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Church History and Historical Theology Week 6 Early Middle Ages Sixth – Ninth Centuries Western Roman Empire Invaded 400-700 Vandals in North Africa Arians who persecuted the Orthodox Visigoths in Spain Arians who did not persecute the Orthodox King Recared (586-601) – Nicene conversion Isidore of Seville – scholar Injustice to Jews – convert or lose spouse/child Western Roman Empire Invaded 400-700 Franks in France pagans Clovis converted after battle oath 496 Charles Martel – 1. the Hammer on Muslim invaders who had taken Spain threatening all of Europe 2. Battle of Tours 732 3. grandson was Emperor Charlemagne Western Roman Empire Invaded 400-700 Angles and Saxons pagans invaded England when Roman troops left to protect the continent Ireland St. Patrick – kidnapped as a boy to be a slave Vision to return to Ireland as a missionary Monasteries kept Christian literature alive during invasions and looting in Europe Western Roman Empire Invaded 400-700 Scotland Columba 563 monastery/ missionaries England 600 – Augustine to Kent First Archbishop of Canterbury Remains the ecclesiastical capital of England Western Roman Empire Invaded 400-700 Italy Ostrogoths Arians who persecuted for political gain Boethius imprisoned and martyred 524 defeated by emperor Justinian c.550 Lombards versus the Byzantines popes and bishops in Italy make new alliance with the Franks –will lead to Charlemagne Benedictine Monasticism Differences from Egyptian/Eastern 1. not extreme ascetics punishing the mortal body 1. solitude/meditation was not the supreme goal 2. not fighting the church hierarchy but aided Benedictine Monasticism Benedict c. 500 a monastic community for fallible humans THE RULE – became the standard in RCC 1. strict discipline without harshness 2. two good meals per day with wine 3. permanence 4. obedience to the abbot (father, abba) 5. discipline–private, public, excommunication, whipping, expulsion 6. physical labor 7. poverty 8. prayer – Psalter, 8 hours “Divine Office” Papacy Bishops of Rome No agreement on early chronological list Bishops Antioch and Alexandria more important 225 Bishop Stephen v. Cyprian (Matt.16:18) 343 Council of Sardica – allow appeal to Rome 380s Bishop Damasus – Rome’s superiority 385 First Decretal letter Bishop Siricius 450s “Pope” Leo the Great stood up to Attila the Hun outside Rome 452 negotiated Vandals not to burn Rome 455 assumed to himself “papal authority” but no one else paid attention outside of Rome Papacy 490s Bishop Gelasius I – God created emperor for secular and the Pope for ecclesiastical power 600 Gregory the Great – moral leadership 751 Pope Zacharias sanctions new king of Franks (Pepin the Short) 754 Pope Stephen II crowns Pepin king (a FIRST!) 756 King Pepin bestows land to Pope in exchange and agrees for his successors to act as protector of papacy 800 Charlemagne crowned king by Pope Leo III mutually beneficial church-state alliance Papacy Rival Bishops of Rome 498 Ostrogoths v. Constantinople violent riots in Rome to win Puppet Bishops of Rome 500s Byzantines won militarily but then lost power Lombard invasion of Rome 545 Papacy Gregory the Great Ambassador to Constantinople 580s Rome in disrepair, flood, starvation, disease Gregory elected in popular vote against his desire Appealed to Constantinople to decline this bishopric of Rome Papacy Gregory the Great’s Accomplishments Supply food Repair aqueducts for water Rebuild walls for defense Treaty with Lombards for peace Political negotiations Prolific author championed Augustine of Hippo as an infallible teacher Religious moves – clerical celibacy, purgatory, music (Gregorian chants), “servus servorum Dei” Papacy Gregory the Great– beginning of RCC theology 600 Doctrine of salvation 1. rejected irresistible grace and DUPIED 2. penance– contrition, confession, punishment 3. priestly absolution 4. purgatory help by offering mass to the dead 5. mass as Christ sacrificed anew each time 6. accepted popular superstition validates truth Papacy Bishops of Rome continued to be approved by Constantinople for another 150 years Constantinople loses western power 700s Franks defeat Lombards c.750 King Pepin grants back cities to bishop of Rome Bishops of Rome now land owners outside Rome so increased in wealth and power Stage is set for the PAPACY to begin when Charlemagne is crowned King by the Bishop of Rome Muslim Marauders Mohammed – Monotheistic Jewish and Christian sects Angel Gabriel told him – illiterate Sister thought he was demon possessed Polytheism of Arab merchants in Mecca 622 fled to Medina Decade of raids on innocent Jewish/Christians where plundered, raped, convert or die ‘ Died 632 Muslim Marauders Caliphs – successors Took Jerusalem in 638 and Middle East by 640 Invaded Egypt and Persia Controlled North Africa by 700 Invaded Spain in 711 Defeated in Spain by Charles Martel in 732 Kept control of Middle East and North Africa Weakened Byzantine empire Divided Christianity East/West Muslim Marauders Success due to: 1. Christian infighting in rival factions for power 2. Christian division in doctrine - monophytism 3. Heavy taxes by Constantine 4. Military weakness of the Eastern emperor East-West Divide 1. Language – Greek versus Latin 2. Politics – Strong emperor and military v. none Pope becomes the emperor of the west 3. Emperor ruled absolutely over the church versus Western Church more autonomous 4. Religious debates in the east affected the West Seven Ecumenical Councils 325 Council of Nicea anti-Arian creed 381 Council of Constantinople anti-Macedonian Constantinople now #2 - the Rome of the East 431 Council of Ephesus Nestorius, Pelagians, Theotokos, Two natures one person 451 Council of Chalcedon anti-monophysitism of Eutyches 553 Council of Constantinople II - Three Chapters Theodore of Mopsuestia (& followers of Nestorius) 680 Council of Constantinople III - anti-monothelism 787 Council of Nicea – approved dulia of images versus latria reserved alone for God Dissident Churches Persia – 410 autonomous church (small %) Nestorians A few remain today Armenia –the first nation to become Christian 303 prior to Constantine legalizing Chr. 450 Persians attacked/ Rome no help survived under Persians and Muslims Ethiopia - monophysite church Egypt - Coptic Christians – Chalcedon definition Syria monophysite Jcobites Eastern Orthodoxy Moravia Cyril and Methodius 860s Bulgaria archbishop to patriarch 927 Russia 950 Queen Olga converted 1240 Mongol invasion Christianity united nation 1500s Moscow the “Third Rome” Schism of East-West Schism of Photius 867 Patriarch Photius deposed in a political move All West was heretical including Pope filoque – “from the Father through the Son” Nicene Creed alteration “and from the Son” in Spain and France with the Franks Pope reverts to Apostles’ Creed to avoid Final schism of 1054 political Charlemagne’s Restoration Christmas Day 800 Charles, king of Franks crowned by Pope Leo III over 30 years after he was officially king Battles Saxons – be baptized or slaughtered Religion – appointed bishops preach in native languages collect tithes – 2/3 to the poor Sunday a day of rest reform monasticism school in every church revived education Economic Woes of Europe Caused by: the Arab conquests of N. Africa & Middle East Results: trade interrupted money scarce local land became the source of wealth feudalism born where rulers repay with land decline of centralized power Church became powerful due to land holdings Theology - Early Middle Ages John Scotus Eringa c.850 Irish scholar during the Carolingians Neoplatonic mysticism from Dionysius the Areopagite (almost apostolic authority from 400s) Mozarbs (Christians under Moorish rule) Elipandus – two sonships of Jesus – eternal and adoption Theology - Early Middle Ages Gottschalk of Orbais contrary to what you read in most books, he taught precisely what Augustine taught on double predestination but without Augustine’s authority condemned as a heretic and imprisoned Transubstantiation – Radbertus, monk of Corbie elements of eucharist are Christ’s body/blood ratified by Fourth Lateran Council 1215 asa change in substance during eucharist via priest Norsemen – Scandinavia Conquered widely: England, Scotland N. France (Normandy) Spain, Italy Most Scandinavians were Christians by 11th cent. Papal Poop False Decretals Nicholas I - 860s Forged for political advantage by German bishops and lower clergy Vested great ancient authority to the Pope Pope Hadrian II curses King of Lorraine - dies Pope power wars with murdering rivals 1040 Emperor Henry III deposes all 3 popes Sacraments Evolving to Auquinas - “the sign of a holy thing insofar as it makes men holy” Incarnation paradigm - embodiment of spiritual realties in physical form Institutional church grants sacraments independent of the feeling of the receiver Seven sacraments: 1. baptism 2. confirmation 3. penance 4. eucharist 5. marriage 6. extreme unction 7. ordination Salvation is through the sacraments of the Church