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Arkansas Northeastern College
Departmental Course Syllabus: Anatomy and Physiology II and Lab
BI 24023 / BI 24031
I.
Course Catalog Description
This course is a continuation of the study of the structure and function of the human body. The structure and function of
the nervous system, sense organs, and the endocrine, circulatory, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and
reproductive systems will be covered. The Lab extends the concepts of the lecture concepts. Anatomy & Physiology II (BI
24023) must be taken concurrently with Anatomy & Physiology II Lab (BI 24031)
II.
Course Rationale: The natural sciences provide the opportunity for the development of independent, creative, and logical
thinking while they enhance one’s understanding of the effects of the sciences upon the individual, society and the
environment. The information gained from studies in the biological and physical sciences is based upon acute observations,
experimentation, and arriving ad logical conclusions. The decision-making processes that are used daily in coping with life in a
modern society are basically those practiced in all science classes. The historical development of this logical process is an
integral part of each science class, and as such, provides the individual with a foundation for continued personal growth.
III.
Course Objectives – At the end of this course, the student should be able to:
 Implement a substantial vocabulary in anatomical terminology and physiological processes through written and oral
communications.
 Differentiate diseases based on structural abnormalities and identify their physiological consequences.
 Demonstrate a working knowledge of the scientific method and apply acute observational skills.
 Implement and use proper techniques in using a compound light microscope.
 Implement and use aseptic techniques used in handling biohazard materials.
 Implement and use and proper dissection techniques.
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Course Prerequisites
A grade of C or better in Anatomy & Physiology I (BI 24003) and Anatomy & Physiology I Lab (BI 24011).
V.
Required Texts and Materials
Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th Edition with access code for online supplemental materials (IF YOU PURCHASE A USED
BOOK THEN YOU MUST PURCHASE THE ACCESS CODE SEPARATELY). The access code must be the new access code with the 8th
edition textbook.
Elaine N. Marieb
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual (fetal pig version), 9th Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
VI.
Supplementary (Optional) Texts and Materials
Colored Pencils
The Anatomy Coloring Book
Wynn Kapit and Lawrence M. Elson
Canfield Press/Harper & Row Publishers
Grades of "Incomplete":
The current College policy concerning incomplete grades will be followed in this course. Incomplete grades are given only in
situations where unexpected emergencies prevent a student from completing the course and the remaining work can be
completed the next semester. Your instructor is the final authority on whether you qualify for an incomplete. Incomplete
work must be finished by mid-term of the subsequent semester or the “I” will automatically be recorded as an “F” on your
transcript.
VII.
Course Policies: Technology and Media
Email: Arkansas Northeastern College has partnered with Google to host email addresses for ANC students. myANCmail
accounts are created for each student enrolled in the current semester and is the email address your instructor will use to
communicate with you. Access your email account by going to http://mail.google.com/a/smail.anc.edu and using your first
and last names, separated by a period for your username. Your default password is the last six digits of your Student ID. If
you cannot access your student email, contact the MITS department at 762-1020 ext 1150 or ext 1207 or send an email to
[email protected].
Internet: This course has a web component on myANC.
MyANC is the web component for this course. Online lectures are presented through Camtasia. If a student misses one or
more lectures, the material may be viewed through these lectures. They can be watched as many times as the student
needs. Lecture handouts, study guides, and other supplemental material is on the MyANC Portal homepage of the Anatomy
& Physiology II course.
Classroom Devices:
Calculators are not required for lecture or lab. Digital recorders are acceptable for taping the lecture materials. CELL
PHONES, BEEPERS, PAGERS, OR ANY OTHER ELECTRONIC OR COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE MUST BE TURNED OFF, PLACED ON
SILENT OR VIBRATE AND PUT AWAY DURING CLASS. IF A PHONE, ETC., GOES OFF OR IS VISIBLE DURING CLASS YOU WILL BE
ASKED TO LEAVE IMMEDIATELY!!! If you need your phone turned on because of an
emergency situation, please talk to me before class or the above policy will apply.
Classroom Response Clickers:
At this time, classroom response clickers are not required or used. This does not mean
that they will not be utilized in future semester lectures.
Computer Labs: In addition to general-purpose classrooms, a number of computer
laboratories are provided for
instructional and student use. These networked laboratories are state-of-the-art and
fully equipped with
computers, printers, Internet connections and the latest software. The labs are open to
students enrolled in one or more credit hours at the College.
Technology Support: A lab assistant is generally present in the computer lab in B202 for assistance in
using the College computers. These assistants cannot help you with course assignments; specific questions regarding the
technology requirements for each course should be directed to the instructor of the course. Problems with myANC or
College email accounts should be addressed by email to [email protected].
VIII.
Course Policies: Student Expectations
Disability Access: Arkansas Northeastern College is committed to providing reasonable accommodations for all persons
with disabilities. This First Day Handout is available in alternate formats upon request. Students with disabilities who need
accommodations in this course must contact the instructor at the beginning of the semester to discuss needed
accommodations. No accommodations will be provided until the student has met with the instructor to request
accommodations. Students who need accommodations must be registered with Johnny Moore in Statehouse Hall, 762-3180.
Attendance Policy:
Students who do not attend class(es) by the 10th day of a fall or spring semester or by the 5th day of a summer term will be
reported by the instructor to the Registrar’s Office as a “No Show.”Attendance is not a requirement for this course.
Attendance will be taken for purposes of the final rosters. As a courtesy, please let your instructor know if you have decided
to drop the course. Unless you notify your instructor you will continue to receive emails concerning the course.
Professionalism Policy:
Per classroom etiquette: mobile phones, iPods, etc. must be silenced during all classroom and lab lectures. Those not
heeding this rule will be asked to leave the classroom/lab immediately so as to not disrupt the learning environment. Please
arrive on time for all class meetings. If you know ahead of time that you will be late, please contact the instructor ahead of
time and provide that information.
Academic Integrity Policy:
Academic dishonesty in any form will not be tolerated. If you are uncertain as to what constitutes academic dishonesty,
please consult the Academic Integrity Policy in ANC’s Student Handbook (http://www.anc.edu/docs/anc_handbook.pdf) for
further details. Students are expected to do their own work. Plagiarism, using the words of others without express
permission or proper citation, will not be tolerated. Any cheating (giving or receiving) or other dishonest activity will, at a
minimum, result in a zero on that test or assignment and may be referred, at the discretion of the instructor, to the
Department Chair and/or Vice President of Instruction for further action.
Learning Assistance Center: The Learning Assistance Center (LAC) is a free resource for ANC students. The LAC provides
drop-in assistance, computer tutorials and audio/visual aids to students who need help in academic areas. Learning labs
offer individualized instruction in the areas of mathematics, reading, writing, vocabulary development and college study
methods. Tutorial services are available on an individual basis for those having difficulty with instructional materials. The
LAC also maintains a shelf of free materials addressing specific problems, such as procedures for writing essays and term
papers, punctuation reviews, and other useful materials.
For more information, visit the LAC website at
http://www.anc.edu/LAC or stop by room L104 in the Adams/Vines Library Complex.
Other Student Support Services: Many departments are ready to assist you reach your educational goals. Be sure to check
with your advisor; the Learning Assistance Center, Room L104; Student Support Services, Room S145; and Student Success,
Room L101 to find the right type of support for you.
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Unit and Instructional Objectives
Chapter Twelve: The Central Nervous System
RATIONALE: The central nervous system is one division of the nervous system. It is composed of the brain and spinal
cord and carries out vital, life-sustaining functions as well as integrating input/output from other nervous system
divisions. It is crucial that students have a strong working knowledge of the CNS. All divisions of the nervous system
have basic structures and functions in common.
Discuss the major events in the brain development of an embryo.
Given a diagram, model or dissected brain, be able to identify the regions of the brain, the ventricles of the brain, the lobes
of the brain, and major structures of the brain.
Identify the three functions of the functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
Given a sagittal section diagram of a brain, be able to identify and name the major cerebral cortexes and their respective
functions.
Discuss cerebral lateralization of the brain.
Differentiate between the three types of fiber tracts found in the cerebrum in terms of function and location.
Define basal nuclei and identify its function.
Given the diencephalon, be able to identify its subdivisions/structures and their respective functions.
Given the hypothalamus, be able to identify its structures and their respective functions.
Given the brain stem, be able to identify its subdivisions/structures and their respective functions.
Given the cerebellum, be able to identify its structures and their respective functions.
Identify the limbic system and reticular formation and explain their functions.
Given an electroencephalogram, identify the four major brain waves and characteristics of each one.
Identify the specific bones that protect the brain and spinal cord.
Discuss the meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord and their structure and function.
Discuss cerebrospinal fluid composition, formation, circulation and functions.
17. Given a crossectional diagram of the spinal cord, be able to identify the structures, their compostion, and their functions.
18. Given a crossectional diagram of the spinal cord, be able to identify the fasiculi by name, location, origin/termination points,
and function.
19. Given an ascending pathway, be able to identify the structural components, their locations and functions.
20. Given a descending pathway, be able to identify the structural components, their locations and functions.
21. Given the CNS disorders of Alzheimer’s disease, CVA, and TIA, be able to identify the cause (if any), symptoms, diagnosis, risk
factors, treatment and prevention of these diseases.
22. Given the spinal cord disorders of paresthesia, tabes dorsalis, paralysis, and polio, be able to identify the cause, symptoms,
diagnosis, risk factors, treatment and prevention of these diseases.
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Chapter Thirteen: The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity
RATIONALE: The Peripheral Nervous System is a continuation of the study of the nervous system. This system provides
the input of sensory information to the CNS and the output of motor responses from the CNS.
Define sensory receptor and explain how it is a biological transducer.
Given any sensory receptor, be able to classify it according to location, type of stimulus detected, and complexity of
structure.
Describe the physiology of how a sensory receptor responds to a stimulus.
Define adaptation and relate its importance in the function of the nervous system.
Define reflex and identify the reason for assessing reflex function.
Identify the components of a reflex arc and their respective functions.
Given any reflex, be able to identify it as monosynaptic/polysynaptic, ipsilateral/contralateral, segmental/intersegmental,
somatic/autonomic, and cranial/spinal.
Given any reflex, be able to identify the sensory receptors stimulated, the muscles stimulated/inhibited, and differentiate
between an normal/abnormal response.
Define nerve, describe its structure and differentiate between somatic/visceral afferent fibers and somatic/visceral efferent
fibers.
Given any cranial nerve, be able to identify its function, location and exit from the cranium, type of nerve fibers, sensory
pathway, most common disorders, and how to test each nerve.
Define spinal nerve, anterior rami, posterior rami, and nerve plexus.
Given a nerve plexus, be able to identify its structure, function, and major peripheral nerves formed from the plexus.
Differentiate between neuritis, neuralgia, and sciatica.
Define dermatomes and identify their importance to diagnosis of sensory nerve disorders.
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Chapter Fourteen: The Autonomic Nervous System
RATIONALE: The Autonomic Nervous System is another division of the nervous system. This function of this division is
to send motor responses to involuntary effectors. It is crucial that students understand that these responses involve all
body systems and are vital responses for life-sustaining activites in the human body.
Compare and contrast the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Identify the structural components of the ANS in regard to neuron structures and location of those structures.
Differentiate between sympathetic trunk ganglia, collateral ganglia, and terminal ganglia.
Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers.
Differentiate between receptors sites for acetylcholine and epinephrine.
Identify the receptor sites of the heart, how they function and why a patient would need betablockers.
Compare and contrast responses of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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Chapter Fifteen: The Special Senses
RATIONALE: The special senses are the last portion of the nervous system. They focus on the complex sensory receptors
that make up the majority of sensory input into the CNS. It is crucial that the student understand the complexity of these
receptors and the amount of sensory information they transmit.
Given the mechanism of taste, be able to identify the sensory receptor, the structure and location of the sensory receptor,
the sensory pathway, and the function of the sensory receptor.
Given the mechanism of smell, be able to identify the sensory receptor, the structure and location of the sensory receptor,
the sensory pathway, and the function of the sensory receptor.
Given a saggital section diagram of the eye, be able to identify the structures and their respective functions
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Describe the anatomy of the retina and the physiological events involved in the stimulation of the photoreceptors and
conduction of the sensory information through the afferent pathway to the brain.
Identify the refracting media of the eye.
Discuss the physiology of emmetropia, hypertropia and myopia.
Define presbyopia, astigmatism, cataracts, and colorblindness.
Discuss the advantage of binocular vision in humans.
Discuss the results of damage to the afferent pathways of the eye.
Given a coronal sectional diagram of the ear, be able to identify the structures and their respective functions.
Describe the anatomy of the Organ of Corti and the physiological events involved in the stimulation of the Organ of Corti and
conduction of the sensory information through the afferent pathway to the brain.
Differentiate between the loudness of sound and sound intensity.
Differentiate between conductive and sensorineural deafness.
Discuss the causes and treatment of tinnitus.
Identify the sensory receptors for static and dynamic equilibrium and how they function.
Chapter Sixteen: The Endocrine System
RATIONALE: The endocrine system is the system that regulates body functions with hormones. It is crucial that students
understand that the nervous system mediates the functions of the endocrine system to regulate body functions.
Given any endocrine gland, be able to identify its location, hormones produced, the function of the hormones, and any
homeostatic disorders of the hormones.
Describe the relationship between hormones, target cells and receptor sites.
Differentiate between the terms hormone, parahormone, neurohormone, neurotransmitter, and neuromodulator.
Differentiate between amino acid based hormones and steroid based hormones.
Identify the three different degrees of response of a target cell to a hormone.
Identify six possible physiological responses of a target cell to a hormone.
Differentiate between membrane bound receptor sites to intracellular receptor sites and how each result in a change in cell
function.
Identify the three ways in which an endocrine gland is stimulated to release hormones.
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Chapter Seventeen: Blood
RATIONALE: The circulatory system is a complex system composed of the blood, heart and blood vessels. This chapter
discusses the blood composition and functions. It is crucial for students to understand the blood, how it is formed, and
its functions as they relate to life-sustaining activities of the human body.
Discuss the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood.
List the six general functions of blood.
Discuss the composition and functions of plasma.
Given an erythrocyte, identify its structural characteristics, function, normal numbers, abnormal numbers and disorders, and
genesis.
Given a leucocyte, identify the five different leucocytes, their structural characteristics, function, normal numbers, abnormal
numbers and disorders, and genesis.
Given a platelet, identify the structural characteristics, function, normal numbers, abnormal numbers and disorders, and
genesis.
Discuss the six major types of anemia, how to test for anemia, and how to treat anemia.
Discuss hematopoiesis.
Discuss hemostasis and the three ways in which it is accomplished.
Discuss the chemical process of coagulation.
Discuss how intravascular clots can form and how to treat them.
Discuss different causes of bleeding disorders.
Identify the four major blood types in respect to the absence/presence of antibodies on the rbc surface.
Discuss the importance of blood type in transfusions and pregnant women.
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Chapter Eighteen: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
RATIONALE: The heart is the pump of the cardiovascular system. It is crucial that students understand the proper
functioning of the heart and the effects of a poorly functioning hearts in regards to the health of the body.
Be able to identify the normal size and specific location of the heart in the human body.
Identify the name, composition, and function of the three coverings of the heart.
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Identify the internal and external structures of the heart and their respective functions.
Differentiate between systemic, coronary, and pulmonary circulations of the heart.
Identify the sequential structures involved in all three circulations of the heart.
Identify oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Describe the structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle cells and explain how they differ from skeletal muscle
cells.
Describe the anatomical structures involved in the conduction system of the heart and list the physiological events involved
in this system.
Differentiate between the following dysrhythmias: complete heart block, incomplete heart block, fibrillation, and an ectopic
pacemaker.
Given a diagram of an ECG, be able to identify the deflection waves and what they represent.
Define a cardiac cycle and depict the sequential physiological events of the cardiac cycle in terms of electrical charges and
pressure changes.
Describe normal heart sounds and what physiological event that occurs to create the sounds.
Discuss the following types of murmurs: stenosis and valvular incompetency.
Define cardiac output verbally and mathematically.
Given a patient heart rate and stroke volume, calculate the cardiac output and total heart output of the patient.
Identify major factors in regulation of heart rate and stroke volume.
Discuss congestive heart failure in regards to risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Discuss coronary anastomoses.
Discuss the four major causes of coronary circulation impairment and their impact of the function of the heart and the
human body.
Chapter Nineteen: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
RATIONALE: The blood vessels complete the circulatory system. The blood vessels connect to the heart and form a
closed system with blood flowing through them. It is crucial that students understand that the blood vessels not only
provide a pathway for blood flow but that they affect blood pressure and other life-sustaining activities of the human
body.
Sequentially list the blood vessels involved in blood flow from the heart and back to it.
Describe the three tunics that typically form the wall of a blood vessel and state the function of each.
Identify the three different types of arteries, their composition, and their functions.
Identify the structure and function of the capillaries.
Identify the structure and function of the veins.
Compare and contrast the structure and function of veins and arteries.
Differentiate between vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
Define blood flow, blood pressure, and peripheral resistance, and explain the relationships between these factors in regards
to blood flow.
List and explain the factors that influence blood pressure regulation.
Define hypertension and describe the symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hypertension.
Define edema.
Differentiate and describe the characteristics of the five major types of shock.
Define pulse pressure and its importance in identifying arteriosclerosis.
Chapter Twenty: The Lymphatic System
RATIONALE: The lymphatic system is a complex system that assists the blood vascular system and in the immunity of the
human body. It is crucial that students understand how extensive the role of immunity is throughout the body systems.
Discuss the four major functions of the lymphatic system.
Describe the structure, function, and distribution of the lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic collecting vessels, lymphatic trunks,
and lymphatic ducts.
Describe the source of lymph and the mechanisms of lymph transport.
Describe the general location, structure, and function of the lymphoid cells, lymphoid tissue, and lymph organs.
Describe the general location and function of the five major lymph organs.
Chapter Twenty-Two: The Respiratory System
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RATIONALE: The respiratory system is responsible for delivering oxygen to and removing carbon dioxide from the
circulatory system. It is crucial for students to understand the relationship between these two systems and to also
understand that this process must be continual or life ceases to exist in a matter of minutes.
List the general function of the respiratory system.
Identify the organs and specific structures and functions, in descending order of the conducting zone of the respiratory
system.
Identify the organs and specific structures and functions, in descending order of the respiratory zone of the respiratory
system.
List and describe the five respiratory processes.
In pulmonary ventilation, be able to identify the intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and atmospheric pressures,
how they change during inspiration/expiration, how the size of the pleural cavities change, the position of the diaphragm in
inspiration/expiration, and the use of intercostals muscles during inspiration/expiration.
Differentiate between atelectasis and pneumothorax.
Identify the four pulmonary volumes and how the four capacities are calculated.
Identify what information can be gained from pulmonary function tests.
Differentiate between obstructive and restrictive diseases in regards to structure, function, and differences in respiratory
volumes and capacities.
Differentiate between the information provided by a MRV and AVR and explain why one calculation is preferred over the
other.
Use Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure to explain the differences in composition of atmospheric and alveolar air.
Describe the events of external and internal respiration in terms of partial oxygen and partial carbon dioxide pressures.
Describe the transport of oxygen in terms of oxyhemoglobin and partial oxygen pressure and explain the relationship
between the two.
Discuss the four factors that affect the release of oxygen by hemoglobin.
Given the Bohr effect, relate the physiological events that cause oxygen to be released at an increased rate with an increase
in physical activity.
Identify the three methods carbon dioxide is transported through the body.
Describe the Haldane effect in terms of the carbonic acid buffer system.
Describe the neural controls of the respiratory system located in the pons varolli and the medulla oblongata.
Identify factors that stimulate/depress the respiratory centers of the brain.
Discuss COPD, obstructive emphysema, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, and lung cancer as homeostatic imbalances.
Define cough, sneeze, eupnea, apnea, dyspnea, orthopnea, hyperpnea, and tachypnea.
Chapter Twenty-Three: The Digestive System
RATIONALE: The digestive system is the system that metabolizes food and supplies the nutrients that are delivered to
the cells to make ATP. It is crucial that students understand that many systems are involved in providing the cells with
nutrients in order to oxidize glucose and other nutrients to form ATP. This ATP is required for all life-sustaining activities
of the human body.
1. Identify and describe the six major digestive processes.
2. Differentiate between the alimentary canal and the accessory organs of the digestive system and give examples of organs in
each.
3. Given a crossectional diagram of the alimentary canal, be able to identify the four tunics, their composition and function.
4. Identify the organs and specific structures and functions, in descending order of the digestive system.
5. Identify where digestion of simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, lipids and proteins begins in the alimentary canal.
6. Identify where digestion of simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins end in the alimentary canal.
7. Differentiate the functions of the following enzymes: amylase, rennin, HCl, and pepsin.
8. Distinguish between the cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases of digestion.
9. Identify the structural modifications and functions of the small intestine for increased surface area for maximum absorption.
10. Identify the organs and structures of the accessory organs in the digestive system and describe their functions.
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Chapter Twenty-Five: The Urinary System
RATIONALE: The urinary system removes liquid, nitrogenous waste from the body. It is crucial that students understand
that the metabolism of food results in the production of waste products that are toxic and must be removed from the
body.
Identify the organs of the urinary system and describe their general functions.
Identify and describe the four major functions of the urinary system.
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Identify the following information about the kidneys: specific location, size, connective tissue coverings, and the two grossly
recognizable tissues inside the kidney.
4. Identify the blood supply to, through, and from the kidney beginning with the descending abdominal aorta and ending with
the inferior vena cava.
5. Identify the tubular system and organs that remove urine from the kidney and the body.
6. Given a diagram of a nephron, be able to identify the structures and their functions.
7. Given a diagram of a nephron, be able to identify where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occur.
8. Describe the three steps to urine formation.
9. Describe the normal characteristics and composition of urine.
10. Identify several abnormal urine components and name the condition when each is present in detectable amounts.
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Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Reproductive System
RATIONALE: The reproductive system is the system responsible for offspring creation for the species. It is crucial that
students understand that procreation is a complicated process. This system also contains organs that produce hormones
and regulate the function of the reproduction organs.
1. Describe the common function of the male and female reproductive systems
2. Describe the structure and function of the testes, and explain the importance of their location in the scrotum.
3. Describe the location, structure, and function of the accessory ducts and glands of the male reproductive system.
4. Describe the structure of the penis and its role in the reproductive process.
5. Discuss the sources and functions of semen.
6. Describe the location, structure, and function of the ovaries.
7. Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the organs in the female reproductive system.
8. Describe the anatomy of the female external genitalia.
9. Discuss the structure and function of the mammary glands.
10. Discuss hormonal regulation of testicular function and the physiological effects of testosterone on the male reproductive
anatomy.
11. Describe the regulation of the ovarian and menstrual cycles.
12. Discuss the physiological effects of estrogens and progesterone on the female reproductive anatomy.
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Unit and Instructional Lab Objectives with Schedule
RATIONALE: All lab work emphasizes the concepts covered in the lecture portion of this course with hands-on
experience.
*all lab handouts are found attached at the end of this document
Lab 19: Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves
1. Identify the three meningeal layers and state their function, locate the falx cerebri, falx cerebella, and tentorium cerebelli,
locate the structures identified on the lab handout for Lab 19 from last semester, and identify the functional cortexes
discussed in lecture on a dissected sheep brain.
2. Implement and use proper dissection techniques in the sheep brain dissection.
3. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 21: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and the Autonomic Nervous System
1. Identify anatomical structures of the spinal cord on a spinal cord model according to the Lab 21 handout.
2. Identify the two major areas where the spinal cord is enlarged, and to explain the reasons for the enlargement.
3. Define conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale, and identify them on diagram 21.1.
4. Locate the fiber tracts in the spinal cord on diagram 21.3.
5. Describe the origin, fiber composistion, and distribution of the spinal nerves, differentiating between roots, the spinal nerve
proper, and rami, identify these structures on diagrams in the Lab 21 handout, and to discuss the result of transecting these
structures.
6. Discuss the distribution of the dorsal rami and ventral rami of the spinal nerves.
7. Identify the four major nerve plexuses, the major nerves of each on diagrams in the Lab 21 handout.
8. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 22: Human Reflex Physiology
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Define reflex and reflex arc.
Name, identify, and describe the function of each element of a reflex arc.
Indicate why reflex testing is an important part of every physical examination.
Ddescribe and discuss those reflex activities as observed in the lab, indicate the functional or clinical importance of each,
and categorize each.
Investigate differences in reaction time of reflexes and learned responses.
Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 23: Cytology
1. Recognize various types of general sensory receptors as studied in the lab, and describe the function and location of each
type.
2. Define exteroceptor, interoceptor, and proprioceptor.
3. Demonstrate and relate the differences in relative density and distribution of tactile and thermoreceptors in the skin.
4. Define tactile localization, and to describe how this ability varies in different areas of the body.
5. Explain the tactile two-point discrimination test, and to state its anatomical basis.
6. Define referred pain and adaptation.
7. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 24: Special Senses: Vision
1. Describe and identify the structural components of the eye when provided with a model or dissected sheep or cow eye
according to the structures listed in the Lab 24 handout.
2. Implement and use proper dissection techniques in dissection of a sheep or cow eye.
3. Trace the visual pathway to the visual cortex, and to indicate the effects of damage to various parts of this pathway.
4. Define the following terms: refraction, accommodation, convergence, astigmatism, emmetropia, myopia, hyperopia,
cataract, falucoma, and conjuctivitis.
5. Ddiscuss the importance of the pupillary and convergence reflexes.
6. Explain the difference between rods and cones with respect to visual perception and retinal localization.
7. State the importance of an ophthalmoscopic examination.
8. Complete the lab exercise at the end of this lab.
Lab 25: Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium
1. Identify anatomical structures of the ear and their functions on an ear model according to the Lab 25 handout.
2. Define or explain central deafness, conduction deafness, and nystagmus.
3. State the purpose of the Weber, Rinne, balance, Barany, and Romberg tests, be able to perform them, and identify abnormal
results and what might cause them.
4. Explain how one is able to localize the source of sounds.
5. Describe the effects of acceleration on the semicircular canals.
6. Explain the role of vision in maintaining equilibrium.
7. Complete the lab exercise at the end of this lab.
Lab 26: Special Senses: Olfaction and Taste
1. Describe to structure and function of the taste receptors and the olfactory epithelium.
2. Name the four basic qualities of taste sensation and to list chemical substances that elicit them.
3. Explain the interdependence between the senses of smell and taste.
4. Name two factors other than olfaction that influence taste appreciation of foods.
5. Define olfactory adaptation.
6. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 27: Function Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands
1. Identify and name the major endocrine glands according to Lab 27 handout with a diagram or a torso model.
2. Llist the hormones produced by each endocrine gland.
3. List a basic function of each endocrine gland and the hormones it produces.
4. Identify histologic structures of the thyroid, pancreas, hypophysis, ovary, and testis according to the Lab 27 handout.
5. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 29: Blood
1. Identify the major components of blood composition and their percentages in whole blood.
2. Describe the composition and importance of plasma.
3. Define formed elements and list the cell types composing them, cite their relative percentages, and describe their major
functions.
4. Identify erythrocyes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets with a microscopic
preparation of blood.
5. Provide normal values for a total white blood cell count and red blood cell count and state the importance of these test.
6. Conduct the following blood test determinations in the lab, to state their norms and abnormal results and causes, and the
important of each: hematocrit, hemoglobin determination, blood type, glucose and cholesterol concentrations
7. Implement and use proper aseptic technique.
8. Define anemia, polycythemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, and leukemia and to cite a possible reason for each condition.
9. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 30: Anatomy of the Heart
1. Identify selected anatomical structures of the heart on heart models as described by the Lab 30 handout.
2. Implement and use proper dissection technique in the dissection of a hog heart.
3. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 32: Anatomy of the Blood Vessels
1. Identify the selected blood vessels on the torso model as described by the Lab 32 handout.
2. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 36: Anatomy of the Respiratory System
1. Identify the selected anatomical structures of the respiratory system on a torso, midsagittal head section, and a larynx
model as described by the Lab 36 handout.
2. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 38: Anatomy of the Digestive System
1. Identify selected anatomical structures of the digestive system on the torso model as described by the Lab 38 handout.
2. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 40: Anatomy of the Urinary System
1. Identify selected anatomical structures of the urinary system on the kidney models as described by the Lab 40 handout.
2. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
Lab 42: Anatomy of the Reproductive System
1. Identify selective anatomical structures of the male and female reproductive systems on the reproductive models as
described by the Lab 42 handout.
2. Complete the lab exercises at the end of this lab.
The following is a suggested laboratory schedule:
Week 1:
Ex. 19: Gross Anatomy of Brain & Cranial nerves (review); dissect sheep brain
Ex. 21: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and ANS
Week 2:
Complete Exercise 21
Week 3:
Ex. 22: Human Reflex Physiology
Ex. 23: General Sensation
Week 4:
Lab Exam 1: Ex. 21-23
Ex. 24: Special Senses – vision; dissect sheep eye
Week 5:
Ex. 25: Special Senses – hearing & equilibrium
Week 6:
Ex. 26: Special Senses – taste & olfaction
Week 7:
Lab Exam 2: Ex. 24-26
Ex. 27: Anatomy & Function of Endocrine glands
Lecture on the Endocrine System
Week 8:
Ex. 29: Blood
Week 9:
Lab Exam 3: Ex. 27 and 29
Ex. 30: Anatomy of the heart; dissect hog heart
Week 10:
Ex. 30: Anatomy of the heart continue
Week 11:
Lab Exam 4: Ex: 30
Ex. 32: Anatomy of blood vessels
Week 12:
Lab Exam 5: Ex. 32
Ex. 36: Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Ex. 38: Anatomy of the Digestive System
Week 13:
Ex. 36: Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Ex. 38: Anatomy of the Digestive System
Week 14:
Lab Exam 6: Ex. 36 & 38
Ex. 40: Anatomy of the Urinary System; dissect hog kidney
Ex. 42: Anatomy of the Reproductive System
Week 15:
Ex. 40: Anatomy of the Urinary System
Ex. 42: Anatomy of the Reproductive System
Week 16:
Lab Exam 7: Ex. 40 & 42
X.
Assessment
Assessment for Anatomy and Physiology II and Lab will focus on both lecture and lab portions of the course. The grading is
based on the 100% scale and is broken down as follows:
Assessment
Lecture Exams
Lab Exams
Writing Component/Discussion Topics
Quizzes/Study Questions
Departmental Comprehensive Final Exam
Percent of Final Grade
35%
35%
5%
5%
20%
100%
The lecture grade will consist of five to seven lecture exams. These lecture exams will consist of multiple choice, fill in the blank,
matching, true/false, application, labeling, short answer, and discussion/essay questions. Only one lecture exam grade may be
dropped.
The lab grade will consist of seven practical lab exams, 50 questions each. All lab exam grades must be used in determining the
grade.
The writing component must include some type of student writing such as a term paper or discussion topic where the student is
required to do some research involving current research topics in the health professional fields.
The quizzes/study question component can be any variety of daily grades, quizzes, study questions, or homework assignment the
instructor assigns.
Each APII student must take the NLN for Anatomy and Physiology. This is a comprehensive (over API and APII) exam that will count as
one lecture exam grade. There is not cost for this exam but it must be taken to receive credit for APII.
The final exam is a departmental comprehensive (over API and APII) exam consisting of 200 multiple choice questions.
Instructors must collect assessment data as required by the Math and Science Department.
Calculation of final grade will be determined by the following grading scale:
Grading Scale (%)
93-100
A
82 - 92
B
70 - 81
C
60 - 69
D
0 - 59
F
XI.
Appendix of Lab Handouts
LAB 19: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II
REVIEW OF THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
You will not be tested over the brain and cranial nerves in lab this semester since we covered it last semester. However, we will be
covering the brain in lecture, and it will help you if you have a good handle on brain anatomy when we start. You will be responsible
for the anatomy of a dissected sheep brain.
SHEEP BRAIN: STRUCTURES TO IDENTIFY
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Pons varolli
Medulla oblongata
Pyramids
R/L hemispheres of cerebellum
Vermis
Cerebellar cortex
Cerebral cortex
Arbor vitae
R/L hemispheres of cerebrum
Pineal body
Corpora quadrigemina
Superior & inferior colliculi
Occipital lobe of cerebrum
Parietal lobe of cerebrum
Temporal lobe of cerebrum
Frontal lobe of cerebrum
Insula lobe of cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Fornix
Septum pellucidum
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Thalamus
Massa intermedia
Spinal cord
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus
Postcentral sulcus
Longitudinal fissure
Lateral sulcus
EXERCISE 21: SPINAL CORD AND THE SPINAL NERVES
1.
Gross structure of the spinal cord
A.
study and be able to label a diagram in figure 21.1a and 21.2
B.
indicate the two major areas where the spinal cord is enlarged and explain why it is larger in those regions
C.
define conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale
2.
Organization of the spinal cord as seen in cross section
A.
identify on the spinal cord model the following structures
9 – dura mater (of spinal cord)
10 – epidural cavity
11 – subdural cavity
12 – arachnoid (of the spinal cord)
13 – subarachnoid cavity (filled with spinal fluid)
17 – ventral root (of cervical nerve)
18 – dorsal root (of cervical nerve)
19 – dorsal root ganglion
20 – anterior ramus
21 – posterior ramus
22 – sympathetic trunk ganglion
23 – ramus communicans between sympathetic trunk ganglia and spinal nerve
24 – pia mater (of spinal cord)
25 – anterior median fissure
28 – posterior median sulcus
30 – anterior funiculus (white matter)
31 – lateral funiculus (white matter)
32 – posterior funiculus (white matter)
35 – central canal of the spinal cord
36 – ventral horn of grey matter
37 – lateral horn of grey matter
38 – dorsal horn of grey matter
not labeled – grey commissure
not labeled – spinal nerve
B.
Identify the following on the slide of the spinal cord in cross section
dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns of grey matter
 Know that the type of structural neuron in the dorsal horn, ventral horn, and lateral horn of the grey matter is
multipolar.
 Know that the type of functional neurons in the dorsal horn of the grey matter are integrative or association
neurons, in the ventral horn of the grey matter are cell bodies/dendrites of motor neurons of the somatic NS,
and in the lateral horn of the grey matter are cell bodies/dendrites of motor neurons of the ANS.
grey commissure
central canal of the spinal cord
posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerve
dorsal root ganglion
 Know that the type of structural neuron found here would be bipolar and functionally they are the cell bodies
of sensory neurons.
C.
Spinal cord tracts (fasciculi)
You have already learned that the white matter of the spinal cord is arranged in paired columns (also called
funiculi) that run the length of the spinal cord – two dorsal, two lateral, and two ventral columns
Each column is made up of a number of tracts. Tract is a term used for a bundle of nerve fibers inside the CNS.
Although there are some fibers which run from one side of the cord to the other, most of the tracts are composed
of fibers which run longitudinally (that is why in cross section of the spinal cord the nerve fibers were cut in cross
section).
Each tract is both a structural and functional unit. Each is a structural unit because all the fibers of a given tract
begin in the same structure and end in the same structure. Each is a functional unit because all of the fibers of the
tract have the same general function.
Functionally, there are two major categories of tracts – ascending (sensory) tracts and descending (motor) tracts.
Sensory tracts carry info from the spinal cord to the brain and motor tracts carry info from the brain down the
spinal cord to effector organs.
Be able to label on a diagram (like 21.3) the following tracts
Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis
Posterior spinocerebellar
Anterior spinocerebellar
Lateral spinothalamic
Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral corticospinal
Anterior corticospinal
Know which are sensory and which are motor tracts. The name of the tract actually tells you. The first part of the
name indicates where the tract starts and the second part of the name tells you where the tract ends.
Example: lateral spinothalamic
spino – begins in spinal cord
Thalamic – ends in thalamus
Lateral – lateral funiculus
D.
SPINAL NERVES AND NERVE PLEXUSES
There are 31 pair of spinal nerves – 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. All spinal nerves are
mixed nerves – they contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers.
Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of a dorsal and ventral root. Each spinal nerve very shortly divides into
two branches called rami (ramus is singular), a dorsal and ventral ramus. Be able to label a diagram like 21.5b.
The posterior rami supply the skin and muscle of the posterior surface of the trunk of the body at the approximate
level at which they emerge from the spinal column – in segmental fashion. The anterior rami supply the anterior
surface of the trunk of the body and the limbs. Most of the anterior rami enter into the formation of a plexus.
Nerve plexus – a network of intermingling nerve fibers from different nerves.
Spinal nerve plexus – a network of intermingling nerve fibers from the anterior rami of several spinal nerves.
Coming out of a spinal nerve plexus are what are referred to as emergent of peripheral nerves which then can
supply a given part of the body. A peripheral nerve thus can contain nerve fibers that came from more than one
spinal nerve.
Be able to label a diagram like that shown in 21.6 with the following: cervical plexus, phrenic nerve, brachial
plexus, axillary nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, lumbar plexus, femoral nerve, sacral plexus, and
sciatic nerve.
Be able to define nerve plexus, name the four nerve plexuses, name the spinal nerves which contribute to each
plexus, and name the major peripheral nerves emerging from each plexus (those named in the paragraph above).
Lab 24: Vision
HUMAN EYE MODEL KEYS
*****Some structures are not labeled on each model. You should still be able to find ALL of the anatomical structures on each model.
XI.
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
Lacrimal gland
Extrinsic Eye Muscles of the Eye
NUMBERED
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Fibrous Tunic
Sclera
SOMSO
not shown
NYSTROM
31 & 32
DENOYER/GEPPERT
23
EYE/ORBIT
NONE ARE
1
2
3
4
5
6
15
13
12
14
11
16
1
15
20
19
21
22
7
17
2
Cornea
Vascular Tunic
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
Pupil
Sensory Tunic
Retina
8
18 the clear
surface
10 the clear cover
over the brown iris
9
23 brown layer
18 brown feathers
blue feathers
10
19 the grey inside
not numbered on any of the models……………………………….
3 brown layer
black feathers
brown iris
11
4
22 grape colored
layer
47
not shown
44
center of sheath
Vitreous humor
Lens
Sheath of the optic nerve II
Optic nerve II
12
not numbered
14
16
Optic disc
Fovea centralis
white circle on
retina
yellow feathers
dark area ar ound
yellow dot
yellow dot
Arteries of retina
red wavy lines
center of yellow
dot
red wavy lines
pink wavy lines
Veins of retina
purple wavy lines
blue wavy lines
Ciliary muscle
Macula lutea
not numbered
21
yellow dot
5
not numbered
16
red dot in center of sheath
not really shown
white rim at base of sheath
white feathers
white area around
yellow dot
18 yellow dot
blue wavy lines
MAKE SURE YOU ALSO KNOW THE FOLLOWING ABOUT THE CAVITIES/CHAMBERS OF THE EYE LISTED BELOW:
CAVITIES AND CHAMBERS (NONE OF THESE ARE LABELED)
Anterior cavity – between the lens and cornea; contains aqueous humor
Anterior chamber – between the iris and cornea
Posterior chamber – between the iris and lens
Posterior cavity – between the lens and retina; contains vitreous humor
Lab 25: Hearing
HUMAN EAR MODEL KEYS
*****The BIG ear models do not have the tympanic membrane. They also do not have numbers.
3+B Ear Models
The External Ear
Pinna 1
External auditory meatus 2
Tympanic membrane 3
Fibrocartilaginous annulus of the tympanic membrane 4
The Middle Ear
Tympanic cavity 5
Tensor tympani muscle 6
Eustachian tube 7
Malleus 8
Incus 9
Stapes 11
The Internal Ear
Vestibule 12
Oval window
13
Round window 14
Lateral semicircular canal 15
Ampulla of the lateral semicircular canal 15a
Anterior semicircular canal 16
Ampulla of the anterior semicircular canal 16b
Posterior semicircular canal 17
Ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal 17c
Cochlea 18
Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII 19
Internal carotid artery 20
LAB 29: BLOOD
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Be able to recognize and identify the function of the five types of leukocytes on a prepared blood slide.
1. granulocytes
a. neutrophil
b. basophil
c. eosinophil
2. agranulocytes
a. monocyte
b. lymphocyte
Be able to recognize and identify the function of the erythrocytes on a prepared blood slide.
Be able to recognize and identify the function of the platelets on a prepared blood slide.
Be able to understand what a differential wbc test is, how to do one, and what information it gives.
Perform the following blood tests on yourself and read the results. Be able to recognize the following blood tests, normal
values, abnormal values (high and low) and what the abnormal results indicate.
TEST NAME
Hematocrit (hct)
Hemoglobin
(Hg)
Glucose
Cholesterol
F.
G.
NORMAL TEST
RESULTS
Males: 42-45%
Females: 3842%
Males: 14-16
g/dL
Females: 12-15
g/dL
60-110mg/dL
130-200 mg/dl;
LOW TEST
RESULTS
CAUSES
HIGH TEST
RESULTS
CAUSES
Perform the blood type test on yourself and read the results. Be able to recognize different blood types and know how to
perform the test.
Be able to use aseptic technique (and know what it is) while performing the blood tests.
LAB 27: ENDOCRINE LAB
A.
Be able to locate the endocrine glands listed below on the TORSO model (*not found on the model) and the diagram in
your lab manual 27.2.
1. pineal body
2. hypothalamus
3. pituitary gland
4. thyroid
5. parathyroid
6. * thymus
7. adrenal glands
8. pancreas
9. * testes
10. * ovaries
B.
Answer questions in the back of the lab manual for lab 27…only the front of the first page.
C.
Be able to give the major function of the endocrine glands listed in part A above.
D.
Be able to give the names of hormones the endocrine glands secrete listed in part A above.
E.
Be able to identify the following information on each of the slides listed below:
1. Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
a. adenohypophysis = very glandular tissue with lactotropic cells, somatotropic cells, thyrotropic cells, etc.
b. neurohypophysis = neural tissue plus glial cells and pituicytes
2. Pancreas
a. acinar cells = these are not endocrine in function
b. Islets of Langerhans = endocrine portion of the pancreas; contain alpha cells (secrete glucagons which
increases blood glucose levels), beta cells (secrete insulin which decreases blood glucose levels), delta
cells and F cells
3. Testes (epididymis)
a. spermatogenesis = specific meiosis that produces sperm = 23 chromosomes or 1n or haploid
b. seminiferous tubule = carries mature sperm to urethra to be expelled from the body
c. sperm = male gamete/sex cell
d. interstitial cells = produce testosterone
4. Ovary
a. oogenesis = specific meiosis that produces an ovum = 23 chromosomes or 1n or haploid
b. antrum = fluid that fills the Graafian follicle
c. Graafian follicle = contains the ovum
d. interstitial cells = produce estrogen
5. Thyroid
a. follicular cells = make up the cells of the simple cuboidal E.T. that surround the space/follicle; secrete
thyroglobulin that binds to iodine to form T 3 (triiodothyronine) or T4 (thyroxine)
b. parafollicular cells = secrete calcitonin which increase blood calcium levels
LAB 30: HEART
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II: ANATOMY OF THE HEART
BOBBITT HEART MODEL
Information in parentheses ( ) is just descriptive to help you find the parts.
diaphragm
B
diaphragmatic pleura
D
parietal pericardium (most has been cut away to see the heart)
M
esophagus
N
descending thoracic aorta
X
phrenic artery (red)
Y
phrenic vein (blue)
Z
phrenic nerve (white)
1
aortic arch
2
brachiocephalic artery
3
left common carotid artery
4
left subclavian artery
8
ligamentum arteriosus
9
left pulmonary artery
19
trachea
21
right pulmonary arteries
23
right ventricle (the space inside the heart deep to the this number)
24
left ventricle (the space inside the heart deep to the number)
26
right atrium (the space inside the heart deep to the number)
25
left atrium (the space inside the heart deep to the number)
27
right auricle
28
conus arteriosus
29
left auricle
30
apex
31
pulmonary trunk (branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries)
32
ascending aorta
33
visceral pericardium (most has been removed to see heart anatomy)
34
superior vena cava
35
right coronary artery
36, 40, 42, 44, 45 all represent coronary or cardiac veins (blue)
37
left coronary artery
38
anterior interventricular artery (branch of the left coronary artery)
39
circumflex artery (a branch of the left coronary artery)
43
coronary sinus (a large vein; empties into the RA)
46
inferior vena cava
48
left pulmonary veins
49
right pulmonary veins
54
sinoatrial node (white oval)
55
atrioventricular node (other bottom white oval)
56
opening of the coronary sinus into the right atrium
58
fossa ovalis (view from right atrium; interatrial septum surrounds it)
61
anterior cusp of the tricuspid valve (view from right atrium)
62
medial cusp of the tricuspid valve (view from right atrium)
63
posterior cusp of the tricuspid valve (view from right atrium)
65
anterior cusp of the tricuspid valve (view from right ventricle)
66
posterior cusp of the tricuspid valve (view from right ventricle)
67
medial cusp of the tricuspid valve (view from right ventricle)
68
anterior papillary muscle
69
posterior papillary muscle
70
septal papillary muscle
75
posterior cusp of the pulmonary semilunar valve
76
right anterior cusp of the pulmonary semilunar valve
77
left anterior cusp of the pulmonary semilunar valve
78
fossa ovalis (view from left atrium; interatrial septum surrounds it)
79
opening of the left pulmonary veins
80
anterior cusp of the bicuspid valve
81
posterior cusp of the bicuspid valve
82
anterior papillary muscle
83
chordae tendinae
84
posterior papillary muscle
86
right anterior cusp of the aortic semilunar valve
87
left anterior cusp of the aortic semilunar valve
88
posterior cusp of the aortic semilunar valve
89
myocardium
90
interventricular septum
91
interatrial septum
MALE MUSCLE MODEL HEART
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
152
153
154
148
right ventricle
right auricle
left auricle
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary vein
anterior interventricular artery
superior vena cava
The following structures are not numbered but can be seen.
Inferior vena cava
Right pulmonary arteries
Right pulmonary veins
Ascending aorta
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Circumflex artery
Cardiac veins
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Fossa ovalis
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Chordae tendinae
Myocardium
XII.
WHITE TORSO HEART MODEL
a right atrium
b right ventricle
c left atrium
d left ventricle
e right auricle
f left auricle
g bicuspid valve
h tricuspid valve
i aortic semilunar valve
j pulmonary semilunar valve
57 superior vena cava
39 ascending aorta
46 pulmonary trunk
63 right pulmonary vein
65 inferior vena cava
The following structures are not numbered but can be seen.
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary arteries
Left pulmonary arteries
Interventricular septum
Interatrial septum
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular artery
Circumflex artery
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
Opeining of the coronary sinus
Chordae tendinae
Myocardium
XIII.
TORSO MODEL
200 right auricle
201 right atrium
202 superior vena cava (found on both the heart and in the thoracic cavity)
203 inferior vena cave (found on the heart, thoracic cavity, and
abdominopelvic cavity)
204 left auricle
205 left atrium
206 left ventricle
207 right ventricle
208 interventricular septum
209 interatrial septum
210 tricuspid valve
211 chordae tendinae
212 papillary muscle
213 pulmonary semilunar valve
214 pulmonary trunk
215 right pulmonary artery (found on heart and right lung)
216 left pulmonary artery (found on heart and left lung)
217 right pulmonary veins
218 left pulmonary veins
219 bicuspid valve
220 aortic semilunar valve
221 ascending aorta
222 origin of the right coronary artery (to the left of the number)
222 origin of the left coronary artery (to the right of the number)
223 right coronary artery
224 posterior interventricular artery
225 anterior interventricular artery
226 circumflex artery
227, 228, 229 cardiac veins
230 coronary sinus
231 anterior cardiac vein
232 pericardial fat
234 myocardium
235 apex
3+B HEART MODEL
9 left ventricle
10 aorta
11 aortic semilunar valve
13 left atrium
14 left auricle
15 bicuspid valve
16 right ventricle
17 pulmonary trunk
18 pulmonary semilunar valve
19 right atrium
20 right auricle
21 superior vena cava
22 inferior vena cava
23 tricuspid valve
24 pulmonary veins
not numbered myocardium
not numbered interatrial septum
XIV.
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES FOR PIG HEART IDENTIFICATION
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right auricle
Left auricle
Ascending aorta
Part of aortic arch
Pulmonary trunk
Bicuspid valve
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendinae
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Interventricular septum
Myocardium
LAB 32: BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES
Ascending aorta 221
Arch of the aorta 282
Descending thoracic aorta 283
Abdominal descending aorta 287
Origin of the right coronary artery
left of 222
Origin of the left coronary artery
right of 222
R. pulmonary a. 215
L. pulmonary a 216
Brachiocephalic a. 236
R. subclavian a. 237
R. common carotid a. 241
L. common carotid a. 249
L. subclavian a. 272
L. intercostal a. 284
Inferior phrenic a. 288
Celiac a. 291
L. gastric a. 292
Splenic a. 293
Common hepatic a. 296
Superior mesenteric a. 304
R. renal a. 321
L. renal a. 325
L. adrenal a. 323
R. gonadal a. left of 327
L. gonadal a. right of 327
Inferior mesenteric a. 315
R. common iliac a. 330
L. common iliac a. 348
R. external iliac a. 331
L. external iliac a. 349
R. internal iliac a. 338
L. internal iliac a. not numbered
R. femoral a. 332
L. femoral a. 352
VEINS
Superior vena cava 202
R. brachiocephalic v. 248
L. brachiocephalic v. 281
R. subclavian v. 240
L. subclavian v. 280
R. internal jugular v. 247
L. internal jugular v. 271
L. external jugular v. 270
L. cephalic v. 279
R. basilic v. 238
R. axillary v. 239
R. pulmonary v. 217
L. pulmonary v. 218
Inferior vena cava 203
R. renal v. 322
L. renal v. 326
R. common iliac v. 347
L. common iliac v. not numbered
R. external iliac v. 337
L. external iliac v. not numbered
R. internal iliac v. 346
L. internal iliac v. not numbered
R. femoral v. 336
L. femoral v. 353
R. gonadal v. 329
L. gonadal v. 328
L. adrenal v. 324
Superior mesenteric v. 314
Inferior mesenteric v. 320
Splenic v. 295
Hepatic portal v. 300
You must use R. or L. and a. or v. to identify the blood vessels that specify this information or it will be counted wrong!
LAB 36: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: TORSO KEY
Nasal Area
(numbers on the torso models differ for these structures)
External nares
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
Opening of the nasolacrimal duct
Olfactory mucosa showing olfactory nerve
fibers
Internal nare
Hard palate
Soft palate
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus36
Sphenoid sinus 35
Maxillary sinus 37
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils 411
Opening of the Eustachian tube 410
Oropharynx 413
Palatine tonsils 412
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis 414
Glottis
False vocal cord 416
True vocal cord 417
Thyroid cartilage 420
Cricoid cartilage 421
Trachea 422
Right primary bronchus 425
Left primary bronchus 424
Right lung
Superior lobe 429
Middle lobe 430
Inferior lobe 431
Hilus
Left lung
Superior lobe 432
Inferior lobe 433
Hilus
Cardiac notch
LARYNX: SOMSO MODEL
Hyoid bone 1
Thyroid cartilage 2
Cricoid cartilage 3
Cartilage of the trachea 7
Thyrohyoid ligament 8
Cricothyroid ligament 11
Ligament between the tracheal cartilages 13
Epiglottis 23
False vocal cord 27
True vocal cord 28
Vocal muscle 29
Thyroid gland
Glottis
SAGITTAL SECTION OF THE HEAD
Superior nasal concha a
Middle nasal concha b
Inferior nasal concha c
Opening of the Eustachian tube d
Nasopharynx e
Pharyngeal tonsil f
Orbicularis oris muscle g
Teeth h
Uvula i
Palatine tonsil k
Tongue muscles l, m, n, p
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis I
Thyroid cartilage II
Cricoid cartilage III
Thyrohyoid ligament IV
Cricothyroid ligament V
Muscle VI
False vocal cord VII
True vocal cord VIII and IX
Trachea X
Esophagus XI
LAB 38: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
XV.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: TORSO KEY
Mouth
(numbers of the Torso models differ for these structures)
Incisor and next tooth
Canine
Premolar and next tooth
Molar and next two teeth
Tongue
Hard palate
Soft palate
Parotid gland (a salivary gland)
Duct of the parotid gland
Submandibular gland (a salivary gland)
Duct of the submandibular gland
Sublingual gland (a salivary gland)
Oropharynx 413
Glossopalatine arch: the fold in front of
palatine tonsil
Palatine tonsil 412
Pharyngopalatine arch: the fold behind
the palatine tonsil
Esophagus 515
Stomach
Cardiac sphincter: junction of
esophagus and stomach
Regions of the stomach
Cardia 516
Fundus 517 and 521
Body 519, 520, 523
Pylorus 518
Greater curvature 520
Lesser curvature 519
Pyloric sphincter 526
Rugae 524 and 525
Small Intestine
Duodenum 527
Hepatopancreatic ampulla 529
Junction of duodenum & jejunum 536
Jejunum 537
Plicae circulares 538
Ileum 539 and 542
Ileocecal valve 543
Large Intestine
Cecum 544
Vermiform appendix 545
Ascending colon 546
Hepatic flexure 547
Transverse colon 548 and 549
Haustra 548 (the puckers or
pouches found the
entire length of the
colon
Teniae coli 549 (smooth muscle
also found the entire
length of the colon)
Splenic flexure 551
Descending colon 552
Sigmoid colon 553
Rectum 319
Anal canal (part of lower rectum) 554
Liver
Right lobe 555
Left lobe 556
Caudate lobe 563
Quadrate lobe 562
Right and left hepatic ducts
Union of R and L hepatic ducts 564
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct 565
Gall bladder 566
Common bile duct 530
Branches of hepatic artery 298 & 299
Hepatic portal vein 300
Inferior vena cava 203
Pancreas
Head 531
Body 532
Tail 533
Pancreatic duct 535
Greater Omentum 540
LAB 40: THE URINARY SYSTEM
XVI.
URINARY SYSTEM
NEPHRON MODEL – SOMSO LS 6 (NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES MATCH THE NEPHRON, KIDNEY, AND GLOMERULUS ----ALL
ATTACHED TO ONE BOARD---IF THEY ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE SEPARATE BIG KIDNEY AND NEPHRON ON SEPARATE BOARDS)
Bowman’s capsule of renal corpuscle 1
Proximal convoluted tubule 2
Proximal convoluted tubule a
Thick descending segment of the Loop of Henle b
Thick ascending segment of the Loop of Henle c
Thin segment (ascending and descending) of the Loop of Henle 3
Thin ascending segment of the Loop of Henle 4
Distal convoluted tubule d
Arched collecting tubule 5
Collecting tubule 6
Arcuate artery and vein 7
Interlobular artery and vein 8
Afferent arteriole 9
Efferent arteriole 10
Capillary network 11
Interlobar artery 13
Interlobar vein 14
Capsule of the kidney 15
BIG KIDNEY MODEL
Cortex A (B)
Medulla B (A)
Ureter 10 (3)
Major calyx of renal pelvis 11 and 12 (4)
Minor calyx of renal pelvis 21 (5)
Area cribosa at the tip of the renal papilla…little dots represent the collecting ducts opening into a
minor calyx 13 (6)
Inner and outer parts of the renal pyramid 14 and 20 (only outer part is labeled 7)
Renal vein 1
Renal artery 2
Segmental arteries – branch from renal artery which are located in the renal sinus area
Lobar arteries – branch from segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries – branches from the lobar arteries which go between the pyramids in the
renal medulla
Arcuate arteries – branch from the interlobar arteries and arch over the pyramids at the junction
of the renal cortex and medulla 4 (16)
Interlobular arteries – branch from the arcuate arteries and extend up into the renal cortex. The
afferent arterioles which go to the glomeruli branch from the interlobular arteries. 8 (14)
RENAL CORPUSCLE
Afferent arteriole (6)
Efferent arteriole (7)
Glomerulus (8 and 9)
Bowman’s capsule (2)
Proximal convoluted tubule (3)
LAB 42: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
XVII. TORSO MALE INSERT
Urinary bladder
Visceral peritoneum over the
superior part 758
Muscularis 759
Mucosa 760
Internal urethral orifice 761
Urethra 762
Testis 901
Epididymis 902
Ductus deferens (vas deferens) 903
Seminal vesicle 904
Prostate gland 905
Ejaculatory duct 906
Bulbourethral gland 907
Penis
Corpus spongiosum 908
Corpus cavernosum 909
Glans penis 910 and 911
Prepuce 912
Testicular arteries and veins 327
Anal canal 568
Pubic bone 80
MALE CAROLINA MODEL
Penis 1
Scrotum 2
Testis 3
Epididymis 4
Glans penis 6
Corpus cavernosum 7
Corpus spongiosum 8
Urethra 9
Bulbourethral gland 11
Ejaculatory duct 12
Prostate gland 13
Urinary bladder 14
Seminal vesicle 15
Ductus deferens (vas deferens) 16
Ureter 17
Prepuce not marked
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TORSO FEMALE INSERT
Urinary bladder
Visceral peritoneum 758
Muscularis 759
Mucosa 760
Internal urethral orifice 761
Urethra 762
Labium minora (minor) 818
Labium majora (major) 820
Clitoris 819
Anal canal 568
Pubic bone 80
Uterus
Fundus 801
Body 800
Cervix 802
Myometrium of fundus 809
Myometrium of body 810
Myometrium of cervix 812
Cervical canal 813
Internal os (os cervix) 814
Vagina 816
Fornix of vagina 815
Fallopian tube 808
Fimbriae
Ovary 806
Broad ligament 803
Ovarian ligament 804
Round ligament 805
FEMALE CAROLINA MODEL
Labium majora (major) 1
Labium minora (minor) 2
Vagina 3
Fornix of vagina 4
Cervix 5
Uterus 6
Myometrium 7
Endometrium 8
Ovary 9
Ovarian ligament 10
Fallopian tube 11
Round ligament 12
Broad ligament 13
Urinary bladder 15
Urethra 16
Clitoris 17