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4: The Human Body
Cognitive Objectives
1-4.1 Identify and locate on the body the following
topographic terms: medial, lateral, proximal, distal,
superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, midline, right
and left, midclavicular, bilateral, and midaxillary.
1-4.2 Describe anatomy and functions of the following
major body systems: respiratory, circulatory,
musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine.
• There are no affective or psychomotor objectives for
this chapter.
The Planes of the Body
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Midline
• Midclavicular line
• Midaxillary
Directional Terms
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Right and left
Superior and inferior
Lateral and medial
Proximal and distal
Superficial and deep
Ventral and dorsal
Palmer and planter
Apices and bilateral
Movement Terms
Anatomic Positions (1 of 2)
• Prone
• Supine
Anatomic Positions (2 of 2)
• Shock position
• Trendelenburg’s position
• Fowler’s position
The Skeletal System
• Gives form to the body
• Protects vital organs
• Consists of 206 bones
• Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
• Designed to permit motion of the body
The Skull
The Neck
The Spinal Column
The Thorax
The Abdomen (1 of 2)
• The abdomen is the
second major body
cavity.
• It contains the major
organs of digestion
and excretion.
The Abdomen (2 of 2)
The Pelvis
The Lower Extremity
• Hip
• Thigh
• Knee
• Leg
• Ankle
• Foot
The Upper Extremity
• Shoulder girdle
• Arm
• Elbow
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Hand
Joints
Functions of the
Musculoskeletal System
•
Gives the body shape
•
Protects internal organs
•
Provides for movement
•
Consists of more than 600
muscles
Types of Muscle (1 of 2)
• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
– Attached to the bones of the body
• Smooth (involuntary) muscle
– Carries out the automatic muscular functions of
the body
Types of Muscle (2 of 2)
• Cardiac muscle
– Involuntary muscle
– Has own blood supply and electrical system
– Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for
only very short periods
The Respiratory System
Diaphragm
• Has characteristics of both voluntary and
involuntary muscles
• Dome-shaped muscle
• Divides thorax from abdomen
• Contracts during inhalation
• Relaxes during exhalation
Breathing Process: Inhalation
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract, increasing the size of the thoracic
cavity.
• Pressure in the lungs decreases.
• Air travels to the lungs.
Breathing Process: Exhalation
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
• As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the
thorax decrease.
• Pressure in the lungs increases.
• Air flows out of the lungs.
Exchange of Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.
• Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
• The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.
Control of Breathing
• Brain stem controls breathing.
– Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide
level in blood becomes too high
• Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
– Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate
breathing
Normal Breathing Characteristics
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•
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Normal rate and depth
Regular rhythm
Good breath sounds in both lungs
Regular rise and fall movements in the
chest
• Easy, not labored
Normal Breathing Rates
Adults
12 to 20 breaths/min
Children
15 to 30 breaths/min
Infants
25 to 50 breaths/min
Recognizing Inadequate Breathing
• Irregular rhythm
• Pale or blue skin
• Labored breathing
• Cool, clammy skin
• Muscle retractions
• Faster respiratory rate
Infant and Child Anatomy
• Structures less rigid
• Airway smaller
• Tongue proportionally
larger
• Dependent on diaphragm
for breathing
The Circulatory System
The Heart
Blood Flow Through the Heart
Electrical Conduction System
• SA node
• AV node
• Purkinje fibers
Normal Heart Rates
Adults
60 to 100 beats/min
Children
70 to 150 beats/min
Infants
100 to 160 beats/min
Major Arteries and Veins
• Aorta
• Radial
• Pulmonary
• Superior vena cava
• Carotid
• Inferior vena cava
• Femoral
• Pulmonary
• Brachial
Components of Blood
• Plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
Physiology of the
Circulatory System (1 of 2)
• Pulse
– The wave of blood through the arteries
formed when the left ventricle contracts
– Can be felt where an artery passes near
the skin surface and over a bone
Physiology of the
Circulatory System (2 of 2)
• Blood pressure
– Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries
– Systole: Left ventricle contracts
– Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes
• Perfusion
– Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
– If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.
The Nervous System
• The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary
and involuntary actions.
• Somatic nervous system
– Regulates voluntary actions
• Autonomic nervous system
– Controls involuntary body functions
Central Nervous System (1 of 2)
Central Nervous System (2 of 2)
Peripheral Nervous System
• Links the organs of the body to the central nervous
system.
• Sensory nerves carry information from the body to
the central nervous system.
• Motor nerves carry information from the central
nervous system to the muscles of the body.
The Skin (1 of 2)
•
Protects the body from the environment
•
Regulates body temperature
•
Transmits information from environment to
the brain
The Skin (2 of 2)
Endocrine System
• Complex message and control system
• Made up of seven glands
• Glands produce and release hormones.
Endocrine Glands
• Adrenal
• Pituitary
• Ovary
• Testes
• Pancreas
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
Digestive System
• Mouth
• Liver
• Salivary glands
• Bile ducts
• Oropharynx
• Small intestine
• Esophagus
• Large intestine
• Stomach
• Appendix
• Pancreas
• Rectum
Urinary System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System