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Church History and
Historical Theology
Week 6
Early Middle Ages
Sixth – Ninth Centuries
Western Roman Empire
Invaded 400-700
Vandals in North Africa
Arians who persecuted the Orthodox
Visigoths in Spain
Arians who did not persecute the Orthodox
King Recared (586-601) – Nicene conversion
Isidore of Seville – scholar
Injustice to Jews – convert or lose spouse/child
Western Roman Empire
Invaded 400-700
Franks in France
pagans
Clovis converted after battle oath 496
Charles Martel –
1. the Hammer on Muslim invaders who had
taken Spain threatening all of Europe
2. Battle of Tours 732
3. grandson was Emperor Charlemagne
Western Roman Empire
Invaded 400-700
Angles and Saxons
pagans invaded England when
Roman troops left to protect the continent
Ireland
St. Patrick – kidnapped as a boy to be a slave
Vision to return to Ireland as a missionary
Monasteries kept Christian literature alive
during invasions and looting in Europe
Western Roman Empire
Invaded 400-700
Scotland
Columba 563 monastery/ missionaries
England
600 – Augustine to Kent
First Archbishop of Canterbury
Remains the ecclesiastical capital of England
Western Roman Empire
Invaded 400-700
Italy
Ostrogoths
Arians who persecuted for political gain
Boethius imprisoned and martyred 524
defeated by emperor Justinian c.550
Lombards versus the Byzantines
popes and bishops in Italy make new alliance
with the Franks –will lead to Charlemagne
Benedictine Monasticism
Differences from Egyptian/Eastern
1. not extreme ascetics punishing the mortal body
1. solitude/meditation was not the supreme goal
2. not fighting the church hierarchy but aided
Benedictine Monasticism
Benedict c. 500
a monastic community for fallible humans
THE RULE – became the standard in RCC
1. strict discipline without harshness
2. two good meals per day with wine
3. permanence
4. obedience to the abbot (father, abba)
5. discipline–private, public,
excommunication, whipping, expulsion
6. physical labor
7. poverty
8. prayer – Psalter, 8 hours “Divine Office”
Papacy
Bishops of Rome
No agreement on early chronological list
Bishops Antioch and Alexandria more important
225 Bishop Stephen v. Cyprian (Matt.16:18)
343 Council of Sardica – allow appeal to Rome
380s Bishop Damasus – Rome’s superiority
385 First Decretal letter Bishop Siricius
450s “Pope” Leo the Great
stood up to Attila the Hun outside Rome 452
negotiated Vandals not to burn Rome 455
assumed to himself “papal authority” but no
one else paid attention outside of Rome
Papacy
490s Bishop Gelasius I – God created emperor for
secular and the Pope for ecclesiastical power
600 Gregory the Great – moral leadership
751 Pope Zacharias sanctions new king of Franks
(Pepin the Short)
754 Pope Stephen II crowns Pepin king (a FIRST!)
756 King Pepin bestows land to Pope in exchange
and agrees for his successors to act as
protector of papacy
800 Charlemagne crowned king by Pope Leo III
mutually beneficial church-state alliance
Papacy
Rival Bishops of Rome 498
Ostrogoths v. Constantinople
violent riots in Rome to win
Puppet Bishops of Rome 500s
Byzantines won militarily but then lost power
Lombard invasion of Rome 545
Papacy
Gregory the Great
Ambassador to Constantinople 580s
Rome in disrepair, flood, starvation, disease
Gregory elected in popular vote against his desire
Appealed to Constantinople to decline this
bishopric of Rome
Papacy
Gregory the Great’s Accomplishments
Supply food
Repair aqueducts for water
Rebuild walls for defense
Treaty with Lombards for peace
Political negotiations
Prolific author championed Augustine of Hippo
as an infallible teacher
Religious moves – clerical celibacy, purgatory,
music (Gregorian chants), “servus servorum Dei”
Papacy
Gregory the Great– beginning of RCC theology 600
Doctrine of salvation
1. rejected irresistible grace and DUPIED
2. penance– contrition, confession, punishment
3. priestly absolution
4. purgatory help by offering mass to the dead
5. mass as Christ sacrificed anew each time
6. accepted popular superstition validates truth
Papacy
Bishops of Rome continued to be approved by
Constantinople for another 150 years
Constantinople loses western power 700s
Franks defeat Lombards c.750
King Pepin grants back cities to bishop of Rome
Bishops of Rome now land owners outside Rome
so increased in wealth and power
Stage is set for the PAPACY to begin when
Charlemagne is crowned King
by the Bishop of Rome
Muslim Marauders
Mohammed –
Monotheistic Jewish and Christian sects
Angel Gabriel told him – illiterate
Sister thought he was demon possessed
Polytheism of Arab merchants in Mecca
622 fled to Medina
Decade of raids on innocent Jewish/Christians
where plundered, raped, convert or die ‘
Died 632
Muslim Marauders
Caliphs – successors
Took Jerusalem in 638 and Middle East by 640
Invaded Egypt and Persia
Controlled North Africa by 700
Invaded Spain in 711
Defeated in Spain by Charles Martel in 732
Kept control of Middle East and North Africa
Weakened Byzantine empire
Divided Christianity East/West
Muslim Marauders
Success due to:
1. Christian infighting in rival factions for power
2. Christian division in doctrine - monophytism
3. Heavy taxes by Constantine
4. Military weakness of the Eastern emperor
East-West Divide
1. Language – Greek versus Latin
2. Politics – Strong emperor and military v. none
Pope becomes the emperor of the west
3. Emperor ruled absolutely over the church
versus Western Church more autonomous
4. Religious debates in the east affected the West
Seven Ecumenical Councils
325 Council of Nicea
anti-Arian creed
381 Council of Constantinople anti-Macedonian
Constantinople now #2 - the Rome of the East
431 Council of Ephesus
Nestorius, Pelagians, Theotokos,
Two natures one person
451 Council of Chalcedon
anti-monophysitism of Eutyches
553 Council of Constantinople II - Three Chapters
Theodore of Mopsuestia (& followers of Nestorius)
680 Council of Constantinople III - anti-monothelism
787 Council of Nicea – approved dulia of images versus
latria reserved alone for God
Dissident Churches
Persia – 410 autonomous church (small %)
Nestorians
A few remain today
Armenia –the first nation to become Christian
303 prior to Constantine legalizing Chr.
450 Persians attacked/ Rome no help
survived under Persians and Muslims
Ethiopia - monophysite church
Egypt - Coptic Christians – Chalcedon definition
Syria monophysite Jcobites
Eastern Orthodoxy
Moravia
Cyril and Methodius 860s
Bulgaria
archbishop to patriarch 927
Russia
950 Queen Olga converted
1240 Mongol invasion Christianity united nation
1500s Moscow the “Third Rome”
Schism of East-West
Schism of Photius 867
Patriarch Photius deposed in a political move
All West was heretical including Pope
filoque – “from the Father through the Son”
Nicene Creed alteration “and from the Son”
in Spain and France with the Franks
Pope reverts to Apostles’ Creed to avoid
Final schism of 1054 political
Charlemagne’s Restoration
Christmas Day 800
Charles, king of Franks crowned by Pope Leo III
over 30 years after he was officially king
Battles Saxons – be baptized or slaughtered
Religion – appointed bishops
preach in native languages
collect tithes – 2/3 to the poor
Sunday a day of rest
reform monasticism
school in every church
revived education
Economic Woes of Europe
Caused by:
the Arab conquests of N. Africa & Middle East
Results:
trade interrupted
money scarce
local land became the source of wealth
feudalism born where rulers repay with land
decline of centralized power
Church became powerful due to land holdings
Theology - Early Middle Ages
John Scotus Eringa c.850
Irish scholar during the Carolingians
Neoplatonic mysticism from
Dionysius the Areopagite
(almost apostolic authority from 400s)
Mozarbs (Christians under Moorish rule)
Elipandus – two sonships of Jesus
– eternal and adoption
Theology - Early Middle Ages
Gottschalk of Orbais
contrary to what you read in most books, he
taught precisely what Augustine taught on
double predestination but without Augustine’s
authority
condemned as a heretic and imprisoned
Transubstantiation – Radbertus, monk of Corbie
elements of eucharist are Christ’s body/blood
ratified by Fourth Lateran Council 1215 asa
change in substance during eucharist via priest
Norsemen – Scandinavia
Conquered widely:
England, Scotland
N. France (Normandy)
Spain, Italy
Most Scandinavians were Christians by 11th cent.
Papal Poop
False Decretals
Nicholas I - 860s
Forged for political advantage by
German bishops and lower clergy
Vested great ancient authority to the Pope
Pope Hadrian II curses King of Lorraine - dies
Pope power wars with murdering rivals
1040 Emperor Henry III deposes all 3 popes
Sacraments
Evolving to Auquinas - “the sign of a holy thing
insofar as it makes men holy”
Incarnation paradigm - embodiment of spiritual
realties in physical form
Institutional church grants sacraments
independent of the feeling of the receiver
Seven sacraments:
1. baptism 2. confirmation 3. penance
4. eucharist 5. marriage 6. extreme unction
7. ordination
Salvation is through the sacraments of the Church