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October13,2016 Sex • Why‘worry’aboutreproductivebehaviors? -Sex/love:atthebasesofmanysocialinteractions.Atthebasesofart production(literature,painting…) -Sexualbehavior(sex)vs.sexualexperience(emotion):twodifferent (interacting)neuralsystems.Consequences:physicalandpsychological -sexuallydimorphicbehaviors:somedifferencesbetweenmale/female behaviorsareduetoatleastpartofsexdifferences -whataretheneutralstructuresthatareinfluencedbysexdifferences?What psychologicalfunctionsmightbeaffectedbysexdifferences?How? -sexualorientation:Howmuchis‘psychology’?Howmuchis“biology”? GeneticSex • Geneticfactors -gametes=ova+sperm.23chromosomeseachàtotalof23pairs -1pairofsexchromosomes -thex-rating!:3x-onlygametesbut50%XY • Geneticsexisdeterminedbythemalegametes Sex Ychromosomeàactivateotherchromosomesàsexdifferences • Gonads -testes+ovaries:producesperm,ovum,andhormones -1geneontheYchromosomewilltriggertestesdevelopment(SRYgene) -gonadsarephysicallydifferentiated6weeksafterconception,functionally differentiatedafter3monthsgestation -aftergonaddevelopment:organizationalvs.activationalhormonaleffects • SRYTesting:genderverification:wasabandonedin2000,singlegenesare notreliableindicatorsofsex/gender -SRYisthemaledeterminationfactor Sex:InternalGenitalia • Internalsexorgans MullerianandWolffiansystems Malegonads(testes)produce: -anti-mullerianpeptidehormones(defeminizing) -pro-wolffiansteroidhormonescalledandrogenssuchastestosterone ordihydrotestosterone(masculinizing) USCensus1996:Males:48.9% Females:51.1% Geneticdisorders: -androgeninsensitivitysyndrome(XY:lookfemalebutnofemaleinternalorgans) -persistentmullerianductsyndrome(XY:lookmalebutinternallybothmaleand female) -TurnerSyndrome:XO(lookfemaleinternallyandexternally,butnogonads) Sex • ExternalSexOrgans -primarysexcharacteristics(birth):gonads,internalgenitalia,external genitalia -secondarysexcharacteristics(puberty):facialhair,breasts Sex:Puberty • Puberty Gonadotropin-releasinghormones gonadotropichormones Note:Infemales,pubicandaxillaryhairdependonadrenalgland(kidney) • CNS/PNSSexcontrollers -hypothalamusandamygdala:sexandemotion(nextchapter) Sex:HormonalControl • Hormoneshaveactivationalandorganizationaleffects.Theyalsoactonthe nervoussystemàsexuallydimorphicbehaviors HormonalCycles:females -estrouscycle:lastseveraldays,onlyaperiodofmating -menstrualcycle:monthlygrowth/lossofliningofuterus.Mattingatanytime. Progesterone:liningofuterus,inhibitsfurtherovumproduction.Ifthereis nofertilizationàdecreaseàlossofliningàmenstruation Notes: -womenarebornwithovumandloseovumthroughoutlife -menaren’tbornwithspermandgainspermthroughoutlife Sex:HormonalControl MaleSexualBehavior Intromissionàpelvicthrustingàejaculationàrefractoryperiod Coolidgeeffect:decreaseofrefractoryperiodwiththeintroductionofnewfemales FemaleSexualBehavior • Lordosis -3measuresofsexualbehaviors: attractiveness:changeinmalebehavior proceptivity,receptivity:changeinfemalebehavior • Androgens(testosterone)haveorganizationaleffectsonbehavior • Testosteroneimmediatelyafterbirthhasbehavioraldefeminizationand later,behavioralmasculinizationeffects Pheromones -sexualcommunicationsbetweenindividuals,VomeroNasalorgan Animals: -VNO:sensitivetourine(rat) -DamageofVNO:poordiscriminationbetweenmoleandfemale(mice) -Singleneuronsinaccessoryolfactorybulbcanselectivelyrespondtomaleand femalescents(rodents) Humans: -T-shirtsmellàmale/femalediscriminationsinhumans -Inhumans:sweatcarriessexuallydimorphicmolcules Pheromones:ExperimentalEvidences -Lee-Booteffect:groupsofco-housedfemalemiceàstopofestroussystem -Whitteneffect:synchronizationofestrouscycle,ifmaleodorpresent -Vendenbergheffect:earlyonsetoffemalepubertyuponexposuretomale pheromones -Bruceeffect:femalemouseinseminatedexposedtonewmale(contacttestes) àfailedpregnancy -classroomseatingeffect:possiblyanecdotal…