* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Quick Review
Survey
Document related concepts
History of geomagnetism wikipedia , lookup
Spherical Earth wikipedia , lookup
Composition of Mars wikipedia , lookup
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Air well (condenser) wikipedia , lookup
Atmospheric optics wikipedia , lookup
History of Earth wikipedia , lookup
Geochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Age of the Earth wikipedia , lookup
History of geology wikipedia , lookup
Large igneous province wikipedia , lookup
Plate tectonics wikipedia , lookup
Tectonic–climatic interaction wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Notes A. Earth’s Interior and Plate Tectonics 1) Earth’s major layers Crust: ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Mantle: _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Core: ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Lithosphere:___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Asthenosphere: _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 2) Earth gets warmer with ____________________ 3) Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener noticed that_______________________________ _____________________________________________________ Continental drift: continents used form one massive landform called ______________________________ Lithosphere: Made of __________large pieces called ____________ _______________ which fit together like a puzzle Plate tectonics describe the ________________________________ _______________________ in relation to each other; the plates of the lithosphere float on top of the _____________________ 4) Divergent plate boundaries Plates ______________________________, creating a gap between them Magma rises from the _________________________ and cools, forming new _____________________ rock Mid-oceanic ridges are undersea mountain ridges that form at ______________________________________________________ Mid-Atlantic Ridge is located underneath the __________________ ______________________________________________________ 5) Convergent plate boundaries Plates _______________________ _____________ plates move underneath _________ ____________ plates Oceanic-continental plate boundary Oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary Continental-continental boundary ______________________: the process in which a tectonic plate dives beneath another tectonic plate and into the asthenosphere Forms ___________________________, ________________, and ___________________ Ex: Andes mountains – oceanic plate diving beneath a continental plate Ex: Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean and the Peru-Chili Trench Ex: Himalayas are the tallest mountains in the world – collision between the Indian and Asian plates 6) Transform Faults Boundaries When rocks move _________________________________________ _____________________________ at faults along plate boundaries Earthquakes occur at fault zones Ex: __________________________________ B. Earthquakes and Volcanoes 1) Earthquakes Vibrations in the earth when __________________________ _________________________________________________ Occur mostly at _______________ _______________________ As the rock breaks, energy is released as ________________ ____________________ that shake the earth _____________: the area along the fault at which slippage first occurs ________________: the point on the surface immediately above the focus Earthquake waves travel in _________ directions from the focus and ____________ _____________ as shock waves ________________________: the study of earthquakes __________________ ______________: expresses the relative magnitude of earthquakes; a measure of the energy released at the focus; each step represents a 10x increase 2) Volcanoes An opening in Earth’s crust resulting from the movement of tectonic plates Occur at __________________ plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Ocean (Ring of Fire) Occur at divergent plate boundaries as well: ________________ sits on the _______________________ _______________ Occur at hot spots in the middle of plates, eg. Hawaii PHYSICAL SCIENCE Earth Science activity: On the maps provided, add the following using different colored pencils: 1. Draw, label and color the 7 main plates: Pacific plate; North American plate; South American plate; African plate; Eurasian plate; Australian-Indian plate; Nazca plate 2. With clearly visible black arrows, indicate the relative motion of the plates. Are they moving apart, moving together, or sliding past each other? 3. Draw and label the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 4. Draw and label the Mariana Trench and the Peru-Chili Trench 5. Indicate the location of most of the known earthquakes 6. Indicate the location of most of the known volcanoes 7. Label the Ring of Fire 8. Indicate the San Andreas Fault CHAPTER 18: THE ATMOSPHERE UNIT 3 -- NOTES CONT… C. Characteristics of the Atmosphere 78% _________________ and 21 % ________________ Layers of the atmosphere: 1) Troposphere Layer ______________________________________ where most of the _______________________ occurs Around ________ miles thick Greatest _______________ due to the weight of all the layers above Troposphere gets _________ and ______ dense with increasing altitude Cool air is more dense than warmer air, and can sometimes get trapped by warmer layers above ______________ ___________ 2) Stratosphere Layer ________ the troposphere Extends to about _______ miles Very little water vapor, so no _________ __________ layer absorbs solar radiation, so the stratosphere actually gets _____________ with increasing altitude Ozone shields the earth from the sun’s harmful ________________ ____________ 3) Mesosphere Located above the _______________ Temperatures ____________ as you go higher, so this is the ___________ layer of the atmosphere 31 – ____ miles 4) Thermosphere 50 – ________ miles molecules are very far apart due to the much lower effect of _____________ very _______ temperatures (18000F) because of intense solar radiation Ionosphere: the region of the lower thermosphere and upper mesosphere where _________________________________________________ form; these electrons reflect __________ ______________ and make radio transmissions possible ______________ _______________: energy from the sun hits the molecules in the ionosphere, give them energy, and as they fall back to their original energy levels, photons of light are transmitted. Changes in the earth’s atmosphere: plants produce __________ through photosynthesis animals and people exhale __________________, which plants use for photosynthesis ____________ (chlorofluorocarbons) destroy the ozone in the upper stratosphere ______________ _______________: CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels traps heat and results in global warming Effects of global warming: 1) melting of polar ice caps; 2) rise in sea level; 3) loss of coastal areas; 4) disruption of ocean currents; 5) dramatic weather changes; 6) stronger and more frequent hurricanes; 7) species extinction; 8) coral bleaching D. Water and Wind 1) Water cycle: ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______________________ and ____________________________ (the evaporation of water through pores in a plant’s leaves) restores water to the atmosphere _____________________: Water vapor rises with warm air (less dense than cold air) until the air is cool enough to change the vapor into tiny droplets we call clouds When the clouds get heavy enough, ___________________ in the form of rain, snow, or hail returns the water to the earth’s surface 2) Humidity: __________________________________________________ 3) Dew point: _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 4) Clouds: alto-cumulus - Middle-level, medium-sized puffy clouds. alto-stratus - Middle-level, layered clouds. cirro-cumulus - High-altitude, small, wispy, patchy, puffy clouds. cirro-stratus - High-altitude, thin, wispy clouds in layers. cirrus - High-altitude, thin, wispy clouds. cumulo-nimbus- Large, dense, towering clouds that cause thunderstorms. cumulus - Low, puffy clouds. fog - Ground-hugging clouds. nimbo-stratus - Low, dark, rain cloud. stratus - Low, layered, horizontal, wispy clouds with a flat base. strato-cumulus - Low clouds, broad and flat on the bottom, puffy on top (higher than cumulus and lower than altocumulus). 5) Barometric pressure: air pressure; atmospheric pressure; pressure due to the ________________________________________________________ 6) Winds: the movement of air from a _________________________ area to a ______________________________ area 7) ________________ ______________: the effect of the Earth’s rotation on the direction of wind. The earth rotates from __________ to ________. Different latitudes spin at different ______________ as the earth rotates. The Coriolis effect causes the winds to ______________. The Northeast trade winds curve _________________ while the Southeast trade winds curve ______________________. Winds are named from the ____________________ in which they originate. Winds from the west are called _________________________ and winds from the east are called ________________ _________________________. 8) When rising hot air is coupled with sinking colder air, it creates a circulation ____________. ____________ ____________. The best known cell is called the C. Minerals and Rocks (Chapter 17.3) Notes Three Types of Rocks: 1) __________________: a type of rock formed when magma cools and crystallizes below or on the surface of the earth (obsidian, basalt, granite) 2) __________________: a type of rock formed when horizontal layers of sediment harden into solid rock at or just below the earth’s surface (sandstone, shale, limestone) 3) ___________________: a type of rock formed by the squeezing and heating of rocks deep below the surface of the earth (limestone marble; shale slate) The Rock Cycle: the sequence of events in which rocks are weathered, altered and reshaped into different types of rocks 1. Igneous rocks: Magma cools deep below the earth’s surface to form crystalline granite. Lava flows out onto the surface of the Earth to create fine-grained basalt. 2. Sedimentary rocks: Weathering and erosion of the igneous rock can then create layers of sediments that become solid rock due to pressure of the layers above. 3. Metamorphic rock: When sedimentary layers get subducted beneath another tectonic plate, the heat and pressure deep within the earth change the material that enters the asthenosphere into metamorphic rock. 4. So, all rocks can become a different rock type as time goes on. Plate tectonics is a mechanism by which all the rock of the earth is gradually recycled over time. Over the course of millions of years, rocks are constantly created, destroyed and transformed. D. Weathering and Erosion (Chapter 17.4) Weathering: __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ a) _________________ ______________________ just breaks the rocks into smaller pieces but does not alter the chemical composition (ex: ice and plants) b) ___________________ ______________________ alters the actual chemical composition of the rock (stalagtites in caves; acid rain) Erosion: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Deposition: __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ E. Weather and Climate Meteorologists predict the weather by studying the ________________ and ___________________________ of warmer and cooler air masses Front: where a ____________ ___________ _____________ meets a ____________ _____________ _______________. Warm front: a mass of warm air moves toward and __________ a slower mass of cold air; as the warm air rises it forms _____________ and ___________________ Cold front: A mass of cold air moves ________________ a slow mass of warm air and _____________ it up; as the warm air rises ______________, it forms thunder clouds. Lightning: water droplets and ice crystals build up ______________ _______________; when the charge is different from that of a nearby cloud or the earth, sparks jump between the two to ______________ the charge _____________________: noise when electrical charges move through the air Tornadoes: funnels of __________________ _________________ _____________ that extend downwards from thunderclouds (300 mph); warm humid air rises and more warm air rushes in to replace it; begins to rotate as it rises and forms a funnel; sucks objects upward as air rises through its center. Hurricanes (North America and Caribbean): also called cyclones (Indian Ocean) and typhoons (western Pacific); warm ocean water ___________ and vapor _____________ to form intense ________________ _________________ called tropical depressions; large circulating masses of clouds, winds and rain; speeds from 71 mi/hr to 155 mi/hr; eye of the hurricane is ______________. __________________: the average weather conditions Temperatures are __________________ at the equator because the ____________ of the sun’s incoming rays are more __________________ than at the poles The earth’s ___________ (23.5o) and _____________________ around the sun account for the seasons, NOT the distance between the earth and the sun Sea breeze: warm air _____________ over the land and cooler air moves from the ocean to the land; occurs during the _____________ Land breeze: warm air __________ from the ocean at ______________ and cooler air from the land moves out to sea ______________________: the rise and fall of a land surface; the ups and downs; large affect on __________________; tall mountains force air to _______________ over them, cooling and forming _____________. This gives rise to summer __________________ storms. not stop _______________ well. Broad flat plains do This mixing of wind produces ______________________ and __________________________.