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Applied cognitive psychology Social psychology Therapy SLA Morals - religion Attention! Friday: 8-10: North 6.87 10-12: South 4-429 12-18: North 6.87 New implicit methods IAT – Implicit Association Test LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias) Affective priming The visual-probe test Go-NoGo tasks Extrinsic affective Simon Task Emotional Stroop Social cognition La Piére”s Chinese couple in the USA – Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour Applied implicit cognition Social cognition: – The IAT (Greenwald, McGee and Schwartz, 1998) – Implicit Association test – Applied to attitudes, stereotypes, selfesteem “the introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates R” where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct The implicit association test BUTTON A Women (names or faces) BUTTON B Men (names or faces) The implicit association test BUTTON A Positive traits (wonderful, glorious) BUTTON B Negative traits (horrible) The implicit association test BUTTON A Women (names or faces) Positive traits (wonderful, glorious) BUTTON B Men (names or faces) Negative traits (horrible) Validity Less fakeable – unless done various times Does not always correlate with reported measures – which one is true? Disadvantages Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen, no natural contrasts exist – Spiders – Cocaine Unipolar versions – there is simply one category and a control condition The implicit association test BUTTON A Spider names (black widow, tarantula) Positive words (wonderful, glorious) BUTTON B Negative words (horrible) The implicit association test BUTTON A BUTTON B Spider names (black widow, tarantula) Positive words (wonderful, glorious) Negative words (horrible) The implicit association test BUTTON A Cat names (Siamese, Persian) Positive words (wonderful, glorious) BUTTON B Negative words (horrible) The implicit association test BUTTON A BUTTON B Cat names (Siamese, Persian) Positive words (wonderful, glorious) Negative words (horrible) Basic idea 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 spider cat 1000 800 600 400 200 0 negative positive Race and prejudice The willing and able problem – Self report measures are transparent to most people – Remember the Chinese couple travelling through America. white black desirable undesirable Jamal Sue-Ellen wonderful disgusting Explicit measures Semantic differential – 7 point – Beautiful – ugly – Pleasant – unpleasant – good – bad – Honest – dishonest – Nice - awful Feeling thermometer Explicit and implicit measures – sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al, 1997) – Sometimes they don’t (Greenwald et al. 1998) Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) – correlates slightly more significantly with implicit measures (0.39) than explicit ones (0.33) but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit) correlate Learning attitudes Olson & Fazio (2001) empathic cruel Attitudes IAT task – positive vs negative love death The BeanFest Game Faizio, Eiser and Shook – Imgaine you’re on a new planet and have to live off beans. You have an energy of 100 initially, which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all, and increases if you eat. Your goal is to survive on the planet. – With time on every trial you lose -1 – You gain +10 with good beans – You lose -10 with bad beans Learning attitudes Luupites and Niffites – They were told different stories about Luupites and Niffites – There were names to the different categories Positive and negative nouns Gregg, A. P., Banaji, M. R., & Seibt, B. (2006). Easier made than undone: the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 1–20. LIB The Linguistic intergroup bias – the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more abstract terms than counterstereotypic events. Distancing from the self? Abstract - concrete Descriptive action verbs (hit) – refer to objective descriptions of observable behaviors that have a clear beginning and end interpretive action verbs (hurt) – describe a general class of behaviors and have positive or negative connotations Abstract - concrete state verbs (hate) – refer to enduring states without a clear beginning or ending adjectives (is violent) – describe highly abstract personal dispositions Jim Jones hit the guy. Jim Jones hurts the guy. Jim Jones hates the guy. Jim Jones is violent. Jim Jones hit the guy. Jim Jones hurts the guy. Jim Jones hates the guy. Jim Jones is violent. She is violent. She hit the guy. Priming Lexical Decision Task Press YES or NO for whether the following is a real word in English: HOUSE SLEEP NOIK BRUKE NURSE Non-words (BRUKE) are ‘fillers’ – Just to check the subject is paying attention – We only look at real words FAST response = easy to access (450 msec) SLOW response = hard to access (500 msec) What affects lexical access time? 1. Word Frequency High frequency words = common words (cat, mother, house) Low frequency words = uncommon words (accordion, compass) High frequency are faster to access than Low frequency even when they’re balanced on other features (e.g. length) – E.g. Pen vs. Pun – Rubenstein et al. (1970) The Logogen Model Morton (1969) Accounts for the frequency effect The lexical entry for each word comes with a logogen The lexical entry only becomes available once the logogen ‘fires’ When does a logogen fire? – When you read/hear the word Think of a logogen as being like a ‘strength-o-meter’ at a fairground When the bell rings, the logogen has ‘fired’ ‘cat’ [kæt] • what makes the logogen fire? – seeing/hearing the word • what happens once the logogen has fired? – access to lexical entry! ‘cat’ [kæt] • So how does this help us to explain the frequency effect? – High frequency words have a lower threshold for firing –E.g. cat vs. cot ‘cot’ [kot] Low freq takes longer What affects lexical access time? 2. Semantic Priming Effects – (Meyer & Schvandeveldt, 1971) Subject sees 2 words Must say YES or NO whether both are real words SLOW – doctor grass … because nurse FAST – doctor nurse is already ‘warmed up’ by having just activated doctor Spreading Activation Model cradle baby bed hospital nurse dentist doctor heat delirium sun green grass mammal bird canary rain fever animal yellow ostrich Spreading Activation Model cradle baby bed hospital nurse dentist doctor heat delirium sun green grass mammal bird canary rain fever animal yellow ostrich Semantic Network cradle baby bed hospital nurse dentist doctor heat delirium sun green grass mammal bird canary rain fever animal yellow ostrich Fits nicely with Logogen Model Each of the nodes in the network has a logogen with it When fires we read doctor, its logogen = doctor gets ‘activated’ The activation from doctor spreads to nurse, this lowers the threshold for nurse – so make nurse faster to access ‘doctor’ [doktə] • spreading activation from doctor lowers the threshold for nurse to fire – So nurse take less time to fire ‘nurse’ [nə:s] Spreading activation network doctor nurse docto nurse Homophobia Homophobic individuals – are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to gay individuals – somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (e.g., a snake in the case of snake phobia Freud, S. (1936). The problem of anxiety. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Adams et al. – Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men) became physiologically aroused (i.e., had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity – (only half of them!) Shields & Harriman, 1984 – homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men – similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli Defensie and non-defensive homophobia types – high homophobia in the context of high levels of self-deception should take a defensive form – low levels of self-deception should take a non-defensive form – Individual diVerences in self-deception correlate positively with unrealistic selfportrayals in self-report phobic participants (i.e., spider, snake, and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts – actually the measure taken was viewing time 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 GAY heterosexual Questionnaires Self deception – Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding I always know why I like things; Homophobia – Index of Homophobia I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual adjectives Vocal categoization task: gay or neutral Positive or negative – press button on a response box 870 860 850 840 830 820 810 negative positive 800 790 780 gay neutral White power Subliminal prime Blank screen or white face Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces) 4,7 4,6 4,5 4,4 white exposed control 4,3 4,2 4,1 4 black face white face Affective priming 100 ms ISI 200 ms prime presentation Target appears evaluative categorization lexical decision pronounciation Mental health Therapy? Normal and abnormal – Deviant – Maladaptive – Personal distress Implicit cognition and therapy Psychopathologies: – lack of intentional control – Irrational – Affectional in nature Freud, TAT – More contamination – fakeable Cognitive models of anxiety Maladaptive fear schema – More attentive to threatening cues – Interpretation of ambiguous situations – Automaticity of fear schemas Explicit: not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs Implicitly: avoidance Anxiety disorders Watson versus genetics Phobic disorder A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger Arachnophobia Arachnophobia and IAT There is no natural implicit opposing category to spiders – Snakes? – Household items? – Blood-injection? Mixed results Go-NoGo task Go-noGo task Has to answer quickly – otherwise it is not automatic – 1400 ms window Spider fear – Participants had to approach a frightening-looking spider – They had to report anxiety level – on the basis of the distance they were groupes into high-fear group and lowfear group Depression Unipolar and bipolar Mood disorders Implicit and ecplicit views – Negative schemas activated – Dual process theory of depression Questionnaires (explicit): – BDI – CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire) – General distress Scale IAT (Implicit) – Self (own name, personal data taken) – Positive adjectives 3 week follow-up Cultural variations Main disorders everyhere – but with minor differences Culture bound disorders Koro – an obsessive fear that one’s penis will withdraw into one’s abdomen, seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia. Windigo – intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a cannibal, seen only among Algonquin Indian cultures Anorexia nervosa – an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation, until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures Religion Attribution: percieved cause of action – Interoceptive sensations of bodily action – Attention: drawing attention either to self or others shifs attribution – Actor/observer effect (Jones and Nisbett) – The „mirror experiment” subjective and objective self-awareness (Duval and Wicklund) self-aware and environment aware. – Stigmas – social and linguistic Dijksterhuis, A. et al., EVects of subliminal priming of self and God on self-attribution of authorship for events, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2007), doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.01.003 Hypercorrection Bement a házba. Bent van a házban. Mirror: sticking to the norms more God’s punishment Authorship in a word recognition task – Participants are told they are competing with a computer – The computer takes the word off the screen after 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 ms – Participants have to make a judgement on 1-6 scale whether it was them or the computer who took the word off the screen 17 ms prime 250 ms premask „me” „computer” „God” „the” „broccoli” „xxxxx” 50 ms postmask Target word Judgement task: was it you or the computer? (1 computer 6 me) No differences in lexical decision time "It wa s me wh o did th is " 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 non-primed primed 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 me computer GOD nonb GOD believers Cross/culturally religion: recurrent features of – communal participation in costly ritual – belief in supernatural agents and counterintuitive concepts – separation of the sacred and the profane – adolescence as the critical life phase for the transmission of religious beliefs and values costliness of religious activities the four “B’s” – – – – religious belief behavior (rituals) badges (such as religious attire) bans (taboos) Sosis, 2006: honest signals – costly religious demands are today increasing in many communities throughout the world! – kashrut (laws pertaining to edible food) among Ultra-Orthodox Jews are more stringent now than at any time multicultural openness of Western societies – in-group cohesion requires that groups increase their distinctiveness in order to preserve the relative costliness of the group’s previous bans and badges – the universal features of religious terrorists is a strong rejection of Western multiculturalism! video testaments - undeniable contracts How could suicide terrorism be adaptive? – suicide terrorism is likely to benefit the group groups deploying suicide terrorists tend to achieve their goals – recoup their losses through benefits to their kin Palestinian suicide terrorists receive financial payments (up to $10,000) for their martyred sons and daughters Israel’s policy of destroying suicide bomber’s homes ! – payoffs motivating suicide bombers are not material but rather otherworldly 72 virgins await a shahid Female martyrs are promised to be the chief of the virgins and exceed their beauty Suicide terrorism 3% of all causes 48% deaths Religious? Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a Marxist-Leninist group False beliefs Palestinian suicide bombers have above average education and are economically better off than the general population no evidence of psychopathology in an international sample of Muslim terrorists (not depressed) religion is the means by which terrorists translate a local political struggle into a cosmic war – divine significance Bin Laden – local grievance (getting U.S. troops off “Muslim” soil) into a cosmic clash between civilizations Suicide terrorism Group cohesion? Conscious of death – anxious to defeat it (cemeteries – exclusively humane)?
