratch.
Diamond –
the hardest
mineral
talc – the
softest mineral
feldspar
apatite
Diamonds are the hardest minerals. It is almost
impossible to scratch a diamond. Talc is the softest
mineral. You can scratch it with your fingernail. Apatite
and feldspar have medium hardnesses.
Some minerals leave a trail, or streak, when
rubbed on a hard surface. Scientists
classify minerals by the color of their
powder. Hematite leaves a red-brown
streak.
image © Ra’ike, CC-SA license
Pyrite leaves a black streak.
Rhodochrosite leaves a white
streak.
Crystal Systems
The crystals of each mineral from atom by
atom to form the mineral’s crystal structure.
Geologists classify these structures into six
groups based on the number and angle
of the crystal faces.
Group - Example
Cubic - Magnetitie
Hexagonal - Quartz
Tetragonal – Rutile
Orthorhombic - Sulfur
Monoclinic - Azurite
Triclinic – Microcline Feldspar

Activity! Create a human crystal.
 Teacher
assigns students one at a time to create
some form of atomic structure by laying on the
floor and using your arms and legs to form
atomic bonds in a crystal.

Activity! Create a human crystal.
 Teacher
assigns students one at a time to create
some form of atomic structure by laying on the
floor and using your arms and legs to form
atomic bonds in a crystal.

Activity! Create a human crystal.
 Teacher
assigns students one at a time to create
some form of atomic structure by laying on the
floor and using your arms and legs to form
atomic bonds in a crystal.

Activity! Create a human crystal.
 Teacher
assigns students one at a time to create
some form of atomic structure by laying on the
floor and using your arms and legs to form
atomic bonds in a crystal.

Activity! Create a human crystal.
 Teacher
assigns students one at a time to create
some form of atomic structure by laying on the
floor and using your arms and legs to form
atomic bonds in a crystal.

Activity! Create a human crystal.
 Teacher
assigns students one at a time to create
some form of atomic structure by laying on the
floor and using your arms and legs to form
atomic bonds in a crystal.
Cleavage and Fracture
A mineral that splits
easily along flat
surfaces has the
property of cleavage.
Fracture
Fracture describes
how a mineral looks
when it breaks
apart in an
irregular way
image © Ra’ike, CC-SA license
Density is the mass in a given space divided
by its volume. No matter what the size of a
mineral sample, its density is always the
same.
Specific Gravity
a mineral’s density in water is known as its specific gravity at a certain
temperature
Examples
The specific gravity of gold is
19.3 g/cm3
Aluminum’s specific gravity
is 2.70 g/cm3
Special Properties
Fluorescence – reacts to
ultraviolet light
Magnetic attraction
Reacts to an acid
Radioactive, Conducts electricity,
etc.
Why is it important to learn about
minerals?

Minerals are made as part of the Earth’s
constructive process. We use these minerals in
many ways in our daily lives.
Are minerals a renewable
resource?
Why or why not?
(able to be replaced in a short amount of time)
No, it can take many years to replace the minerals
as part of the Earth’s constructive process.
Part Three
How do minerals form?
 text pgs. 128-132

More about how minerals form
In general, minerals can form in two ways: through crystallization
of melted materials and through crystallization of materials
dissolved in a liquid. The process through which atoms are arranged
to from a material with a crystal structure is referred to as
crystallization.
Minerals from Magma
Minerals form as hot magma cools inside the Earth’s crust or
as lava hardens on the surface. When liquids cool to a solid
state, they form crystals. The size of the crystal depends on
several factors: the rate at which magma cools, the
amount of gas the magma contains, and the chemical
composition of the magma all affect crystal size.
When magma/lava cools slowly deep in the Earth’s surface,
large crystals form.
When magma/lava cools quickly, small crystals form.
Minerals from hot water solutions
time lapse of growing crystal
Sometimes minerals dissolve in solutions. A solution is
a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another.
When a hot water solution begins to cool, the elements
and compounds leave the solution and begin to
crystallize as minerals. Pure metals that crystallize
underground form veins. A vein is a narrow channel or
slab of a mineral that is different from the rock
surrounding it. Often these mineral form where tectonic
plates spread apart forming chimneys along the midocean ridge.
Other minerals can be seen when the solution
evaporates. One example of this is the mineral halite
(salt).
Part Four
How do we use minerals?
Mineral Resources
Text pgs. 134-139
Minerals are the sources of metals, gemstones, and other
materials used to make many products that we use today.
What is an ore?
A rock that contains a metal or
economically useful mineral is
called an ore. Most metals do
not occur in pure form. A metal
usually occurs as a mineral in a
combination of metal and other
elements. Much of the world’s
copper is found in an ore
containing the mineral
chalcopyrite. They must be
separated from their other
elements in the ore. Bauxite is
an ore for aluminum.
Smelting
Ores must be processed before the metals they
contain can be used. After miners remove ore from a
mine, smelting is necessary to remove the metal from
the ore. In the process of smelting, an ore is melted
to separate the useful metal from the other elements
the ore contains.
After smelting, additional
processing may be needed to
get rid of impurities. One
example is the creation of steel,
an alloy – a solid mixture of two
or more metals.
How steel is made
Get ready to Rock!