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Wildlife and Human Conflict Habitat Destruction Habitats can be destroyed by natural causes, human actions, and pollution Natural causes: lightning strikes, fires, hurricanes, earthquakes, and ice storms Human actions: building highways, subdivisions, factories, agricultural practices Pollution: chemical contaminants, landfills, smoke, smog, and acid rain destroy habitat Human Impact on Wildlife Harvest: hunting and fishing Introduce exotic species Fire suppression Campsite and trail development Grazing Mining Predator control Harassment What is Human-Wildlife Conflict? Conflict occurs when wildlife requirements overlap the requirements of human populations Species most exposed to conflict are also shown to be more prone to extinction due to human-induced mortality Impact human welfare and have economic and social costs Human-Wildlife Conflict Driving Forces Human Population Growth Land Use Transformation As populations increase, settlements expand leading to wildlife encroachment Consequence of increasing demand for land, food production, energy, and raw materials Species habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation Interconnected with population growth and land use change Human-Wildlife Conflict Driving Forces Increasing Livestock Populations Abundance and distribution of wild prey Increased densities in livestock production create an overlap of diets and forage competition with wild herbivores Results in over grazing and decline of local herbivore Abundance prey leads to increased predation Decrease prey leads to diet change of predator which then focuses on livestock Climatic factors Seasonal changes in rainfall or temperatures leads to diet and habitat change for animals Human-Wildlife Conflict Indicators Species Distribution Species shift away from human activity may indicate displacement Species shift towards human activity may indicate attraction of opportunistic species Abundance Increased abundance may indicate attraction of opportunistic species Decreased abundance may indicate displacement of species Human-Wildlife Conflict Indicators Population Trends Increasing population trends may indicate attraction for opportunistic species Decreasing population trends may indicate displacement Species Diversity Diversity measures combine information on the number of species and abundance A decrease in diversity may indicate some species have been displaced or eliminated Does not reflect replacement of one species with another Human-Wildlife Conflict Indicators Species composition Change in composition may indicate displacement of species sensitive to human presence May also indicate attraction if the species present are opportunistic Species Richness A decrease may indicate displacement of species sensitive to human presence An increase may indicate that opportunistic species have moved into an area Does not reflect the replacement of one species by another Human-Wildlife Conflict Prevention Lethal methods of control should not be first response Public education is needed Improved land use planning