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Atoms and The Periodic Table
By: Diana
Drawing Atoms
• Drawing an
Element:
▫ Find the number of
neutrons by
subtracting the
atomic number from
the atomic mass
▫ Find the number of
protons by looking at
the atomic number
(the same number of
electrons as protons
are drawn)
▫ First two electrons
go on first level
▫ Next eight electrons
go on second level
and so on…
Carbon atom- http://goteaminternet.com/show/33865
Carbon element box- http://www.800mainstreet.com/6/0006-003-avogadro.htm
Drawing Atoms cont.
Bohr Model
Dot Diagram
• Discovered in 1915
• We use it today
• Recognizes Charges, Electron
Levels, Protons, Neutrons,
Electrons
• Used to show bonds between
atoms
• Less complex and easier to
understand than a Bohr model
atom
Bohr Model Atom- http://education.jlab.org/qa/atom_model.html
Dot diagram 1- http://www.wyzant.com/Help/Science/Chemistry/Lewis_Structures_VSEPR
Dot diagram 2- http://www.walkingrandomly.com/?p=84
How Will Atoms React With Other
Atoms
• First two
columns- think
ionic
• All other
columns- think
covalent
• Last columnno bond
Periodic Table- http://www.funmezia.com/2011/01/12/chlorine-%E2%80%93-periodic-table/
Atoms on The Periodic Table
Atomic Number
(tells how many protons and
Electrons are to be drawn)
Chemical Symbol
(an abbreviation that tells
which element it is)
Atomic Mass
(used to figure out how many
neutrons are in an atom)
Element Math
• How do you get the number of:
▫ PROTONS- Atomic Number
▫ NEUTRONS- Subtract Atomic Number from Atomic Mass
▫ ELECTRONS- Atomic Number
Link to Gamehttp://education.jlab.org/elementmath/index.html
Element Families
• Metals▫ Shiny
▫ Conduct Heat
▫ Malleable
• Non-Metals▫
▫
▫
▫
Dull
Brittle
Not Malleable
Doesn’t conduct Heat
• Metalloids▫ Shiny or Dull
▫ Malleable
http://www.banksis.net/mvc/metals%20vs%20nonmetals-98549.html
Families Cont.
• Alkali Metals▫ One Valence Electron
▫ Metallic
▫ Usually React With Non-Metals, Especially Halogens
• Halogens▫ Seven Valence Electrons
▫ Very Reactive, Especially With Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earths
• Noble Gases▫ Not Very Reactive
▫ Full Outer Ring of Valence Electrons
▫ Sometimes Used for Neon Lights
Alkali Metal- http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/alkalimetals.htm
Halogen- http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/halogens.htm
Noble Gas- http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/noblegases.htm
Elements in Rows
One Electron Row
Two Electron Rows
Three……
Four….
Models of the Atom
ATOM= a single particle
MOLECULE= 2 or more atoms
combine to form a molecule or a
compound
Atom Timeline
Thomson
1897
Bohr
1915
Rutherford
1909
What was Missing?
•Individual,
charged
particles
•Space
between
particles
Same as
Democritus
Thomson
1897
Rutherford
1909
Bohr
1915
•Space
between
particles
•Neutrons
Neutrons
Neutronsbut added
idea of
electrons
staying
same
distance
apart in
orbit
Ionic Bond
• Occurs when one atom gives its valence electron(s) to an other atom(s) to
have a full outer shell of electrons
• Atoms are now IONS, charged atoms, because they have either more or less
electrons than protons
• The ions now stay together due to opposite attraction
• Ions are now in an IONIC COMPOUND
• Weak bond- pulled apart by other charged molecules or ions
Ex) Lithium + Fluorine
Covalent Bond
• Occurs when one atom
shares its valence
electron(s) with an other
atom to have a full outer
shell of valence electrons
• Atoms are now held
together in an
COVALENT
COMPUOUND because
of the shared electrons
• Strong bond
Ex) Water
• http://chem11403.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_
archive.html
• http://pages.uoregon.edu/ch111/L5.htm
• http://www.sciencewithmrmilstid.com/2008/1
0/atoms-atomic-history/
• http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/
Rutherfords_experiment_and_atomic_model.h
tml
• http://www.tutornext.com/system/files/u66/io
nic_bonding.gif
• http://daphne.palomar.edu/jthorngren/images/
watermol.gif
Matter
• Matter is anything that takes up space and that has mass
• The 3 main phases of water are solid, liquid, and gas
←0°C→
←100°C
→
Water as a solid
Water as a liquid
Water as a gas
Physical and Chemical Changes
• A physical change is when the physical
appearance of something changes or the form
changes
▫ Ex) Glass breaking would be a physical change because the appearance is
just changing
• A chemical change is when the chemical makeup
of something is changed, and a new substance
has been made
▫ Ex) A campfire would be a chemical change because the wood is burning,
so the chemical makeup changes into ash and smoke, etc.
Mass, Density, and Volume Calculations
D= M ÷ V
M= D x V
V= M ÷ D
What is the density of a stone if its
mass is 42g and its volume is
14.7cm³?
Mass=42g
Volume=14.7cm³
Density=?
D= M ÷ V
42g ÷ 14.7cm³= 2.9g/cm³
Powers of Ten and Scientific Notation
Powers of Ten
Positive
10²=100
10⁶=1,000,000
10⁴=1,000
Negative
10⁻⁴=.0001
10⁻⁶=.0000001
10⁻⁵=.00001
Scientific Notation
Adding
(3.4 x 10³) + (1.6 x 10³)= 5.0 x 10³
(4.5 x 10⁻²) + (1.3 x 10⁻⁴)= 4.153 x 10⁻²
Subtracting
(7.8 x 10⁵) – (2.9 x 10⁶)= -2.822 x 10⁶
(4.8 x 10⁵) – (4.8 x 10⁶)= -4.752 x 10⁶
Multiplying
(6.0 x 10⁷) x (1.2 x 10⁶)= 7.2 x 10¹⁴
(4.2 x 10⁻³) x (4.0 x 10 ⁵)= 1.68 x 10³
Dividing
(6.0 x 10⁴) ÷ (2.0 x 10⁻²)= 3 x 10⁶
(9.0 x 10⁷) ÷ (3.0 x 10⁵)= 3 x 10³
•
http://www.dailytech.com/Dropping+Water+Vapor+Levels+are+Naturally+Negating+Carbons+
Warming+Effects+/article17553.htm :picture of water as a gas
•
http://alttransport.com/2010/07/toyota-says-maximize-hybrid-mileage-with-a-glass-of-water/
:picture of water as a liquid
•
http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/phrase/1500/ice-cube-tray.html :picture of water as a solid