Download Body Cavities and Membranes

The Human Body
An Overview
An Overview of Anatomy
O Anatomy - The study of the structure
of the human body
O Physiology - The study of body
function
The Hierarchy of Structural
Organization
O Chemical level – atoms form molecules
O Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits
O Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common
function
O Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more
than one tissue
O Organ system – organs working together for a common
purpose
O Organism level – the result of all simpler levels working
in unison
The Hierarchy of Structural
Organization
Figure 1.1
The Integumentary System
O Forms external body
covering
O Protects deeper tissues
from injury
O Synthesizes vitamin D
O Site of cutaneous
receptors
O (pain, pressure, etc.)
and sweat and oil
glands
The Skeletal System
O Protects and
supports body
organs
O Provides a
framework for
muscles
O Blood cells formed
within bones
O Stores minerals
The Muscular System
O Allows
manipulation of
environment
O Movement
O Facial expression
O Maintains
posture
O Produces heat
The Nervous System
O Fast-acting control
system
O Responds to internal
and external
changes
The Endocrine System
O Glands secrete
hormones that
regulate
O Growth
O Reproduction
O Nutrient use
The Cardiovascular System
O Blood vessels transport
blood
O Carries oxygen and
carbon dioxide
O Also carries nutrients
and wastes
O Heart pumps blood
through blood vessels
The Lymphatic System
O Picks up fluid leaked
from blood vessels
O Disposes of debris in
the lymphatic system
O Houses white blood
cells (lymphocytes)
O Mounts attack against
foreign substances in
the body
The Respiratory System
O Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen
O Removes carbon
dioxide
O Gas exchange occurs
through walls of air
sacs in the lungs
The Digestive System
O Breaks down food
into absorbable
units
O Indigestible
foodstuffs
eliminated as
feces
The Urinary System
O Eliminates
nitrogenous wastes
O Regulates water,
electrolyte, and acidbase balance
Reproductive System
O
O
O
O
Overall function is to produce offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk
Gross Anatomy – An
Introduction
 Anatomical position – a
common visual reference
point
 Person stands erect with
feet together and eyes
forward
 Palms face anteriorly with
the thumbs pointed away
from the body
Figure 1.3
Gross Anatomy – An
Introduction
 Regional terms – names of specific body areas
 Axial region – the main axis of the body
 Appendicular region – the limbs
 Directional terminology
 Refers to the body in anatomical position
 Standardized terms of directions are paired
terms
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Regional Terms
Body Planes and Sections
O Coronal (frontal) plane -
Lies vertically and divides
body into anterior and
posterior parts
O Median (midsagittal) plane
- Specific sagittal plane
that lies vertically in the
midline
Body Planes and Sections
O Transverse plane - runs
horizontally and divides body
into superior and inferior
parts
Body Cavities and Membranes
O Dorsal body cavity
O Cavity subdivided into
the cranial cavity and
the vertebral cavity.
O Cranial cavity
houses the brain.
O Vertebral cavity
runs through the
vertebral column
and encloses the
spinal cord
Body Cavities and Membranes
O Ventral body cavity
O Thoracic cavity
O Pleural cavity
O Pericardial cavity
O Mediastinum
O Abdominopelvic cavity
O Abdominal cavity
O Pelvic cavity
Body Cavities and Membranes
Other Body Cavities
O Oral cavity
O Nasal cavity
O Orbital cavities
Abdominal Regions
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
Abdominal Quadrants
O Abdominal
quadrants divide the
abdomen into four
quadrants