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Atoms and The Periodic Table By: Diana Drawing Atoms • Drawing an Element: ▫ Find the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass ▫ Find the number of protons by looking at the atomic number (the same number of electrons as protons are drawn) ▫ First two electrons go on first level ▫ Next eight electrons go on second level and so on… Carbon atom- http://goteaminternet.com/show/33865 Carbon element box- http://www.800mainstreet.com/6/0006-003-avogadro.htm Drawing Atoms cont. Bohr Model Dot Diagram • Discovered in 1915 • We use it today • Recognizes Charges, Electron Levels, Protons, Neutrons, Electrons • Used to show bonds between atoms • Less complex and easier to understand than a Bohr model atom Bohr Model Atom- http://education.jlab.org/qa/atom_model.html Dot diagram 1- http://www.wyzant.com/Help/Science/Chemistry/Lewis_Structures_VSEPR Dot diagram 2- http://www.walkingrandomly.com/?p=84 How Will Atoms React With Other Atoms • First two columns- think ionic • All other columns- think covalent • Last columnno bond Periodic Table- http://www.funmezia.com/2011/01/12/chlorine-%E2%80%93-periodic-table/ Atoms on The Periodic Table Atomic Number (tells how many protons and Electrons are to be drawn) Chemical Symbol (an abbreviation that tells which element it is) Atomic Mass (used to figure out how many neutrons are in an atom) Element Math • How do you get the number of: ▫ PROTONS- Atomic Number ▫ NEUTRONS- Subtract Atomic Number from Atomic Mass ▫ ELECTRONS- Atomic Number Link to Gamehttp://education.jlab.org/elementmath/index.html Element Families • Metals▫ Shiny ▫ Conduct Heat ▫ Malleable • Non-Metals▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Dull Brittle Not Malleable Doesn’t conduct Heat • Metalloids▫ Shiny or Dull ▫ Malleable http://www.banksis.net/mvc/metals%20vs%20nonmetals-98549.html Families Cont. • Alkali Metals▫ One Valence Electron ▫ Metallic ▫ Usually React With Non-Metals, Especially Halogens • Halogens▫ Seven Valence Electrons ▫ Very Reactive, Especially With Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earths • Noble Gases▫ Not Very Reactive ▫ Full Outer Ring of Valence Electrons ▫ Sometimes Used for Neon Lights Alkali Metal- http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/alkalimetals.htm Halogen- http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/halogens.htm Noble Gas- http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/noblegases.htm Elements in Rows One Electron Row Two Electron Rows Three…… Four…. Models of the Atom ATOM= a single particle MOLECULE= 2 or more atoms combine to form a molecule or a compound Atom Timeline Thomson 1897 Bohr 1915 Rutherford 1909 What was Missing? •Individual, charged particles •Space between particles Same as Democritus Thomson 1897 Rutherford 1909 Bohr 1915 •Space between particles •Neutrons Neutrons Neutronsbut added idea of electrons staying same distance apart in orbit Ionic Bond • Occurs when one atom gives its valence electron(s) to an other atom(s) to have a full outer shell of electrons • Atoms are now IONS, charged atoms, because they have either more or less electrons than protons • The ions now stay together due to opposite attraction • Ions are now in an IONIC COMPOUND • Weak bond- pulled apart by other charged molecules or ions Ex) Lithium + Fluorine Covalent Bond • Occurs when one atom shares its valence electron(s) with an other atom to have a full outer shell of valence electrons • Atoms are now held together in an COVALENT COMPUOUND because of the shared electrons • Strong bond Ex) Water • http://chem11403.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_ archive.html • http://pages.uoregon.edu/ch111/L5.htm • http://www.sciencewithmrmilstid.com/2008/1 0/atoms-atomic-history/ • http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/ Rutherfords_experiment_and_atomic_model.h tml • http://www.tutornext.com/system/files/u66/io nic_bonding.gif • http://daphne.palomar.edu/jthorngren/images/ watermol.gif Matter • Matter is anything that takes up space and that has mass • The 3 main phases of water are solid, liquid, and gas ←0°C→ ←100°C → Water as a solid Water as a liquid Water as a gas Physical and Chemical Changes • A physical change is when the physical appearance of something changes or the form changes ▫ Ex) Glass breaking would be a physical change because the appearance is just changing • A chemical change is when the chemical makeup of something is changed, and a new substance has been made ▫ Ex) A campfire would be a chemical change because the wood is burning, so the chemical makeup changes into ash and smoke, etc. Mass, Density, and Volume Calculations D= M ÷ V M= D x V V= M ÷ D What is the density of a stone if its mass is 42g and its volume is 14.7cm³? Mass=42g Volume=14.7cm³ Density=? D= M ÷ V 42g ÷ 14.7cm³= 2.9g/cm³ Powers of Ten and Scientific Notation Powers of Ten Positive 10²=100 10⁶=1,000,000 10⁴=1,000 Negative 10⁻⁴=.0001 10⁻⁶=.0000001 10⁻⁵=.00001 Scientific Notation Adding (3.4 x 10³) + (1.6 x 10³)= 5.0 x 10³ (4.5 x 10⁻²) + (1.3 x 10⁻⁴)= 4.153 x 10⁻² Subtracting (7.8 x 10⁵) – (2.9 x 10⁶)= -2.822 x 10⁶ (4.8 x 10⁵) – (4.8 x 10⁶)= -4.752 x 10⁶ Multiplying (6.0 x 10⁷) x (1.2 x 10⁶)= 7.2 x 10¹⁴ (4.2 x 10⁻³) x (4.0 x 10 ⁵)= 1.68 x 10³ Dividing (6.0 x 10⁴) ÷ (2.0 x 10⁻²)= 3 x 10⁶ (9.0 x 10⁷) ÷ (3.0 x 10⁵)= 3 x 10³ • http://www.dailytech.com/Dropping+Water+Vapor+Levels+are+Naturally+Negating+Carbons+ Warming+Effects+/article17553.htm :picture of water as a gas • http://alttransport.com/2010/07/toyota-says-maximize-hybrid-mileage-with-a-glass-of-water/ :picture of water as a liquid • http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/phrase/1500/ice-cube-tray.html :picture of water as a solid