Download World History THE RANAISSANCE AND THE REFOMATION

World History
THE RANAISSANCE AND THE REFOMATION
 Introduction
 Consider why the Renaissance occurred and what forces drove the new way of thinking in Italy, and eventually
the rest of Europe?
 Increased Trade with ___________________________and other regions
 Growth of large, ________________________________________________ in Italy
 Renewed Interest in the ___________________________________ of ancient Greece and Rome
 Rise of rich and powerful ________________________________, who became patrons of the arts
 Increased desire for ____________________________________________ knowledge
 Desire to beautify cities
 Vocabulary – The Renaissance and Reformation
 Renaissance
 Humanists
 Perspective
 Johannes Gutenberg
 William Shakespeare
 Reformation
 Indulgences
 Martin Luther
 Sects
 Henry VIII
 John Calvin
 Theocracy
 Counter-Reformation
 Council of Trent
 Jesuits
 Broadsides
 Almanacs
 Standard of Living
 Objectives
 The beginning of the Renaissance (___________________________________ and the rise of city-states)
 Renaissance Ideas (Inspiration from the ancients, humanism, secular writing, and science)
 Renaissance Art
 Anticipation
 Black death = bubonic plague, a disease that spread from Asia along trade routes by way of fleas
on rats that occupied the ships. Around 25 million (1/3 of the population died). People’s faith in
God was shaken and the church lost a lot of its power and importance. Relations between upper
and lower class changed. Workers in short demand now wanted higher wages and staged
uprisings.
 Compare these works of art. What do you notice?
 An Era of Awakening
 In the early 1300’s a movement began in Italy that began to altar how Europeans viewed themselves and the
world.
 The ___________________________________ (“rebirth”): both a philosophical and artistic movement and the
era when that movement flourished.
 Marked by renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman literature and life.
 A new emphasis on the power of human reason developed, and many advances were made in the arts and
sciences.
 Causes of the Italian Renaissance
 Natural for the Renaissance to begin in Italy
 Italian cities (Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, and Venice) had grown rich
_____________________________________________ and industry.
 Their citizens included educated, wealthy _________________________________________.
 Ruins of the Roman Empire, The Crusades, trade with southwest Asia & Africa (learned of Arab and African
achievements in science and medicine) = encouraged curiosity and the search for new knowledge among some
Italian thinkers.
 The Humanities
 The study of ______________________________________________ to learn grammar, history, poetry, and
rhetoric.
 People who specialize in these studies are humanists.
 Believed it was important to understand how things work and it led them to ____________________________
 Francesco Petrarch
 One of the first humanists (1304-1374)
 Believed classical writers could best be imitated by ____________________________________.
 Wrote sonnets to Laura, considered some of the greatest love poems of all time.
 Niccolo Machiavelli
 A Florentine writer, diplomat, _______________________________
 Sought to _____________________________ the way in which it actually worked. (dog eat dog)
 Argued that a ruler should be concerned only ____________________________________
 Today some people refer to _______________________________ to get ahead as “Machiavellian.”
 “A controversy has arisen about this: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or vice versa. My view is that
it is desirable to be both loved and feared; but it is difficult to achieve both and if one of them has to be lacking, it
is much safer to be feared than loved…. Men are less hesitant about offending or harming a ruler who makes
himself less loved than one who inspires fear. For love is sustained by a bond of gratitude, which because men
are excessively self-interested, is broken whenever they see a chance to benefit themselves. But fear is sustained
by a dread of punishment that is always effective.”
 Considered a humanist because he looked to __________________________________ as models, but his lack of
concern for conventional morality was considerably different than other humanists of this time.
 Italian Renaissance Art
 Start to see more _________________________ and images that depict
_______________________________________________.
 Earlier artists often portrayed the Holy Land, while___________________________________showed
the rugged Italian countryside they knew so well.
 Began to use a technique called ___________________________ to make their paintings more lifelike.
 Made distant objects smaller than those in the foreground of the painting. Created the illusion of
_____________________________on a flat canvas.
 Giotto
 Used _____________________________ to create a powerful sense of depth in his paintings.
 Lamentation (The Morning of Christ)
 Leonardo da Vinci
 The Last Supper
 Michelangelo
 Frescoes in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican
 The Northern Renaissance
 The Spread of Ideas
 Geography:
 Ideas and messages were able to pass through passageways of the
________________________________
 Danube, Rhine, and Rhone Rivers = easy routes for ideas to spread.
 Printing Press:
 _____________________________________________ – printed copies of the Bible
 Books spread humanist ideas to a larger audience
 Writers of the Northern Renaissance
 The most influential humanist of northern Europe, _____________________________________
 Interested in early Christian period as well as early Greek and Roman culture
 Criticized lack of __________________________________ in the Church
 Thomas More
 An English humanist and friend of Erasmus
 Published ____________________________________– criticized corrupt government and wrote about
an ideal society where all male citizens were equal.
 Quote from Utopia
 “…wherever you are, you always have to work. There’s never any excuse for idleness… Everyone has his
eye on you, so you’re practically forced to get on with your job, and make some proper use of your spare
time. Under such a system, there’s bound to be plenty of everything, and, as everything is divided equally
among the entire population, there obviously can’t be any poor people or beggars.”
 Became very popular and translated to many ________________________________ languages.
 William Shakespeare
 Built on the traditions established by Christopher Marlowe & other playwrights.
 Focusing ______________________________, rather than godly, actions.
 Transforms well-known stories into __________________________ masterpieces.
 Portrays personality and ______________________________
 Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth
 Artists of the Northern Renaissance
 Built on the skill of the Italian painters and artists.
 Flemish school: painters from Flanders that developed and perfected certain techniques of painting in oil on
canvas.
 Jan and Hubert van Eyck (The Flemish Brothers): paid great attention to detail and used facial expressions in
their work.
 Pieter Brueghel the Elder painted in the mid 1500’s
 Loved to paint the countryside and peasants of his native Flanders.
 William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was born April 23, 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon, a local government district in England. He attended
school at King Edward IV Grammar School in his hometown where he learned Latin and some Greek. He also studied the
classics which later influenced his writing (humanist). At the young age of 18, he married a girl named Anne Hathaway
and they had three children. Two daughters, Susanna and Judith. Judith had a twin brother that died at a very young
age. He started out at an apprenticeship to be an actor. He then developed into a playwright and actor. In 1594 he
joined the Lord Chamberlain’s company of actors and then in 1599 joined the Chamberlain’s Men where they built and
operated the Globe (one of the most famous theaters of its time).
Shakespeare is known for his great playwrights, but he looked to poetry for enduring fame. He wrote many sonnets,
including 154 in the Sonnets of Shakespeare, that almost all show the inevitable decay of time and the immortalization
of beauty and love. Within his poems and plays he invented thousands of words that often combine Latin, French, and
native roots. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, he is credited with such words as arch-villain, birthplace,
bloodsucking, courtship, dewdrop, downstairs, leapfrog, watchdog, and many more.
He wrote more than 30 plays that can be placed into four categories including histories, comedies, tragedies, and
romances. In his early playwright years they were mostly comedies or histories like the Comedy of Errors and Henry VI.
Then he turned to tragedies like Romeo and Juliet. Then in his late years he turned to romance like A Winter’s Tale and
The Tempest. Only 18 of his plays were published during his lifetime.
It was sometime after 1612 that he decided to retire and return to his home in Stratford. He then died on April 23, 1616.
 The Reformation
 Era of __________________________
 By about 1500, Erasmus was not the only northern humanist ___________________________ the church.
 The church was no longer focused on the spiritual mission.
 These claims led to a reform movement known as the ____________________________ that
____________________________ the church in western Europe.
 Causes
 Northern humanists believed:
 the church was more focused on its _____________________ rather than saving souls.
 Popes were acting as _______________________________________ instead of spiritual leaders.
 Priests were ____________________________
 They sought a new emphasis ______________________________________________ and spirituality.
 The Beginning
 __________________________________ saw the first real break from the Catholic church.
 300 independent states
 In Rome, Pope Leo X was rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica and needed more $$$$$.
 Sent a monk, Johann Tetzel, to German states to raise funds by ______________________________
 Northern humanists became very angry at the misuse of indulgences.
 Martin Luther
 Quit law school to become a monk and spend his life in search ______________________
 Found no comfort in the church’s methods for salvation.
 Developed beliefs that ceremonies and good deeds would not save ________________________
 The only thing that could save the soul was an __________________________________
 “Justification by grace through faith”
 Lutheranism
 Luther’s Protests
 Claimed that indulgences were ____________________________ of forgiveness
 Wrote his ____________________________________ about indulgences and posted on a church door.
 He was ______________________________________ by church leaders after the news spread that he
challenged the church.
 Break With the Church
 By 1520, Luther began to openly disagree with many church doctrines.
 He claimed the ________________________________ was the sole religious authority.
 Ceremonies could not make up for sins.
 Priests had no special role in leading people to salvation.
 God views all people of faith ___________________________
 His church was a “priesthood of all believers.”
 Utilized ________________________________________ in spreading his ideas.
 Was declared a _____________________________________ and excommunicated by Pope Leo X.
 While in exile, Luther translated the Bible into __________________________________
 Protestantism
 Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, opposed Luther’s teachings and tried to stop Lutheranism from spreading.
 The princes who supported Luther protested the emperor’s treatment of _________________________
 ________________________________________ became known as “Protestants”.
 Luther’s works and ideas continued to spread.
 Established the _____________________________.
 The Spread of ____________________________
 Many _________________________________ established the Lutheran Church in their states.
 Charles V sent his ___________________________________ Protestant princes in Germany in 1546.
 They won most battles but could not get rid of the _____________________
 Charles & the princes reached a compromise in 1555.
 ___________________________________ – each German ruler has the right to choose the religion of
the state. Subjects can either accept or move.
 Almost all the princes chose Lutheranism.
 The Anglican Church
 The reformation started completely different in England.
 __________________________________________ caused the break from the church because he
wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
 Pope Clement VII ________________________________ so England withdrew from the Catholic Church.
 Parliament passed a series of laws that created the _________________________________, aka the Anglican
Church.
 Paved the way for _______________________________________ in England.
 Calvinism
 John Calvin, _____________________________________ that carried on the acts of religious reform in
Switzerland started by Huldrych Zwingli.
 Founded a Protestant church with a strong following.
 “The Institute of the Christian Religion” – explained what __________________________ should believe on
every major religious question.
 A code that united Calvinists against opposition.
 _______________________________________ – at the beginning of time God decided who would be saved
(the elect).
 Calvinism Spreads
 In 1536 Calvin moved to the city of Geneva, where Calvinism became the official religion.
 Geneva became ___________________________________, with strict rules and restrictions.
 Many people, including nobles, in France converted
 _________________________________ (HYOO-guh-nahts).
 The ____________________________ monarchs saw them as a threat to national unity.
 In 1562 there was a series of bloody civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.
 _________________________________ – Huguenots freedom of worship
 Calvinist minorities in Poland & Hungary
 Large Populations in Scotland & Northern Netherlands
 The Catholic Reformation
(The Counter-Reformation)
 The Counter-Reformation
 At first the RCC did not recognize the threats made by the protestant reformers and
___________________________________all the criticism.
 As the protestants gained more power the ____________________________ was convinced there was a
need for change.
 1530’s the RCC started their own reform movement known as the _____________________________________.
 An attempt to return back to focusing on _________________________________________, make its
doctrines more clear, and ___________________________________________________________
 Counter-Reformation Tactics
 ___________________________________________ (1534-1549) worked to bring back the spirituality in the
RCC by appointing devout and educated men as bishops and cardinals.
 Also brought the _________________________________________to Rome.
 Extreme ______________________________________ for heretics
 Did not focus on Protestants; strategy
_______________________________________________________________
 The Council of Trent
 Pope Paul III knew the doctrines of the RCC needed to be made more clear.
 The only problem was many church authorities ____________________________________ about them.
 In 1545 he summoned church leaders to the Italian city of Trent.
 __________________________________________ met three times during 1545-1563
 It )_______________________________________the official church position on matters of doctrine.
 The Council of Trent
 Acted to end the abuses of _________________________________and tighten the discipline within the clergy.
 Supported most of the Catholic beliefs that ________________________________________ were opposing.
 Need for ceremonies – _____________________________________________________________.
 People must depend on __________________________________ because God only granted forgiveness
_________________________________
 Salvation comes __________________________________________________________ and personal
faith
 Many people found the ceremonies comforting, liked the beautiful churches, respected the authority of the
priests, and wanted to believe in salvation through good deeds.
 _______________________________________of the Counter-Reformation
 _____________________________________ formed out of strengthened support for the Catholic Church.
 Society of Jesus ________________________________________
 Founded ______________________________________________ in 1534
 Recognized as an official order by Pope Paul III in 1540
 Salvation through good deeds
 Followers took vows of ______________________________________________________ to the pope.
 Organized like a ________________________________________________ with strict discipline
 Most effective to spread ______________________________________________
 _________________________________ of the Religious Upheaval
 Most people hoped this _______________________________________________________ would bring about
tolerance.
 However, the period from the 1530’s to the mid 1600’s was full of wars in France, Germany, the Netherlands,
and Switzerland.
 Until the mid 1600’s the results of the _____________________________________ could not be seen.
 Spread of ______________________________
 Growth of ________________________________
 Increase in the power ________________________________