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Species Relationships • Feeding relationships • Autotrophs Vs. Heterotrophs • Autotrophs are things that make their own food – Examples- plants • Heterotrophs eat others** for food – Examples- monkeys & humans "I MUST BE A HETEROTROPH I CAN'T MAKE THESE !!" Carnivores and Scavengers • Heterotrophs which eat other heterotrophs – Carnivore= meat eaters – Examples= lion • Some animals do not kill their own food they are called scavengers – They play a beneficial role in ecosystem. – Clean up dead animals • Examples= turkey vulture Herbivores • Herbivores eat plants Omnivores & Decomposers • Omnivores- eat both • Examples= humans & bears • Fungus is an example of decomposer. • Decomposers break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms. Detritivores • Detritivores eat “garbage” of ecosystem – organisms that have recently dies, fallen leaves and branches, animal wastes (vulture, bacteria and fungi - decomposers) Relationships for survival • Symbiosis – “living together” – Relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of a different species • • • • Commensalism The predator-prey relationship Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism • One species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed – Barnacles on a whale • Do not harm or help whale • Barnacles benefit because constant moving water source Predators vs prey • One organisms hunts another for food – Predators- hunt for food – Prey- organism that predator eats – Predators can be the prey of larger animals • Population sizes are linked – If # of prey grows or shrinks # of supported predators does the same Predator- Prey • • • • Hunter Lions Insect eating birds Benefit from relationship • • • • Hunted Zebra Insects Die from relationship Predator & prey • When the # of prey increases the # of predators will increase too because there is more food to support them. The changing population size of the prey species controls the population size of the predator species – Creates a cycle • The larger the animal the larger the life cycle vs smaller animals –Live longer –Reproduce slower Predator vs prey • Fox hunts can kills rabbit Mutualism • A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit – Ants and acacia tree – Flowers and insects – Lichen – Example: pollination – bees, butterflies, bats, and birds carry pollen to other plants Mutualism • Lichens • An alga and a fungus – depend on each other and cannot live independently. • Through photosynthesis, the alga produces the food the lichen requires, while the fungus absorbs vital nutrients and water for the lichen. Parasitism • When one organism harms another – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism derives benefit at the expense of other. – Example • Parasite and host… –How come parasites only harm not kill host? Parasite vs Host • Feeds on host • Live on body of host • Depends on host for life processes • Thrive in crowded areas • Are a density-dependent limiting factor • Is feed on • Larger the host the more parasites it can support • May become ill or die from parasite Parasites • Sheep Tick • Carnivorous, feeding on the blood of various species of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including human beings. Summary of symbiotic relationships Relationship Description Harmful vs helpful Example Predator & prey One animal eats another One is helped one is killed Cat eating a mouse Parasitism One animals One is helped feeds off another one is drained of resources or killed Tick living off a deer Commensalism One species benefits from another One is helped one is not phased Barnacles and a whale Mutualism Both rely on each other Both are helped Flower and insect Competition • Results from niche overlap (use of the same limited resource by two or more species) – Some animals will fight to the death for their resources – Some plants species release toxins into the soil that prevent other species from growing nearby, restricting the space of the other species
